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1. MET FACULTY OF
PHARMACY
PRESENTATION ON ACTIVE CONSTITUENT OF
CERTAIN CRUDE DRUGS USED IN INDIGENOUS
SYSTEM
SUBMITTED BY: SUBMITTED TO:
RITIKA PAL Dr. MANDEEP KUMAR GUPTA
M.PHARM IRST SEMISTER ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR
(PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY )

2. ACTIVE CONSTITUENT OF CERTAIN CRUDE
DRUGS USED IN INDIGENOUS SYSTEM
INTRODUCTION
 Indigenous system of medicine are Traditional medicine also
known folk medicine comprises medical aspects as
 The sum total of the data, skill, and practices supported the
theories, beliefs, and experiences endemic to completely
different cultures, whether or not interpretable or not employed
in the maintenances of health likewise as within the bar,
diagnosis, improvement or treatment of physical and mental
health.
 Traditional medicine is contrasted with scientific medicine with
active constituent or crude material.

3. DIABETIC THERAPY
 This is the groups of metabolic alterations characterized by
hyperglycemia ensuing from defects in hyperglycemic agent
secretion, action of each.
 It has on adverse effects of carbohydrates, super molecule and
super molecule metabolism leading to chronic hyperglycemia
and abnormality of lipid profile an oversized variety anti-
diabetic medicines are obtainable within the pharmaceutical
market place for polygenic diseases and its connected
complications.
 Crude drug used in :- Gymnema sylvestre , Salacia reticulate ,
Pterocarpus marsupim , Swertia chirata , Trigonella foenum
graccum ;

4. 1. Gymnema sylvestre (Gurmar)
COMMON NAME : Gurmar, Meshashringi ,Vishani ,Gokhru
FAMILY : Asclepidaceae
GEOGRAPHICAL SOURCE : It is native plants in south
west of india , australia, southeast asia and africa.
DESCRIPTION : Gymnema sylvestre is woody plant ,
climbing wine with ovate and elliptic leaves and bell shape
yellow flower.
PARTS USED : Leaves

5. Plant 1: Leaves of Gymnema sylvestre

6.  CHEMICAL CONSTITUENT :
1.Oleananesaponins: Gymnemicacid , Gymnemasaponins.
2. Gymnema saponins : Gymnemagenin , Gymnestrogenin.
3. Dammarane saponins : Gymnemasides.
4.Triterpenoids saponins : Anthraquinone , flavones, flavonoids
5. Flavonoids : Epicatechin, apigenin, luteolin.
6. Others : Kaempferol, phytin, resins, tartaric acid, formic acid,
butyric acid, beta- amyrin.
 ACTIVE CONSTITUENTS : 1) Gymnemic acid
2) Gymnemagenin

7. 1. Gymnemic acid
2.Gymnemagenin

8. MECHANISM OF ACTION :
1) It increase the secretion of insulin.
2) It promotes regeneration of island cells.
3) It increase utilization of aldohexose.
4) It cause inhibition of aldohexose absorption from intestine
and helps to reduce craving of sugar.

9. 2. Salacia reticulate
COMMON NAME : Marking Nut Tree
FAMILY : Hypocrataceae
GEOGRAPHICAL SOURCE : It is indigenous to India ,
Japan and Sri Lanka.
PARTS USED : Greenish brown bark ,Roots, leaves , stems,
fruits.

10. Plant 2a . Fruits and Leaves

11. Plant 2b : Roots

12. CHEMICAL CONSTITUTION :
• Salacia reticulate are especially known to contain
anthcynidies, catachins, phenolic acids , quinones, and related
teriterpinoids.
•The major phytochemical are:
Mangiferin, kotanolo, salacinol, salaciquinone, paltmic acids ,
ethyl glucopyranoside and many more.
 ACTIVE CONSTITUENTS :1) Mangiferin
2) kitalanol
3) Salacinol

13. 1. MANGIFERIN
2. KITALANOL 3. SALACINOL

14. MECHANISM OFACTION :
1) Inhibition of post prandial glucose .
2) ɑ-glycosides inhibitory effect .
3) The intestinal enzymes ,ɑ-glycosides and ɑ-amylase break
down starches, dextrin,maltose and sucrose into readily
absorbed monosaccharides with in the small intestine.
4) The deactivation of enzymes cause delay in the absorption
of glucose.

15. 3. Pterocarpus marsuoiam
COMMON NAME : Bijasar , Asan , Malabar kino , Vijayasar
FAMILY : Fabaceae or Leguminosae
GEOGRAPHICAL SOURCE : The plant species is native to
India ,Nepal and Sri Lanka.The particularly found in certain
areas like western ghats, in the Karnataka-Kerala region, in the
state of Gujrat Madhya Pradesh and Bihar.
PARTS USED : Heartwood , Bark , leaves and flower
heartwood gives hypoglycemic effect .

16. Plant 3 . Pterocarpus marsupium

17.  CHEMICAL CONSTITUENT :
1. HEARTWOOD : Isoflavanoids , terpenoids , tannis.
2. ROOTS : Liquids – ritigenin , garbanzol , pseudo-
dobatagenin 5-deoxy – kaempferol , pterosupin,
pterostibene , marsupol , carpusin .
3. KINO GUM FROM BARK : Kitannic acid , kinoin-red
β- eudesmol.
4. OTHERS : Isoliquiritigenin , Liquiritigenin , Epicatechin,
Marsupinol.
 ACTIVE CONSTITUENT : 1) Kitannic acid
2) Pteroside
3) Masupin

18. 1. PTEROSIDE
2. MASUPSIN

19. MECHANISM OFACTION :
1) β-cell Regeneration .
2) Insulin release .
3) Insulin like Activities
• Increase glucose uptake
• Increase glycogen synthesis
• Increase activity of oxidation enzymes
4) ɑ-amylse & ɑ-glucosidase inhibitory effects .
5) Effects on TNF-ɑ and peroxisome proliferator activator
receptors (PPRAs).

20. 4. Swertia chirata
COMMON NAME : Chiratta
FAMILY : Gentianaceae
GEOGRAPHICAL SOURCE : Temperate Himalaya Region
PLANT USED : Flower and Leaves

21. Plant 4 : Flower And Leaves Of Swerita Chirata

22.  CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS :
The herb contain , gentiopicrin , swetenol , episetenol ,
chiratenol ,gammacer- 16- en- 3β-o, taraxerol , oleanolic acid ,
ursolic acid, sweta-7, pichierenol, ophelic acid and chiratin are
two bitter compounds, Amarogentin is one of the bitterest
compounds known in swertia chirata, Isobellidifoli swertiamarin
. Carbonates and phosphate of calcium ,pottasium and
magnesium are the ash yeilds.
 ACTIVE CONSTITUENTS : 1) Swerchirin
2) Swertismarin

23. 1. SWERCHIRIN
2. SWERTIAMARIN

24. MECHANISM OF ACTION :
1) It lower the significant blood sugar level by decreasing
secretion of insulin .

25. 5. Trigonella foenum graccum
COMMON NAME : Fenugreek , Alholva , Boyota , Methi
FAMILY : Fabaceae
GEOGRAPHICAL SOURCE : It mainly found in India ,
North America and certain region of Africa.
PARTS USED : Seed , leaves

26. Plant 5 : Leaves of Trigonella foenum graccum

27. CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS :
Trigonella foenum has several chemical constituents in it ,
with variuos pharmacological activity mainly it has amino
acids, alkaloids , saponins , flavonoids , steroids, and other
active constituents .
1) AMINO ACIDS : Isoleucine , histidine , leucine , lysine
2) ARGENINE : Trymethylamine , trigonelline,neurin ,betain.
3) FLAVONOIDS : Rutin , Verixin
4) STEROIDS : Diosgenin , Tigogenin
5) OTHER : Coumarin , Lipids , Vitamins , Minerals ,etc
 MECHANISM OFACTION :
1) It forms colloidal – type suspension in the stomach and
intestine .
2) Slowing glucose absorption .

28. LIVER DYSFUNCTION
 The liver is one of the most metabolically active organs of the
body and second largest organ in the body . It synthesizes non-
essential amino acids , delaminates excess amino acids for use
in energy production and forms urea. Which the kidney
excrete.
 If the damage is too severe, which can sometimes be the case
with fast acting acute liver failure, a liver transplant may be
necessary.
 Therefore, due to high risk in removing , transplantation
interest towards traditional medicines are increasing .

29. 6. Phyllanthus niruri
COMMON NAME : Bhuamla
FAMILY : Euphorbiaceae
GEOGRAPHICAL SOURCE : Tropical countries including
India
PLANT USED : Leaves

30. Plant 6 : Leaves of Phyllanthus niruri

31.  CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS :
1) ALKALOIDS : Nirurin ,ent- norsecurin
2) FLAVONOIDS : Quercetin , rutin , astragalin ,
isoquercitrin, nirurin
3) TERPENOIDS : Lupeol acetate , lupeol
4) TANNINS : Geranin
5) CUMARINS : Ellagic acid
6) Others : Saponins ,etc
 ACTIVE CONSTITUENTS : 1) Nirurin
 MODE OF ACTION
It controls the sugar level in blood

32. 1. Nirurin

33. ANTITUMOR
 Cancer is associate cluster o diseases involving abnormal cell
growth with the potential in invade or unfold to alternative
compound of body .
 These distinction white benign tumors , that don’t unfold .
 Potential signs and symptoms as well as a lamp , abnormal
hemorrage , prolonged cough, unexplained weight loss and a
changes in a very intestine movement. While these symptoms
might indicate cancer.
 These are various type of cancer of each part of living beings
and various type of treatment therapy , herbal treatments,where
most commonly used is curcuma longa .

34. 7. Curcuma longa linn
COMMON NAME : Haldi , Turmeric
FAMILY : Zingiberaceae
 GEOGRAPHICAL SOURCE : India , Newzeland
PARTS USED : Roots , leaves , flowers

35. Plant 7 : Roots , Leaves , Flower

36.  CHEMICAL CONSTITUENT :
Curcuma longa contains protein , fat , minerals and
carbohydrates . Some phenolic compound and terpenoids,
including diarylheptenoids, phenyl propene and other phenolic
compounds .It is also rich sources of polyphenolic curcuminoids.
 ACTIVE CONSTITUENTS : 1) Curcumin
2) Dimethoxy Curcumin
3) Bisdemethoxycurcumin

37. 1 curcumin
2 Dimethoxy curcumin

38. 3 Bismethoxy curcumin

39.  MECHANISM OF ACTION :
1. Curcuma play the important role as anti - cancer agent .
2. Apoptosis was caused by this block cells cycle series ,both are
involed in reducing cancerous cell enlargement in aortmic
smooth muscle cells .
3. Curcuma may act differently on different cell line .