The document discusses phytoconstituents, which are natural chemical compounds found in plants, and their roles in traditional and modern medicine. It outlines various classes of phytoconstituents, including iridoids, sesquiterpenes, diterpenes, tetraterpenoids, and organosulfur compounds, along with their sources, structures, and medicinal uses. Specific examples like gentian and artemisia are highlighted for their health benefits and therapeutic applications.

1. PHYTOCONSTITUENTS
Guided by -
Prof. Dr. Babita More
Department of Pharmacognosy
YTIP, University Of Mumbai
Prepared by -
Rohan Jagdale
T. Y. B. Pharm

2. What are phytoconstituents
Phytoconstituents are chemical compounds that occur naturally in
plants. Some are responsible for colour and other organoleptic
properties. The term is generally refer to biologically significant
chemicals, but not established as essential nutrients. Some
Phytoconstituents with physiological properties may be elements
rather than complex organic molecules
Medicinal plants are the richest bio-resource of drugs for traditional
systems of medicine, modern medicines, nutraceuticals, food
supplements, folk medicines, pharmaceutical intermediates and
chemical entities for synthetic drugs.

3. CONTENTS
1) Iridoids -
Gentian, Picrorhiza
1) Sesquiterpene & Diterpenes -
Artemisia, Andrographis paniculata
1) Tetraterpenoids -
Carotenoids - Leutein, Crocin
1) Organo sulphur -
Allium cepa, Allium sativum
1) Quinones -
Napthoquinones - Chitrak & Heena
Benzoquinone - Vidanga

4. Iridoids
Iridoids are a type of monoterpenoids in
the general form of cyclopentanopyran,
found in a wide variety of plants and some
animals. They are biosynthetically derived
from 8-oxogeranial. Iridoids are typically
found in plants as glycosides, most often
bound to glucose.

5. Iridoids :How derived?
▪️Named after ants of the Iridomirmex genus, from which were isolated
compounds involved in the defence mechanism of the insects: iridoidal,
iridomyrmecin and related compounds.
▪️Exists in plants as well: nepetalactone from Nepeta cataria (Lamiaceae),
or teucriumlactone C from Teucrium marum have marked properties
▪️Nepeta cataria: effects on cats, so termed as Catnip,katzenmelisse,
herbe-aux-chats
▪️Iridoid: generally 10 carbons, may even have more or multiple structure
variation up to polycyclic structures

6. ● Monoterpene
● Cyclopenta[c]pyranoid skeletoon
● Iridane skeleton cis-2-oxa-bicyclo-[4,3,0J-nonane
● Type: Secoiridoids by cleavage of the 7,8 bond of
the cyclopentane ring
● Some authors limits the definition up to Methyl
cyclopentane
● Iridoid glycosides (>300)
● Secoiridoid glycoside (>100)
● Non-glycoside compounds (>100)

7. Iridoid structure

8. Gentian

9. ➢ Synonyms :
Yellow Gentiar, Gall weed, Bitter root, felwort
➢ Biological source :
It consists of dried rhizome and roots of Gentiana lutea Linn
belonging to family - Gentianaceae
It consists about 33% water soluble extracive.
➢ Habitat :
It is found in Central and Southern Europe, Asia, Pyrenees, Turkey.
It is also grown on Vosges Mountains, Yugoslavia and Jura.

10. Morphology
o Color Brownish
o Shape - Sub-cylindrical, entire or longitudinally split pieces of
rhizomes and roots.
o Size: 15-20 cm or more in length and 2.5-8 cm in thickness at
crown.
o Odour:- Characteristic odour
o The root is longitudinally wrinkled and the rhizome,
which is sometimes branched, frequently
terminates in one or more buds and appear as
transverse annulations.
o The drug is brittle and breaks with a short fracture.
It has a characteristic odour and the taste is sweet
at first and then intensely bitter afterwards

11. Chemical Constituents
● Gentian consists the bitter glycoside GENTIOPICRIN (-2%) as a
principle active constituent.On hydrolysis , it yields the aglycone
mesogentiogenin and glucose.
● Gentiopicrin is a secoiridoid gentiopicroside ,and it is decomposed on
fermentation and drying of the drug.
● Other bitter compounds are Genticin, Amaropanin, Amarogentin and
Amaoswerin.
● Gentian also contains Gentiin, Gentiamarin, Gentisic acid(2,5-
dihydoxybenzoic acid), Tannins, Pectin's and calcium oxalates.
● Gentian should yield 33-40% of water soluble extractive but highly
fermented root yields much less.

12. Cultivation and preapartion
The plant is a large perennial herb. The drug is collected from a
2- 5 years old plant in the autumn. Turf is stripped and the
rhizomes are dug up. After it is washed and cut into suitable
length, the drug is dried, first in the open air and then in sheds.
The drug becomes much dark in colour, loose some of its
bitterness & acquires a very distinctive odour
.

13. 1. Alcoholic extract when made alkaline. Shows blue or
green fluorescence.
2. Take moistened dry powder in test tube .Cover test
tube with filter paper soaked in dil .NaoH. Keep test
tube in water bath .After sometimes expose filter paper
to UV light. It shows yellowish-green fluorescence.
CHEMICAL TESTS

14. Gentiopicrin
Gentisic acid or
2,5 - Dihydroxybenzoic acid

15. Uses
● Potent stomachic and treats GI problems like
indigestion.
● Emmenogoggue. (enhance menstrual flow)
● This bitter stem less is used to treat wounds.
● To treat arthritis, sore throat, jaundice.
● Gentian extracts are used in variety of foods and
cosmetics.

16. Marketed products

17. Picrorhiza

18. ● Synonyms : Kutki, Indian gentian (Gentiana kurroo)
hindi-kuru, katvee, marathi-Kali, Katuki
● Source: dried rhizomes of Picrorrhiza kurroa
● Family: Scrophulariaceae
● Geographical source : North-west Himalaya region
at 3000-4000 meters

19. Structure

20. Constituents
● It contains cyclopentanopyran
monoterpenoids, a class of
glycosides
● It contains picroside I, picroside II
and kurkoside upto 3-4 %
● The drug also contains 9% cathartic
acid

21. Uses :
● It is used as bitter tonic & stomachic
● It is used as laxatives in small doses & cathartic
(produce psychological relief) in large doses
● It is used as Hepatoprotective in Jaundice
● In skin diseases
● It is also used in liver tonic

22. Marketed products

23. Sesquiterpenes and Diterpenes
▪️Sesquiterpenoids are defined as the group of 15 carbon compounds
derived by the assembly of 3 isoprenoid units and they are found
mainly in higher plants but also in invertebrates.▪️Sesquiterpene
structures present several acyclic, mono-, bi-, tri-, and tetracyclic
systems. ▪️The addition
of another IPP unit to geranyl diphosphate (GPP) gives rise to
farnesyl diphosphate (FPP) (C15).
▪️FPP gives rise to the linear and cyclic sesquiterpenes.
▪️Some interesting sesquiterpenes are found in :Feverfew, Cotton
seeds and Chamomile.
Sesquiterpenes

25. Diterpenes
Diterpenes are a class of chemical compounds composed of four isoprene
units, often with the molecular formula C20H32. They are biosynthesized
by plants, animals and fungi via the HMG-CoA reductase pathway, with
geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate being a primary intermediate.
Diterpenes are the most important plant metabolites that are derived
from geranyl geranyl pyrophosphate (GGPP) and are classified into several
categories, namely phytanes, labdanes, halimane, clerodanes, pimaranes,
abietanes, cassanes, rosanes, vouacapanes, podocarpanes, trachlobanes,
kauranes, aphidicolanes, stemodanes, stemaranes, bayeranes, atisanes,
gibberellanes, taxanes, cembranes, daphnanes, tiglianes, and ingenanes
classes.

26. Diterpene cafestol

27. Artemisia

29. ▪️Synonyms :A.cina (Santonica, wormseed)
A. annua (Sweet annie, Qinghaosu)
▪️Source: dried un-expanded flower heads
of Artemisia cina, A. annua, A.brevifolia,
A.maritima & other spp. Of Artemisia.
▪️Family: A. cina (Compositae)
A. annua (Asteraceae)
▪️Geographical source S: A. cina (Pakistan, Turkestan)
A. annua (China-native, Europe, US,
Turkey, Australia, Iran, Vietname, India (GJ,
UP, JK, HP, KA)

30. ▪️Artemisinin contains endoperoxide group and this reacts
with the iron in haem, giving rise to highly reactive free
radicals.
▪️Parasites death is believed to result from the reaction of
these free radicals with parasite molecules such as
proteins and nucleic acids.
▪️Artemisinin does not react with the iron in haemoglobin so
that uninfected red cells are unaffected.
▪️Artemether, oil soluble, IM injection
▪️Artesunate & Artelinate, water soluble, IV injection
Choloroquine resistant Plasmodium falciparum, P. vivax and
cerebreal malaria
▪️Artemether: developed by CDRI lucknow
▪️Artemisic acid: Antibacterial, Cyto-toxic,
▪️Anti-inflammatort ▪️ Artemisinin: Anti-cancer as well

31. Constituents and structure
Artemisia Cina :
● Sesquiterpene
● lactone:santonin
● Artemisin
● Irone
Artemisia annua :
● Artemisinin
● Deoxyartemisinin
● Artemisic acid
● Arteanniun A, B
● Cadinene type
● sesquiterpene
Santonin

33. Uses
A.cina
● Strong althelmintic against round worms and less effect
against thread worms.
A.annua
● Artemisinin: Chloroquine resistant Plasmodium falciparum and
particularly cerebral malaria
● Derivative: Artesunate, Artemether: effective
● Artemisic acid: anti-inflammatory, cytotoxic, antibacterial

34. Uses :
● Effective against malaria & cerebral malaria
● Hepatitis B
● Schistosomiasis (caused by Schistosomes)
● Several blood parasite protozoans
● Against variety of cancer cell lines including breast
cancer
● Human leukemia
● Small-cell lung carcinoma
● Drug - resistant cancers

35. Marketed products

36. Andrographis paniculata

37. ➢ Synonyms : Kalmegh
➢ Family : Acanthaceae
➢ Biological source : The drug consists of dried
fresh leaves & aerial portion of the plant
Andrographis Paniculata Nees.
➢ Geographical source : India, South East Asia,
China

38. Chemical Constituents
It contains a bitter compound andrographolide up to 1 %
It is diterpene lactone.
Some other compounds such as
neoandrographolide,andrographosterol,andrographiside,flav
onoids,phenolic compounds and some waxy material are
present.

40. Uses :
▪️It is used as bitter tonic and stomachic.
▪️It also known as "green chiretta" in India.
▪️It is used in the treatment of torpid liver (impaired
nerve impulses) and jaundice.
▪️️The decoction of the plant is used as blood purifier.
▪️The decoction of the leaves is given with spices such
as cardamom, clove or cinnamon for stomach ailment in
infants.
▪️It produce enzyme induction.

41. Marketed products

42. Tetraterpenoids
▪️Tetraterpenoids (including many carotenoids) are
tetraterpenes that have been chemically modified, as indicated
by the presence of oxygen-containing functional groups.
▪️C40 compounds of terpenoids group & biosynthetically
prepared by tail to tail condensation of general geraniol.
▪️They contain long sequence of conjugated double bonds

43. Carotenoids
▪️Carotenoids, also called tetraterpenoids, are organic
pigments that are produced by plants and algae, as well as several
bacteria and fungi. The only animals known to produce carotenoids
are aphids and spider mites, which acquired the ability and genes
from fungi.
▪️Carotenoids are composed of eight isoprene units(C40 ).
▪️T️hey are various colors usually yellow to red pigments

44. ▪️Carotenoids are red, yellow and orange pigments that are widely
distributed in nature. they are especially abundant in yellow orange
fruits and vegetables and dark green, leafy vegetables. more than
700 naturally occurring carotenoids identified.
▪️Carotenoids absorb light in the 400-500 nm region of the visible
spectrum. This physical property imparts the characteristic
red/yellow color of the pigments.
▪️Carotenoids contain a conjugated backbone composed of isoprene
units, which are usually inverted at the center of the molecule,
imparting symmetry. Changes in geometrical configuration about the
double bonds result in the existence of many cis and trans isomers.
▪️Hydroxylated, oxidized, hydrogenated or ring-containing
derivatives exist.

45. Chemistry
▪️Carotenoids belong to the category of tetraterpe noids (i.e. they
contain 40 carbon atoms,being built from four terpene units each
containing 10 carbon atoms). Structurally, carotenoids take the
form of a polyene hydrocarbon chain which is sometimes
terminated by rings, and may or may not have additional oxygen
atoms attached.
▪️general structure of the carotenoid is a polyene chain consisting
of 9-11 double bonds and possibly terminating in rings

47. Leutin

48. ▪️Lutein is a xanthophyl, synthesized only by plants like other
xanthophyll.
▪️Lutein is obtained by animals by ingesting plants.
▪️In the human retina, lutein is absorbed from blood specifically
into the macula lutea, although its precise role in the body is
unknown. , ▪️
Lutein is also found in egg yolks and animal fats.
▪️Lutein is a lipophilic molecule, generally insoluble in water.
▪️Lutein has been used in food and supplement manufacturing as a
colorant due to its yellow-red color.
▪️Lutein absorbs blue light and there fore appears yellow at low
concentrations and orange-red at high concentrations

49. Sources of leutin
▪️Lutein is a natural part of human diet when orange-yellow fruits and
leafy green vegetables are consumed.
▪️Foods rich in lutein include broccoli, spinach, kale, com, orange pepper.
kiwi fruit, grapes, orange juice, zucchini, and scquash.
▪️Cooked kale and cooked spinach top the list in richness of lutein.
▪️Many multivitamins contain lutein. They usually provide a relatively small
amount of 0.25 mg per tablet
▪️People consuming 6.9 to 11.7 mg of lutein per day through diet had the
lowest risk of developing AMD and cataracts.

50. Structure

51. Uses
▪️Age-related macular degeneration (AMD).- People who consume higher
amounts of lutein in their diet have a reduced risk of developing AMD.
However, increasing dietary intake of lute in might not reduce the risk
of AMD in people who already havea high intake of lutein. Taking lutein
supplements for up to 12 months can improve some symptoms of AMD,
but it does not seem to prevent AMD from becoming worse.
▪️Cataracts. Some studies suggest that eating higher amounts of lutein
might decrease the risk of developing cataracts. Also, early research
suggests that taking lutein three times weekly for up to 2 years can
improve vision in elderly people with cataracts.

53. Marketed products

54. Crosin

55. ▪️Chemical formula: C44H64024.
▪️Synonyms : Saffron, Hay saffron, Kesar.
▪️Source: Crocus consists of dried stigmas and upper parts of styles
of plant known as "Crocus sativus.
▪️Family: Iridaceae.
▪️Geographical source :India (Kashmir), Spain (Principal produced-
80%), France,Greece.
▪️Constituents: Red coloring matter (Crocin), Crocetin, Bitter principle
picrocrocin and traces of volatile oil Protoocrocin (Glycoside), during
drying splits in to two molecule, 2 picrocrocin + 1 crocin.
▪️Crocin on hydrolysis crocetin and gentiobiose, Picrocrocin on
hydrolysis Glucose and Safranal.
▪️Crocins are responsible for blue colour when treated with conc.

56. ● Crocetin: C20H2404
● Dry stigma + H2S04 drop, blue, gradually changing
to
purple and finally purplish red
● Saffron imparts yellowish orange brown color to
water
● Use: Coloring agent (Food dye) and Flavoring agent,
Antispasmodic, Emmenagogue and Stimulant
● Substitutes/Adulterant: Carthamus tinctorius
(Safflower), impart orange color to alcohol (not with
authentic)
● Weight of drug is increased by Glycerin and
Ammonium nitrate and can be déteeted by
determining

58. Structure of crosin

60. Marketed products

61. Organo sulphur
▪️Organosulfur compound, also spelled organosulphur compound,
also called organic sulfur compound, a subclass of organic
substances that contain sulfur and that are known for their
varied occurrence and unusual properties.
▪️Organosulfur compounds occur in the bodies of all living
creatures in the form of certain essential amino acids (such as
cysteine, cystine, and methionine, which are components of
proteins), of the tripeptide glutathione, and of enzymes,
coenzymes, vitamins, and hormones.

62. Examples of Organo sulphur compounds

63. Allium cepa

64. ➢ Kingdom : Plantae
➢ Division :Magnoliophyta
➢ Class : Lilopsida
➢ Order. : Asparagales
➢ Family. : Alliaceae
➢ Genus. : Allium
➢ Species. : Allium cepa

65. ▪️Onion also known as the bulb onion or common onion is widely used as
salad or cooked in various ways in all curries, fried, boiled or baked.
▪️Onion is also used in processed forms e.g. flakes, powder paste, pickles
etc. ▪️It has
very good medicinal value.
▪️The word onion comes from the Latin word unio, which means "single,"
or "one" reflecting of the onion plant producing a single bulb, unlike its
cousin, the garlic, that produces many small bulbs.
▪️The name also describes the onion bulb when cut down the middle; it is
a union (also from unio) of many separate, concentrically arranged layers.
▪️Onions are high in vitamin C, a good source of fibre, and with only 45
calories per serving, add abundant flavour to a wide variety of food.
▪️Onions are sodium, fat, and cholesterol free, and provide a number of
other key nutrients.

66. Odour of onion
▪️The strong smell of the onion and its relatives contain thioallyl
compound or alliins
▪️When cut or crushed, the alliin within the onion is converted by an
enzymatic reaction into allicin, this breaks down into sulfide
compounds.
▪️Sulfide compounds are aromatic and this is what gives the onion,
and all the plants in the onion family, their distinctive smell.

67. Types of onions
Onions vary in colour, size, the time of year harvested, and flavor.
These differences make onions very versatile.
The Colour of Onions.
I.Yellow Onions are full-flavored and are a reliable standby for cooking
almost anything. Yellow onions turn a rich, dark brown when cooked and
give French Onion Soup its tangy sweet flavour.
II. Red Onions, with their wonderful colour, are a good choice for lots of
fresh uses or for grilling and roasting.
III.White Onions are often used in prepared salads, white sauces, and is
the traditional onion for classic Mexican cuisine. They have a golden
colour and sweet flavour when sautéed

69. Phyto-chemicals
● Quercetin
● Iron
● Di. tri-sulfidesProteins
● &Vinyl dithiins
● Magnesium
● Folic acid
● VitaminC
● Sodiumn
● Dietary fiber
● Calcium

71. Formation of major Organosulfur compounds in onion

73. Health benefits
▪️The phytochemicals in onions improve the working of Vitamin C in the
body, thus gifting you with improved immunity.
▪️Onions contain chromium, which assists in regulating blood sugar.
▪️️For centuries, on ions have been used to reduce inflammation and heal
infections.
▪️Raw onion encourages the production of good cholesterol (HDL), thus
keeping your heart healthy.
▪️A powerful compound called quercetin in onions is known to play a
significant role in preventing cancer.
▪️Onions scavenge free radicals, thereby reducing your risk of developing
gastric ulcers and by preventing growth of the ulcer-forming
microorganism, Heliobacter pylori.

74. Uses
▪️The main purpose of onion is cooking other than that it is used for :
▪️Treating bronchial pneumonia
▪️Curing cough
▪️To treat sore throats
▪️To treat bee stings
▪️To cure earache
▪️It also boosts immune system

75. Marketed products

76. Annium sativum

77. Garlic
● SYNONYMS : Lehsun and wonder food.
● CENTER OF ORIGIN : ASIA
● Mode of POLLINATION : Cross pollinated
● KINGDOM- PLANTAE
● SUBKINGDOM TRACHEBIONTA
● SUPER DIVISION- SPERMATOPHYTA
● CLASS - MONOcOTYLEDONS
● SUBCLASS LILIIDAE
● ORDER- LILLALES
● FAMILY- ALLIACEAE
● GENUS - ALLIUM
● SPECIES - SATIVUM

78. Introduction
GARLIC,latin name, allium sativum(alliaceae). garlic has been used
for both medicinal and culinary purposes.
Today galic is a widely recognised health enhancing supplement
,used for heart and immune system, antioxidant property .since it
is reported that it has 100 biologically useful secondary
metabolites.
The active component in garlic is sulfur compound allicin.

79. Medical history of garlic
▪️It is reported that in ancient Egypt, the workers who had to build the
great pyramids were fed their daily share of garlic as a form of healthy
prolongation
▪️In China, garlic tea has long been recommended for fever, headache,
and cholera
▪️In rural Japan, miso-soup containing garlic is used as remedy for the
common cold with headache, fever and sort throat
▪️Early 1853, the famous microbiologist, Louis Pasteur, performed several
original work showing that garlic could kill bacteria

80. The protective power of garlic
● Garlic is effective against bacteria, even antibiotic-resistant strains,
fungi and viruses
● Allicin is responsible for this activity and age and cooking destroys
this property.
● Bacteria susceptible to garlic indude species from staphylococcus,
● Escherichia, proteus, Solmonella, Ctrobacter, klebsiella, Aeromonas,
● Vibrio and Bacillus genera.
● It is active against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Helicobacter
pylori also.
● Fungi susceptible to garlic in lab tests include the genera-
Microsporum, Trichophyton, Epidermophyton, Candida albicans.
● Garlic used to treat roudworm and hookworm infestations, leismaniasis
and amoebiasis.
Garlic as an antibiotic

81. Varieties of Garlic
▪️HARD NECKED GARLICS
1.PURPLE STRIPE GARLIC E.g. chesnok red ,pursian star
2.CREOLE GARLIC E.g.creole red
3.PORCELAIN GARLIC E.g. zemo, music, rumanian red
4.ROCAMBOLE GARLIC E.g.german red
▪️SOFT NECKED GARLICS
1.Artichoke garlicsE.g.chinese purple
2.siverskin garlic E.g.burgundy

82. Free compounds isolated from garlic bulb
● Ajoene
● Dimethyl sulfides
● Disulfides
● Allicin
● Allin
● Glutathione
● Allyl disulfides
● Methionine
● Methyl sulfides
● Allyl sulfides
● Allyl trisulfides
● Pseudoscordinine
● Scordinine
● Cycloallin
● Cysteine
● Sulfanes
● Tetrathiol
● Cysteine sulfoxides
● Thiosulifinates
● Cystine
● Diallyl sulfides
● Trisulfides

85. Major Organosulfur compounds present in garlic preparation

86. 🔹️Garlic and Cancer
Ancient Egyptians, Indians, and Greeks all
used garlic externally to treat tumors
Studies in China and Switzerland link
regular garlic consumption with decreased
risk for stomach and colorectal cancers
🔹Tumor Growth Inhibition
▪️Allicin shown to arrest leukemia cells at
Ga-M phase boundary
- Similar arrest in colon cancer cells from DADS
▪️Garlic extract induces apoptosis in NSCLC cells
- Modulation of apoptosis-associated proteins?
▪️Diallyl disulfide activates caspase-3
pathway in human breast cancer cells

87. Uses
● Has been used for medicinal purpose since ancient times
● Antibiotic action
● Reduces cholesterol and blood pressure
● Prevents stomach cancer
● Has wound healing potential
● Feasibility as pesticide i.e. garlic extract with mineral oil,
water and liquid soap
● Antibacterial effect
● Application of Aged Garlic Extract (AGE reduces severity
of P.infestans in tomato and Cucumber downy mildew.
(P. cubensis)
● *Pungency is due to Diallyl disulphide (60%) and Allyl propyl
disulphide (20%).

89. Marketed products

90. Important Allium species
● Allium cepa - Common onion
● Allium sativum- Garlic
● Allium cepa var. aggregatum - Potato onion or multiplier
● Allium cepa var. ascalonicum onion.
● Allium cepa var. viviparum - Tree onion.
● Allium fistulosum - Welsh onion or Japanese bunching onion.
● Allium porrum
● Allium ampeloprasum - Great headed garlic.
● Allium schoenoprasum- Chive
● Allium tuberosum- Chinese chive. Leaves are consumed as leafy
vegetable.

91. Quinones
Quinones are oxygen-containing compounds which are essentially
the oxidized homologs of aromatic derivatives, and are
characterized by a 1,4-diketo-cyclohexa-2,5-diene pattern
(para-quinones), or possibly, by a 1,2-diketo-cyclohexa-3,5-diene
pattern (ortho-quinones).
In naturally occuring quinones, the dione is conjugated to an
aromatic nucleus (benzoquinones), or conjugated to a condensed
polycyclic aromatic system: naphthalene (naphthoquinones),
anthracene (anthraquinones) 1,2-benzanthracene
(anthracyclinones), naphthodianthrane (napyhrodianthrones),
perylene, phenanthrene, and so on.

93. Naphthoquinones
Naphthoquinones are yellow or orangy pigments essentially from
plants, and are characteristic of some Angiosperm families, including
Ebenaceae, Droseraceae, and Bignoniacee. They are almost 1,4-
naphthoquinones, and they are in very rare cases 1,2-
naphthoquinones.
Lawsone

94. Chitrak

95. ➢ Synonyms :- white leadwort, chitrak Mula,
Agnisikha, Ceylonische,Vahni,Kodiveli, Lead wort
➢ Biological name :- Plumbago zeylanica
➢ Family :- Plumbaginaceae
➢ Biological source :- It is dried root part of
Plumbago zeylanica
➢ Distribution :-found throughout India, It is also
cultivated at some places

96. Plants parts used :- Root, bark, seed

97. Chemical Constituents
● Plumbagin
● 3-chloroplumbagin
● 3,3’-biplumbagin
● Plumbagic acid
● Xanthylietin
● Xanthoxylatin.
Major
Others (minor)
● Catechol tannins
● Glucos
● Steroidal glycoside
● Vanillic acid
● Sistosterol

98. ▪️Root contains an acrid
crystalline principle called
'Plumbagin.
▪️Plumbagin is present in all the
varieties of plumbago to a
maximum of about 0.91%
Plumbagin

100. Uses
▪️The root of this herb is a powerful acro-narcotic poison. It causes
abortion. It will expel fetus, dead or alive.
▪️The root of the herb is used in cases of enlarged spleen
▪️This herb is used as part of many ayurvedic compound remedies for
rubifacient applications.
▪️Root reduced to a paste is applied to abscesses to open them. A
paste made of milk, vinegar, or salt and water may be applied in
leprosy and other obstinate skin diseases, unhealthy ulcers, scabies
etc.

101. Marketed products

102. Heena

103. ➢ Name:- Lawsonia inermis
➢ Family :- Lythraceae
➢ Heena consist of dried leaves of Lawsonia inermis
belonging to family Lythraceae
➢ It is cultivated as a garden plant throughout the India
➢ Flowers are numerous, small with rose coloured
fragrance

104. History of heena
Henna tattoos, or the more traditional term, Mehndi, has been used for
over 5,000 years
It started in Egypt, but evolved and became popular all over the Middle
East.
It was used mainly for ceremonies or life changing events Such as
marriages or childbirth.
Henna has always been very popular in India.

105. Chemical Constituents
The leaves contains soluble matter Lawsone.
This quinone dissolves in alkaline solution to
give an intence red colour.
Henn leaf also contains flavonoids, coumarins
and xanthones.

106. Cosmetics uses
▪️It is used in cosmetic preparation in many ways as colouring and
cosmetic ingredients.
▪️It has been used as a hair colour, nail colour and decoration
purpose.
▪️The drug is widely used in cosmetology for its dyeing properties due
to strong binding property of lawsone to hairs.
▪️It is also used in the form of shampoo and hair lotions.
▪️Henna is used in ayurvedic preparation for the treatment of skin
ailments, burns and wounds.

107. Medicinal uses
▪️Henna is used for the severe diarrhea jaundice, enlarged spleen
and skin problem
▪️Now-a-days ,people also use henna for severe ulcer.
▪️Henna contain the substances which help to fight with certain
infections.
▪️ It may reduce the growth of tumors ,relive pain ,decrease
inflammation.

108. Marketed products

109. Benzoquinone
a yellow crystalline water-soluble unsaturated ketone manufactured from
aniline and used in the production of dyestuffs.
Formula: C 6 H 4 O 2Also called: quinone
Systematic name: cyclohexadiene-1,4-quinone

110. Vidanga – Embelia ribes

111. Vidanga is one of the powerful anti-parasitic
herbs of Ayurveda. It is widely used against
intestinal worm infestation. Its botanical name is
Embelia ribes. It is called False black pepper
because it mimics pepper in appearance.
Botanical Name– Embelia ribes Burm. F
Family– MYRSINACEAE – Vidanga Kula.
Distribution:- It is distributed throughout India.
It is also cultivated.

112. ▪️Hindi Name-Vaividang, Vay Vidang, Baibidang,
Bhabhirang
▪️Marathi Name– Bavidang
▪️Sanskrit Synonyms:-
Jantuhantri, Krimighna – useful in worm
infestation
Chitra Tandula – The seeds contain white
streaks
Amogha, Vella, Kairali, Tandula, Gahvara.

113. Part used, dosage
Part used– Fruits, root
Dosage– Powder 3-5 g per day, in divided
dose is the usual prescribed dose.
To relieve worm infestation it is given in a
dose of 5 – 10 grams
Major chemical constituents:-
Embelin, Christembine, Homoembelin,
Vilangine, Quercitol etc.

114. Embelin
Homoembelin

115. Uses/Therapeutic benefits
● Of all the herbs used in treating worm infestation, Vidanga is the best.
● Bacteriocidal
● It is useful in dental carries, toothache, etc
● eases the movement of contents in the intestinal track.
● Vidanga is an essential ingredient in many anti-microbial medicines like
Sanjivani Vati and Panchanimbadi Vati.
● It detoxifies blood, hence useful in wide range of skin diseases.
● It is useful against vomiting, bloating, indigestion, gastritis and
constipation.
● It is widely used in weight loss treatment. Hence ingredient of many
medicines like Amrutadi Guggulu
● Vidanga itself is a mild laxative.

117. Marketed products