The document summarizes Philippine literature during the American colonial period from 1898-1903. It describes how Filipino writers expressed nationalism through works in Spanish, Tagalog, and increasingly English. Literature in Spanish honored heroes like Rizal and lamented the country's situation. Tagalog works by poets like Lope Santos and Jose de Jesus also focused on nationalism and native language. The Americans suppressed nationalist plays but writing in English grew as some authors imitated American styles. Overall, the literature during this time reflected Filipino patriotism and resistance against colonial rule.

1. The American regime

2. Historical background
 Our flag was hoisted on June 12, 1898
 Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo was elected as the first
President of the Philippine Republic
 The Fil-American War resulted to the defeat of
Gen. Miguel Malvar in 1903
 many Filipinos started writing again and the
nationalism of the people remained undaunted.

3. The active arousal in the field of literature started to
be felt in the following newspapers:
1. EL NUEVO DIA (The New Day) established by Sergio
Osmeña in 1900.
2. EL GRITO DEL PUEBLO (The Call of the Nation)
established by Pascual Poblete in 1900
3. EL RENACIMIENTO (The Rebirth) founded by Rafael
Palma in 1901

4. The following were plays that the americans
stopped because of the consistent theme of
nationalism
1. Kahapon, Ngayon at Bukas by
Aurelio Tolentino
2. Tanikalang Ginto by Juan Abad
3. Malaya by Tomas Remigio
4. Walang Sugat by Severino Reyes

5. A. Characteristics of Literature during
this period
 writers in Spanish were wont to write on nationalism like
honouring Rizal and other heroes
 writers in Tagalog continued in their lamentations on the
conditions of the country and their attempts to arouse love for
one’s native tongue
 writers in English imitated the themes and methods of the
Americans

6. I. Literature in Spanish
These two novels
of Rizal
contained the
best qualities of a
novel ever
written, in English
or in Filipino.

7. Cecilio Apostol
He wrote poems dedicated to Rizal,
Jacinto, Mabini and all other heroes
but his poem dedicated to Rizal is
considered the best poem in praise
of the hero of Bagumbayan.

8. Fernando ma. Guerrero
He also dedicated a poem to
Rizal but he collected the best
of his poems in a book called
Crisalidas, meaning, a kind of
black, wooly caterpillar

9. Jesus Balmori
-well-known for his pen-name
of Batikuling. He and Manuel
Bernabe participated in a
debate on the topic –
(Remembrance and
Forgetfulness). He was elected
Poet Laureate in Spanish.

10. Manuel Bernabe
-a lyric poet and the fierceness
of his nationalistic spirit was
unchanged in any topic he wrote
about.
In his debate with Balmori, he
was more attractive to the public
because of the melodious words
he used.

11. Claro M. Recto
In nobility of speech and
theme, he can compare with
the other writers of Spanish.
He collected his poems in a
book entitled Bajo Los
Cocoteros.

12. B. Filipino Literature

13. Julian Cruz Balmaceda classified three kinds of
Tagalog poets..

14. 1. Poets of the Heart (Makata ng Puso)
Lope K. Santos
Inigo Ed. Regalado
Carlos Gatmaitan
Pedro Gatmaitan
Jose Corazon de Jesus
Cirilo H. Panganiban

15. 2. Poets of the Life (Makata ng Buhay)
Lope K. Santos
 Jose Corazon de Jesus
 Florentino Collantes
 Patricio Mariano
Carlos Gatmaitan
Amado V. Hernandez

16. 3. Poets of the Stage (Makata ng Tanghalan)
Aurelio Tolentino
Severino Reyes
 Tomas Remigio

17. Some of the writers mentioned:

18. Lope K. Santos
 Novelist, poet, author and a
grammarian
 “Father of the National Language
Grammar”
 He was called “Apo” of the Tagalog
writers.
 “Banaag at Sikat” was his
masterpiece.

19. Jose Corazon de Jesus
-very popularly known as
Huseng Batute.
Ang Isang Punongkahoy (A
Tree), which is an elegy, is
believed to be his
masterpiece.

20. Amado V. Hernandez
“Makata ng mga Manggagawa”
The pen is powerful and according to him,
even a king can be bent by his pen.
Writings:
Isang Dipang Langit
Bayang Malaya
Ang Panday (his masterpiece)
Munting Lupa
Luha ng Buwaya

21. Valeriano Hernandez Peña
He was known as Tandang Anong
And his pen-name was “Kuntil
Buntil”
“Nena at Neneng” was his
masterpiece

22. Iñigo Ed. Regalado
Son of “Odalager”
A popular story-
teller, novelist and
newspaperman.

23. The Tagalog Drama
1. Severino Reyes and his Walang Sugat
2. Aurelio Tolentino and his Luhang Tagalog and his Kahapon,
Ngayon at Bukas
3. Hermogenes Ilagan founded the group Campaña Ilagan
4. Patricio Mariano Ninay and Anak ng Dagat (his masterpiece)
5. Julian Cruz Balmaceda’s Bunganga ng Pating

24. C. Philippine Literature in English

25. (1) The Period of Re-orientation

26. Poems during this Period
Sursum Corda by Justo Julianio , first work to
be published in English
My Mother and Air Castles by Jan F. Salazar
To my Lady in Laoag by Proceso Sebastian

27. (2) Period of Imitation
Essayists: Informal essayists:
Carlos P. Romulo Ignacio Manlapaz
 Jorge C. Bacobo Godefredo Rivera
 Mauro Mendez Federico Mangahas
 Vicente Hilario Francisco B. Icasiano
Salvador P. Lopez
Jose Lansang
Amado G. Dayrit