The document outlines the motivations and developments during the Spanish colonization, highlighting technological, political, economic, and social changes that spurred European exploration in the late 1400s. It discusses key figures and events such as Christopher Columbus's voyages, the Treaty of Tordesillas, and Ferdinand Magellan's expedition, which ultimately led to the Spanish colonization of the Philippines and the establishment of Manila as its capital. Additionally, it details the effects of Spanish rule on Filipino society, including the spread of Christianity, advancements in infrastructure, and the unifying role of religion in forming a national identity.

1. PERIOD OF
COLONIZATION

2. SPANISH COLONIZATION AND
EVANGELIZATION
Europeans in the early 1400’s did not have the
skill or the motivation for adventure. But for the
late 1400’s people were properly equipped with
knowledge and skills and the enthusiasm to
explore foreign lands because of major changes
in four areas – TECHNOLOGY, POLITICS AND
SOCIETY.

3. EUROPEAN MOTIVATION FOR OVERSEAS
EXPLORATIONS
 One important objective of the first European who undertook
expedition overseas was to seek spices, silk and jewels. These
were important merchandise. Even small amount of these items
demanded a high price.
 The Europeans met stiff competitions with Arabs in buying these
items.
 To defeat their rivals, the Europeans work on achieving an
advanced technology. FIRST, they improved their knowledge of
map making.

4. SECOND, they invented new navigations
instruments.
Improvements in the construction of ships
were also necessary in the long range
exploration.
The inventions of the cannon were also
instrumental in helping the Europeans
overcome their rivals.

5. POLITICAL CHANGE IN ASIA
Europeans rulers posed not only power and
wealth but also political will. Therefore the
possession of land across the seas would bring
them riches.
The rivalry among countries motivated the
governments to send waves of explorers to
explore new lands.

6. ECONOMIC CHANGE The used of the money and the services provided by banks were improved. The
Europeans began to develop standard systems of money.
 International commerce was stimulated and so was international banking. Soon
banks were loaning money to monarchs and trading companies. The loaning by
banks and the availability of the money made the financing of the financing of
the overseas explorations feasible.
 Individual merchants pooled their resources together and established a new
type of business organization known as a joint stock company. Such ask a
company raised capital by selling stocks or shares to investors.
 Profits earned by the company were divided among the stockholders
depending on the amount given.

7. MERCANTILISMA new economic theory called mercantilism developed as
a result of the political and economic changes during the
1600’s. According to this theory, there was a fixed
amount of wealth in the world. The increase one’s share
of this wealth, one country had to acquire some from
another country; and the wealthier a nation was, the
more powerful it would be. To become a powerful nation,
the government had to exert effort to increase it’s nations
wealth.

8. SOCIAL CHANGE
As government interest in exploration and colonization
created the attraction to go overseas, changes in society
also encouraged many people to look overseas for a
better life.
The most important social change in Europe was the
increase in population in the late 1400’s and 1500’s.
Peasants were forced to leave the farms in search for
work other than farming. One possibility was to enlist as a
sailor.

9. Sailors were paid, fed and given a place to stay.
Other saw a new life in a new existing land.
Others were motivated to go overseas because of
the persecutions and poltical problems in their
home country.
As a whole, its hardship brought about by social
change which forced people to join Europe’s policy
of expansion.

10. PORTUGAL AND SPAIN’S RIVALRY IN
MARITIME DISCOVERIES
 Portugal was the first country who use innovation in seamanship
and boatbuilding with the establishment by Henry “the
Navigator” of the first navigational school in world at Sagrez
point in 1419.
 The Portuguese pursued the dream of reaching the East using a
direct all water route.
 By the time of 15th century two portuguese explorers reached
the southernmost end of Africa and India, thus winning the race
to the wealth and spices of the East

11. Spain however, earlier dispatched the first truly momentous
exploration in modern times.
CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS – made a landfall in Guahani Island
(earlier identified as San Salvador but in 1486 as Samana Cay) in
October 1492, two weeks later, on the coast of Cuba.
His voyage however, generated misapprehension and dispute
between Spain and Portugal.
POPE ALEXANDER VI – mediated between the two powers. He
issued on May 1493, that giving Spain the right over any lands
newly discovered by Columbus equivalent to the Portuguese
territories found along the western coast of Africa.

12. In 1494, the Treaty of Tordesillas was signed which
partitioned the non Christian world into two
spheres of influence. It faithfully followed the papal
bull of 1493 granting new world to Spain, while
Africa and India were reserved only for Portugal.

13. MAGELLAN EXPEDITION
(1518 – 1521)
 Ferdinand Magellan, a Portuguese serving the Spanish royalty.
 In 1518 he convinced Charles V that he could find a shorter way to
Maluku by sailing westward via Americas. As part of recoinnaissance
voyage in 1511 – 12, Magellan received royal instructions to sail
directly to the Maluku and to bring back a cargo of priceless spices.
 September 10, 1519 – Magellan started the fleet of five vessels and
some of 250 men set sail from Spain. Only one of the five was
complete the first voyage around the world.

15.  Magellan found himself in a great ocean, which at that time, very
calm. He named it the PACIFIC OCEAN, from Latin word “Pacifius”
meaning “peaceful”.
 MARCH 16, 1521 – Magellan reached the Homonhon Philippines.
 MARCH 29, 1521 – Magellan sailed furthered to Limasawa where he
met Rajah Kolambo, the Filipino ruler of the island. Friendship
developed between the two and blood compact was entered into
Magellan and Rajah Kulambo.
 MARCH 21, 1521 – the first Christian mass on Philippine soil was
conducted at Masao, Butuan.
 He proceeded to Cebu where he concluded another blood compact
with Rajah Humabon, ruler of the island.

16. It was in island of Cebu where Magellan planted the first
seeds of the Christianity in the Philippines.
APRIL 4,1521 – Father Valderama performed the first
baptism. About 800 Cebuanos were converted to
Christianity, including Rajah Humabon and his wife.
To commemorate the occasion, Magellan ordered a large
wooden cross to be planted on the seashore. The cross
still exists and is known as the Magellan Cross.

17. DEATH OF MAGELLAN
 APRIL 27, 1521- Magellan set sail from Mactan with a force of about 1000
Cebuanos and 60 Spaniards. He issued awarding that unless Lapu –
recognizes Spanish sovereignity he will be forced to pay tribute or die.
 With 1500 Filipinos at his side, Lapu – Lapu preferred to fight.
 In the ensuing battle, Magellan and his main were overpowered.
was wounded in the leg and killed together with several Spaniards.
 Above everything else the Philippines has been brought into the
international system and modern history of the country had begun.

18. DISCOVERY OF RETURN ROUTE
 As the farewell gesture, Rajah Humabon gave a party for Magellan’s
men. However the party was just a plot to kill the Spaniards.
 After the incident the remaining members of the expeditions set sail for
Spain with only two ships left – the Victoria and Trinidad.
 The ship Victoria, under the command of Juan Sebastian Del Cano was
able to return to spain which reached the harbor of San Lucas Barrameda
on September 6, 1522.
 The ship Trinidad, on the other hand was captured by the Portuguese.
 Of the 280 man who composed the Magellan expedition, only 35 people
were able to return home.

20. OTHER EXPEDITIONS TO THE
PHILIPPINES
 1525 - the next expedition was organized headed by Garcia Joffre de
Loisa with orders a colony in Moluccas. The expedition reached as far as
Mindanao only.
 1526 – another expedition headed by Sebastian Cabot, it reached as far
as Brazil.
 1527 – the Saavadra expedition left Spain. It managed to reach the
Moluccas but was captured by the Portuguese.
 The fourth expedition was headed by Ruy Lopez de Villalobos. He had
orders to go to the Philippines and to colonize the country and convert
the natives of Christianity.

21. The Villalobos expedition failed to accomplish it’s
mission. Upon reaching Mollucas, the fleet was
apprehended by the Prtuguese.
Villalobos was the one who gave the name
Filipinas to the Philippines. In honor of Prince
Philip, the son of King Charles, who later became
Philip II King of Spain.

22. TREATY OF ZARAGOZA
Dispute soon developed between the Spain and Portugal
over the ownership of Moluccas.
To settle the dispute, the two countries signed the Treaty
of Zaragoza on April 22, 1529. Under the provisions of
this treaty, Spain gave up all her calims to the Moluccas
for a certain sum of money. A new demarcation line was
fixed with new imaginary line set about 1, 430 kilometers
east of Moluccas. All lands located east of the line
would belong to Portugal while those to the west of it
Spain.

24. EXPLORATION AND
CONQUEST OF THE
PHILIPPINES

25. LEGAZPI – URDANETA EXPEDITION
 February 1565, the Legazpi expedition reached Cebu and
contracted blood compacts with Sikatuna and Sigala at Bohol.
 Ciudad Del Santisimo Nombre de Jesus – the first Spanish town
to be established in the archipelago and pioneer permanent
Spanish settlement in the Philippines.
 Fr. Andres Urdaneta – Legazpi’s chief pilot, discovered the
“Urdaneta Passage” on his return to Natividad via the Pacific.
This was without a doubt, the most important mission of the
Legazpi – Urdaneta expedition.

27. CONQUEST OF MANILA
 Legazpi dispatched an expedition composed of 120 Spanish soldiers and
several hundred Visayans in May 1570 to Manila. Manila was jointly ruled
by Rajah Soliman and his uncle Rajah Matanda.
 In May 1571, Legazpi, accompanied by 200 Spanish soldiers and armed
Visayans arrived in Manila. Rajah Lakandula, chieftan of Tondo
accepted Legazpi’s friendship. Manila was conquered by Legazpi in a
peaceful manner by that time.
 On June 24, 1571, Legazpi formally declared Manila as the capital of the
Philippines. 3 years later, King Philip II conferred Manila a new name,
“distinguished and ever loyal city”.

28. CONQUEST OF LUZON
 From Manila, Legazpi sent military expeditions to conquer the rest of
Luzon.
 Martin de Goiti – successfully placed Central Luzon under his command.
 Juan de Salcedo – conducted military expeditions in Southern Luzon and
and proceeded to conquer kingdoms in Northern Luzon. In July 1573,
Salcedo headed to Bicol where he successfully crushed Bicolano resistance
to Spanish rule.
 Juan de Salcedo died at a very young age, but he performed a great
service in Spain and in the Philippines.

29. MAKING OF THE SPANISH INDIO
INDIO – is the name given for
Filipinos during the Spanish Period.
With the permanent colonization by
Legazpi, the Indios lost the freedom
they earlier enjoyed.

30. UNION OF CHURCH AND STATE
Legazpi’s proclamation of Manila is the capital of
the Philippines marked the beginning of civil as well
as religious control in the archipelago.
The Union of church and state had been a policy of
Spain. It can be observed in the structure of the
communities established by the Spaniards wherein
the Municipal hall and the Church were built
adjacent to each other.

31. CHRISTIANIZATION OF THE FILIPINOS
The task of Christianizing the Filipinos fell upon the
shoulders of six religious orders;
1.THE AUGUSTINIAN FRIARS – headed by father
de Urdaneta.
2.THE FRANCISCANS IN 1577
3.THE JESUITS IN 1581
4.THE DOMINICANS IN 1587
5.RECOLLECTS IN 1606
6.BENEDICTINES IN 1895

32. EFFECTS OF SPANISH COLONIZATION
Christianity drastically changed the lives of Filipino’s
particularly in the religious, educational and economic
aspects.
Thus, Christianity became a unifying factor and rallying
point in the making of the Filipino nation.
It united Filipino as one people with common interest
and beliefs. Though they belong to the different customs
and dialects, they worshipped one God.

33. ACHIEVEMENTS OF THE MISSIONARIES
The missionaries were not only priests, but also
community development workers, educator,
engineers, agriculturists, printers, librarians, writers,
social workers, musicians, artists and scientists.
The missionary founded many towns. The Augustinians
alone are credited for having established 385 towns,
among them Dumangas, Dunas and Jaro in llo- Ilo;
Calumpit and Malolos in Bulacan; Pasig in Rizal; and
Lemery and Taal in Batangas.

34. Also road projects accomplished by the friars were roads
connectin to Pagsanjan and Santa Cruz in Laguna, the
bridge in Agoo and Laog, the stone bridge in Pakil,
Laguna; Fort Del Pilar in Zamboanga and the irrigation
dam in Binan, laguna.
Plants were also introduced by the missionaries. Indian
corn, tobacco, cotton, indigo, cacao, sweet potato,
eggplant, papaya, pineapple, maguey, tomato, peanut,
lima beans, squash and cassava are plants which are
native to Mexico.
Cows, horses, swans, ducks and pigeons were brought
over from Europe.