1. The document discusses different types of landforms and water bodies found on Earth including continents, islands, peninsulas, isthmus, capes, mountains, plateaus, plains, rivers, lakes, seas, gulfs, bays, straits, canals, and glaciers. 2. It also describes the theory of plate tectonics which proposes that continents were once joined together and have since drifted apart. 3. Forces such as erosion, deposition, and plate tectonics shape the Earth's surface over millions of years and produce the variety of landforms and bodies of water present today.

1. CHAPTER 2
LAND & WATER FORMS

2. • Produce the infinite local
variations in the surface of
the earth.
LAND FORMS

3. TWO KINDS OF FORCES
• 1. Forces that wash, that wear down the
earth surface.
• 2. Forces that move, push & raise the
earth’s surface.

4. GERMOPHOLOGY
•  is a branch of geology that
studies the origin,
characteristics & development
of land forms.

5. GERMOPHOLOGISTS
•  these are persons that
studies the land forms.

6. ALFRED WEGENER
One of the pioneers of the theory of
Plate Tectonics.

7. Theory of PlateTectonics
 According to this theory,
the present continents were
once united in one super
continent, which scientists
called Pangaea, and that
over many million of years the
continents broke away from
each other, slowly drifting to
their present positions.

8. Three Layers of the Earth

9. 1. Crust
•  is the outer part of the
earth.
•  it varies in thickness from 5
to 20 miles.

10. 2. Mantle
•  it is found beneath the
earth’s crust.
•  it is composed of rock and
metal.

11. 3. Core
• Inner Core
 it is made of
very hot solid
metal.
• Outer Core
•  it is
composed of
liquid metal.

12. Tectonic Activity
•  a movement wherein
plates drift, pull apart or
sometimes collide.

13. Rift
•  formed when two plates
separate.

14. Faulting
•  the tectonic action that
raises the land to form
mountains.

15. TSUNAMIS
Gigantic waves caused by earthquakes
in the ocean floor.

16. LAND SHAPES

17. Continents
•  is a continuous mass of land
surrounded by bid bodies of water.

18. Continents of the World
Continent Area/sq. km Percent/earth
1.Asia 45,065,792 30.1
2.Africa 30,302,860 20.2
3.North America 24,345,888 16.2
4.South America 17,870,917 11.9
5.Antartica 13,985,935 9.3
6.Europe 9,841,954 6.6
7.Oceania 8,546,960 5.7

19. Island
•  is a land surrounded by water
and is much smaller than a
continent.

20. Islands
Island Country Area/sq.km
1.Greenland Denmark 2,175,590
2.New Guinea Indonesia 792,536
3.Borneo Indonesia-Malaysia-
Brunei
725,455
4.Madagascar Madagascar 587,041
5.Baffin Canada 507,451
6.Sumatra Indonesia 427,348
7.Honshu Japan 227,413
8.Great Britain United Kingdom 218,076

21. Peninsula
•  is a tract of land almost
surrounded by water.

22. Isthmus
•  is a narrow strip of land
between two larger land areas.

23. Cape
•  is a point of and reaching into
the sea .

24. Mountain
•  is a landmass that projects
above its surroundings.

25. Mountains of the continents
Peaks/Continents Country Height/ ft.
1.Everest (Asia) Nepal-Tibet 29,028
2.Aconcagua
(South America)
Argentina 22,834
3.Mckinley
(North America)
Alaska 20,320,19,340
4.Kilimanjaro (Africa) Tanzania 19,340
5.El’ brus, Caucasus
(Eurasia)
Armenia/Russia 18,510
6.Vinson Massif
(Antarctica)
Ellsworth Land 16,864
7.Jaja Peak
(Oceania)
New Guinea 16,500
8.Mont Blanc, Alps
(Europe)
France; Italy 15,771

26. Plateau
•  also called tableland is a level
land higher than its adjacent land.

27. Types
of
Plains

28. a.Coastal plains
•  are sandy stretches of low and
level land, usually the coastal
areas of continents.

29. b.Interior Plains
•  also called Inland plains are low
and level areas within a continent.

30. Alluvial Plains
•  are formed as a result of
alluvium carried by streams and
deposited in deltas.

31. c.Glacial Plains
•  are formed by the deposits of
continental glaciers.

32. d.Lake Plains
•  are formed from the silt deposited
on the beds of great lakes, which no
longer exist.

33. Prairies
•  are grass-covered plains.

34. Tundra
•  is a frozen, swampy plain.

35. Steppes
•  are plains usually found in
semiarid climate.

36. WATER
AREAS

37. Four main parts of the Ocean
Ocean Area/sq. km Trench/Basin Depth (ft)
1.Pacific 166,241,753 Mariana Trench 35,840
2.Atlantic 86,557,402 Puerto Rico
Trench
28,232
3.Indian 73,427,457 Java Trench 23,376
4.Arctic 13,223,702 Eurasia Basin 17,881

38. Sea
•  is a great body of salty water
smaller than an ocean, more or
less landlocked.

39. Gulf
•  is a large part of the ocean or
sea partly enclosed by land.

40. Bay
•  is also a part of the sea
extending into the land but is
generally smaller than a gulf.

41. Lake
•  is an inland body of water,
which may contain fresh or salty
water.

42. World’s Largest Lakes
Lake Location Area (sq. km.)
1. Caspian Sea Russian-Iran 371,000
2. Lake Superior U.S.A.-Canada 82,102
3.Lake Victoria Tanzania-Uganda 69,484
4.Aral Sea Kazakhstan-
Uzbekistan
64,501
5.Lake Huron U.S.A.-Canada 59,569
6.Lake Michigan U.S.A. 57,759
7.Lake Tanganyika Congo-Tanzania 32,892
8.Lake Baikal Russia 31,499
9.Great Bear Lake Canada 31,328

43. Strait
•  is a narrow channel of water,
which connects two larger water
areas.

44. Canal
•  is a man-made channel
intended for navigation.

45. River
•  is a large stream of water that
empties into the ocean.

46. The Changing Earth:
Forces from without
•Erosion
 Is the process by which soil and
rock are washed or worn away
from the earth’s surface and
moved to another site.

47. Delta
•  deposits that build-up the land
at the mount of the river

48. Glacier
•  is formed when snow on a
mountain presses down older
layers of snow beneath.

49. El Nino
and
El Nina

50. • El Nino •
this current is more
intense.
is exceptionally
warm.
accompanied by
heavy rainfall.
• El Nina •
is a condition when
sea surface
temperatures in the
central & eastern
Pacific are usually
low and trade winds
are very strong.