This document provides information on 13 traditional drugs of India - Chirata, Shatavari, Kalmeg, Tinospora, Punarnava, Karela, Guggul, Brahmi, Neem, Tulsi, Amla. For each drug, it summarizes the synonym, biological source, geographical source, macroscopic characteristics, chemical constituents, and uses. The document contains detailed information on the traditional medicinal plants and herbs commonly used in Ayurveda and Indian traditional medicine systems.
Pharmacognosy of Atropa belladona, biological source, geographical source, chemical constituents, uses, morphology of leaves, flower, fruits of belladona, deadly night shade leaves, chemical test, microscopy, T.S of leaves
Pharmacognosy of Rauwolfia serpentina, biological source, geographical source, marphology of roots and rhizome, microscopy of roots, chemical constituents- reserpine, uses -antihypertensive, isolation of reserpine, serpagandha, India snake root
Synonyms;- Salai Gogil
Regional Name;- Hindi- Guggal , Guggulu, Marathi – Mahishaksh
Source ;- Gum resin obtained by the incision of the bark of ‘’COMMIPHORA MUKUL’’
Family ;- Burseraceae
G.S;- Distributed throughout India
Pharmacognosy of Atropa belladona, biological source, geographical source, chemical constituents, uses, morphology of leaves, flower, fruits of belladona, deadly night shade leaves, chemical test, microscopy, T.S of leaves
Pharmacognosy of Rauwolfia serpentina, biological source, geographical source, marphology of roots and rhizome, microscopy of roots, chemical constituents- reserpine, uses -antihypertensive, isolation of reserpine, serpagandha, India snake root
Synonyms;- Salai Gogil
Regional Name;- Hindi- Guggal , Guggulu, Marathi – Mahishaksh
Source ;- Gum resin obtained by the incision of the bark of ‘’COMMIPHORA MUKUL’’
Family ;- Burseraceae
G.S;- Distributed throughout India
Synonyms:- Vinca rosea, Catharanthus, Madagascar,periwinkle.
Barmasi.
Biological Source:- Vinca is the dried entire plant of Catharanthus roseus Linn .belonging to family Apocynaceae
Geographical Source:- The plant is a native of Madagascar and is found in manytropical and subtropical countries especially in India, Australia,South Africa and North and South America. The plant is cultivated as garden plant in Europe and India.
Dioscorea is a genus of over 600 species of flowering plants in the family Dioscoreaceae, native throughout the tropical and warm temperate regions of the world. The vast majority of the species are tropical, with only a few species extending into temperate climates.
Cloves are the aromatic flower buds of a tree in the family Myrtaceae, Syzygium aromaticum. They are native to the Maluku Islands in Indonesia, and are commonly used as a spice. Cloves are commercially harvested primarily in Indonesia, India, Madagascar, Zanzibar, Pakistan, Sri Lanka and Tanzania.
Describes in detail the complete biological source and synonyms of the plant Cinnamon. Gives important macroscopic characters and microscopic characters as seen in transverse and the lateral sections. Also gives important chemical constituents of the plant, its uses, difference between two species of Cinnamon: Cassia cinnamon and Ceylon cinnamon and some marketed pharmaceutical preparations of Ceylon cinnamon.
Unit II Introduction to secondary metabolite
Phenylpropanoids and Flavonoids: Lignans, Tea, Ruta
For video lecture join to youtube channel snehal chakorkar
Synonyms:- Vinca rosea, Catharanthus, Madagascar,periwinkle.
Barmasi.
Biological Source:- Vinca is the dried entire plant of Catharanthus roseus Linn .belonging to family Apocynaceae
Geographical Source:- The plant is a native of Madagascar and is found in manytropical and subtropical countries especially in India, Australia,South Africa and North and South America. The plant is cultivated as garden plant in Europe and India.
Dioscorea is a genus of over 600 species of flowering plants in the family Dioscoreaceae, native throughout the tropical and warm temperate regions of the world. The vast majority of the species are tropical, with only a few species extending into temperate climates.
Cloves are the aromatic flower buds of a tree in the family Myrtaceae, Syzygium aromaticum. They are native to the Maluku Islands in Indonesia, and are commonly used as a spice. Cloves are commercially harvested primarily in Indonesia, India, Madagascar, Zanzibar, Pakistan, Sri Lanka and Tanzania.
Describes in detail the complete biological source and synonyms of the plant Cinnamon. Gives important macroscopic characters and microscopic characters as seen in transverse and the lateral sections. Also gives important chemical constituents of the plant, its uses, difference between two species of Cinnamon: Cassia cinnamon and Ceylon cinnamon and some marketed pharmaceutical preparations of Ceylon cinnamon.
Unit II Introduction to secondary metabolite
Phenylpropanoids and Flavonoids: Lignans, Tea, Ruta
For video lecture join to youtube channel snehal chakorkar
HALDI BIOLOGICALLY KNOWN AS CURCUMA LONGA AND COMMONLY TURMERIC ITS PHARMACOGNOSY IS DISCUSSED HERE ALSO WHERE IT IS GROW AT HIGHER AND ITS MEDICINAL USES AND FORMULATION AVAILABLE IN MARKET.
Medicinal plants are considered as a rich resources of ingredients which can be used in drug development. More than 30% of the entire plant species, at one time or other were used for medicinal purposes. It has been estimated that in developed countries like United States, plant drugs constitute as much as 25% of the total drugs, while in fast developing countries like India and China the contribution is as much as 80%. These countries provide two third of the plants used in modern system of medicine and the health care system of rural population depend on indigenous systems of medicine. Most of the drugs are considered very safe as there is no or minimal side effects.
Medicinal plants are important and basic drugs sources from ancient times. In this presentation we discussed some of the phytoconstituents of plants which are useful in daily life.
Laxatives are drugs that relieve constipation by losing stools or inducing a bowel movement.
Some laxatives are also used before bowel procedures or examination.
Laxatives come as pills, capsules, liquids, foods, gums, and suppositories.
Drugs are Aloe, Rhubarb, Castor oil, Isabgol, Senna.
This PPT is Second part of Hematology and covers the different concepts in Hematology. This includes functions of blood, components of blood, formation of blood cells, functions of RBC, WBC and Platelets, Eryhropoiesis, leucopoiesis and Synthesis of hemoglobin
This PPT covers the concepts of Lymphatic system and Immunity. This includes functions of Lymphatic system, components of Lymphatic system, Lymphatic organs and tissues, formation and flow of lymph and composition of Lymph
This PPT covers pathophysiology of thrombocytopenia which includes causes of thrombocytopenia, symptoms of thrombocytopenia and diagnosis of thrombocytopenia
This PPT covers leukocytosis and includes Types of leukocytosis-Neutrophilia, eosinophilia, basophilia, lymphocytosis and monocytosis, pathophysiology of leukocytosis, symptoms of leukocytosis and diagnosis of leukocytosis
This PPT covers the entire concepts in Muscular System. It includes details of 3 types of muscular tissue like Skeletal, cardiac and smooth muscle. Concepts of contraction cycle, sliding filament mechanism, neuromuscular junction, muscle metabolism, muscle tone and Different types of contraction.
This PPT covers drug therapy for tuberculosis. It includes classification of antitubercular drugs, chemotherapy for tuberculosis, strategies for addressing resistance and pharmacotherapy of antitubercular drugs
This PPT covers Drug therapy for Viral Infection or disease. It includes Viral replication cycle, classification of antiviral drugs, Anti-Herpes drug, Anti Influenza drugs, Anti hepatitis drugs and anti retroviral drugs
This PPT covers the Drug therapy for Malaria. This PPT includes Malaria cycle, different types of malaria , classification of antimalarial drugs and pharmacotherapy of all antimalarial drugs
This is PPT is Second part of Hematology. It covers Hemostasis, Blood Clotting, Blood Groups and blood type, Rh system, Innate immunity and Adaptive immunity
The Gram stain is a fundamental technique in microbiology used to classify bacteria based on their cell wall structure. It provides a quick and simple method to distinguish between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, which have different susceptibilities to antibiotics
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
CDSCO and Phamacovigilance {Regulatory body in India}NEHA GUPTA
The Central Drugs Standard Control Organization (CDSCO) is India's national regulatory body for pharmaceuticals and medical devices. Operating under the Directorate General of Health Services, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India, the CDSCO is responsible for approving new drugs, conducting clinical trials, setting standards for drugs, controlling the quality of imported drugs, and coordinating the activities of State Drug Control Organizations by providing expert advice.
Pharmacovigilance, on the other hand, is the science and activities related to the detection, assessment, understanding, and prevention of adverse effects or any other drug-related problems. The primary aim of pharmacovigilance is to ensure the safety and efficacy of medicines, thereby protecting public health.
In India, pharmacovigilance activities are monitored by the Pharmacovigilance Programme of India (PvPI), which works closely with CDSCO to collect, analyze, and act upon data regarding adverse drug reactions (ADRs). Together, they play a critical role in ensuring that the benefits of drugs outweigh their risks, maintaining high standards of patient safety, and promoting the rational use of medicines.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Best Ayurvedic medicine for Gas and IndigestionSwastikAyurveda
Here is the updated list of Top Best Ayurvedic medicine for Gas and Indigestion and those are Gas-O-Go Syp for Dyspepsia | Lavizyme Syrup for Acidity | Yumzyme Hepatoprotective Capsules etc
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
2. CHIRATA
1. Synonym: Bitter stick; Chiretta; Chirayita
2. Biological Source: It is the dried plant of
Swertia chirata (Roxb); belonging to family
Gentianaceae
3. Geographical Source: It is found in India from
Himalaya to the mountainous regions in
Kashmir, Bhutan, Meghalaya and Khasi Hills.
It is also grown in Nepal. Jegan
3. 4. Macroscopic characteristics:
• Colour : Leaves, flowers and fruits-yellowish shade; stem-yellowish brown to purple
• Odour : Odourless
• Taste : Extremely bitter
• Size : Stems = Length: 1.0 meter; Breadth = 6 mm
Jegan
Jegan
4. 5. Chemical Constituents:
• It invariably contains
Bitter principles : ophelic acid;
Bitter glycosides : amarogentin and chiratin;
Alkaloids : gentianine and gentiocrucine.
Jegan
Jegan
5. 6. Use:
• It is invariably used as a bitter
tonic.
• It also finds its use as a febrifuge.
• It is employed in dyspepsia.
• It has been recommended as a
diuretic and in epilepsy.
• Industrially, it is extensively used
in dyeing cotton cloth
Jegan
Jegan
6. SHATAVARI
1. Synonym: Asparagus, Shatamul, Narayani
2. Biological Source: The shatavari mostly comprises of the dried
roots and the leaves of the naturally occurring plant known as
Asparagus racemosus Will, belonging to the family Liliaceae.
3. Geographical Source: It is widely distributed
throughout the tropical regions of
Africa, Australia, Asia and India
Jegan
7. 4. Macroscopic characteristics:
• Color: roots are silver, white or ash
colored
• Odour: None
• Taste: Starchy, slightly bitter
followed by sweet taste
Jegan
8. 5. Chemical Constituents:
• The shatavari contains four steriodal saponins usually designated as shatavarin I-IV present
collectively to the extent of 0.2%;
• However, shatavarin I is the major glycoside present.
• The other components present are β-sitosterol, stigmasterol
Jegan
9. 6. Use:
• The roots are employed mostly as galactogogue to promote the flow of milk.
• The roots are used invariably as tonic and diuretic.
• The steroidal saponin Shatavari-I is reported to exert antioxytocic activity.
• The roots are extensively employed as a medicinal oil for the control and management of
nervine disorders and rheumatism.
• In the Ayurvedic System of Medicine it is widely used both in threatened abortion and
safe delivery because of its distinct uterine blocking activity
Jegan
11. KALMEG
1. Synonym: Andrographis, Kiryet, Bhui-
nimb
2. Biological Source: It consist of dried
leaves and tender shoots of the plant
Andrographis paniculata Nees
belonging to family Acanthaceae
3. Geographical Source: Grows
abundantly in Southeastern Asia-
India, Sri-lanka, Pakistan, Indonesia
Jegan
12. 4. Macroscopic characteristics:
• Color- leaves are dark green, while flowers are pink color
• Odour- Odourless
• Taste- Intensely bitter
• Size- Leaves 7x2.5 cm, flower 1.8 cm length
Jegan
Jegan
13. 5. Chemical Constituents:
• It is rich in diterpenoids and diterpenoid glycosides, like
Andrographolide
Andrographiside
Deoxyandrographiside
Neoandrographolide
Deoxyandrographolide
Isoandrographolide
14-deoxyandrographolide
Andrographolide is the primary bioactive component
Jegan
14. 6. Use:
• Kalmegh is an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory in nature.
• The regular use of Kalmegh is helpful to cure cough, cold, and body pain.
• Kalmegh is used as antibacterial, anti-parasitic and antifungal.
• It is used as a blood purifier and enhances immunity.
• It protects the liver and used as a Liver tonic.
• Traditionally, Kalmegh is used in the treatment of leprosy and cholera.
• The tonic is used against weakness to add strength and vigour to the body
• The extract of Kalmegh is used in the treatment of slow digestion and irregular menstrual syndrome.
• It is used against various skin infection, scabies, boil and patches.
• The Kalmegh syrup is also used against fever and malaria
• Kalmegh juice is used to cure ulcer traditionally.
• The bitter extract of the leaves is useful in killing worms in the large intestine.
Jegan
16. TINOSPORA
1. Synonym: Heartleaved moonseed,
Guduchi, Giloe, Gurcha
2. Biological Source: It consist of dried
stems of Tinospora cordifolia belonging
to family Menispermaceae
3. Geographical Source: It’s a perennial
herb found in the Himalayas and in many
parts of the South India and Sri Lanka
Jegan
Jegan
17. 4. Macroscopic characteristics:
• Color- Young stems are green,
while older ones are light brown
color
• Odour- Odourless
• Taste- bitter
• Size-Thickness- 0.6-5cm in
diameter
Jegan
Jegan
18. 5. Chemical Constituents:
• It contain clerodane furanoditerpenes like
Tinosporaside
Columbin
• Contains Alkaloids like
Jactrorhizine
Palmatine
Berberine
Tembeterine
• Also contains sesquiterpene glycosides like
Tinocordifolioside
Cordifolioside A
Cordifolioside B
Tinosporaside
Berberine
Jegan
19. 6.Use:
The drug is used as
• Rejuvinator
• Hypoglycemic
• Immunomodulator
• Astringent
• Antipyretic
• Blood purifier
• Cardiotonic
• Antiasthamatic
• Antineoplastic
Jegan
21. PUNARNAVA
1. Synonym: Hog weed, Ghetuli,
Vasuchimuli
2. Biological Source: It consist of
fresh as well as dried whole plant
of Boerhaavia difusa Linn
belonging to family Nyctaginaceae
3. Geographical Source: Found in
India and Sri Lanka during rainy
season
Jegan
Jegan
22. 4. Macroscopic characteristics:
• Color-
Stem- greenish purple in color
Root- long cylindrical yellowish to brown in
color
Flower- White (Sweta Punarnava) or
Red/pink (Rakta Punarnava) in color
• Odour- Odourless
• Taste- Bitter
Jegan
23. 5. Chemical Constituents:
• It contains a phenolic glycoside punarnavoside
• It also contains two rotenoids such as boeravinones A,B,C,D and E
• Lignan derivatives such as Liridodendrin
• Root contains boeravine, ursolic acid and B-sitosterol
Punarnavoside
B-sitosterol
Jegan
24. 6.Use:
• It possess potent
Antifibrinolytic activity
Anti-Inflammatory activity
Diuretic property
Hepatoprotective activity
• Useful in treatment of inflammatory renal disease
• The whole herb in the form of juice is given internally as
blood purifier
Jegan
26. KARELA
1. Synonym: Momordica, Bitter gourd
2. Biological Source: It is fresh green
fruits of plant known as Momordica
charantia belonging to family
Cucurbitaceae
3. Geographical Source: It is a perennial
climbers found throughout India
Jegan
Jegan
28. 5. Chemical Constituents:
• The fruit contain charantin which has blood sugar lowering activity
• It also contain a cathartic principle called momorcidin
• The drug also contains
Carbohydrate (10%)
Mineral matter
Ascorbic acid
• Additionally it also has alkaloids, glucoside, saponins and mucilage
Chrantin
Jegan
29. 6. Use:
• It is Stomachic
• Carminative
• Used in treatment of
rheumatism, disorders of
spleen and liver
• Fresh fruit juice reduce
blood sugar level so used
in treatment of Diabetes
mellitus
Jegan
31. GUGGUL
1. Synonym: Gum guggul, gugal, guggula
2. Biological Source: It is a oleo gum resin obtained by
making deep incision on the barks of Commiphora
weightii and Commiphora mukul belonging to family
Burseraceae
3. Geographical Source: It is native to Africa. Widely found
in Somalia, Kenya, Zaira, Zimbabwe.In India it is found in
Rajasthan and Gujarat
Jegan
Jegan
32. 4. Description:
• Color: Brown to pale yellow
• Odor: Balsamic and aromatic
• Taste: Extremely bitter
• Solubility: when triturated with water,
it forms white solution
Jegan
33. 5. Chemical Constituents:
Guggul contains
• Gum (32%)
• Essential oil
• Carbohydrates
• Sterols
Guggulosterols I to IV
B-sitosterol
Cholesterol
• It also contains sugars, amino acids,
ellagic acid, guggulosterone, flavanoids
Jegan
36. BRAHMI
1. Synonym: Manduki, Karivana
2. Biological source: It is fresh or dried herb of
Centella asiatica belonging to family
Umbelliferae
3. Geographical source:
The plant is found in
swampy areas of India
Jegan
39. 6.Use:
• Improve memory.
• Sedative.
• Antiprotozoal
• In Case of epilepsy and other neurological
conditions.
• Blood purifier, tonic, diuretic etc.
• Anti-bacterial and to heal wounds
• Treatment of leprosy and skin disease.
• Reported to heal peptic ulcer.
Jegan
41. NEEM
1. Synonym: Margosa, nimb, limba,
nimba
2. Biological source: Neem consists
of the fresh or dried leaves, stems
and seed oil of Azadirachta indica
belonging to family Meliaceae
3. Geographical source: Neem is
native to India and Pakistan. It is
found throughout India
Jegan
Jegan
46. TULSI
1. Synonym: Holi Basil, Tulasi
2. Biological source: It consist of fresh
and dried leaves of Ocimum sanctum
belonging to family Labiatae
3. Geographical source: It is found
throughout India
Jegan
Jegan
47. 4. Macroscopic Characteristics
• Colour: Stem: Purplish Leaves: Green
• Odour: Characteristic
• Taste: Pungent and mucilaginous
Jegan
49. 6. Use:
• The leaves are used as aromatic, carminative,
stimulant and flavoring agent
• Leaves have activity like
Hypoglycemic
Immunomodulatory
Anti inflammatory
Antiulcerogenic
Antibacterial
Expectorant
Diaphoretic
Antitumor
• Used in cold, cough, fever and gastric disorder
Jegan
51. AMLA
1. Synonym: Indian gooseberry, amalaka,
dhatriphala, anvala
2. Biological source: It consist of fresh or dried
fruit of Emblica officinalis belonging family
Euphorbiaceae
3. Geographical source: It is found throughout
India Jegan
52. 4. Macroscopic Characteristics
• Colour: Fruit is green when tender but turns to yellow or brick red on maturity
• Odour: Odorless
• Taste: Sour taste initially and sweet afterwards
Jegan
53. 5. Chemical Constituents:
• It contains
Vitamin C
Minerals
Certain amino acids
Gallic acid
Ellagic acid
Phyllembin
Jegan
54. 6. Use:
• The fruits are diuretic, refrigerant and laxative
• Dried fruit is used in hemorrhage, diarrhea, diabetes and dysentery
• It has properties like
Antioxidant
Antibacterial
Antifungal
Antiviral
• It is one of the famous ayurvedic preparation- Triphala Churna used
for chronic constipation
• Also used in chyavanprash
Jegan