Medicinal plants are important and basic drugs sources from ancient times. In this presentation we discussed some of the phytoconstituents of plants which are useful in daily life.
Benzoin is a balsamic resin obtained from incisions made on several species of Styrax trees native to Southeast Asia. There are two main types - Sumatra benzoin from Styrax benzoin and Siam benzoin from Styrax tonkinesis. Sumatra benzoin contains a higher amount of benzoic and cinnamic acids which give it an aromatic odor. Siam benzoin contains mainly coniferyl benzoate and has a vanilla-like odor. Both types are used as expectorants and antiseptics in preparations like compound tincture of benzoin. They are also used industrially to add fragrance to products.
1. Glycosides are organic compounds found in plants and animals that contain a sugar (glycone) and non-sugar (aglycone or genin) portion. Upon hydrolysis, the sugar and non-sugar portions separate.
2. There are several types of glycosides based on the atom involved in the glycosidic linkage between the glycone and aglycone, including O-, C-, S-, and N-glycosides.
3. Two common cardiac glycoside drugs that contain glycosides are Digitalis and Aloe. Digitalis contains compounds like digitoxin and gitoxin that have cardiac effects. Aloe contains compounds like aloin that have laxative effects.
Volatile oils can be extracted through three main methods: distillation, solvent extraction, and mechanical expression. Distillation involves boiling or steaming plant material to separate the oils, while solvent extraction soaks plants in solvents like alcohol. Mechanical expression ruptures oil cells without heat, as used for citrus peels.
This document summarizes information about cinnamon bark, including its biological source from the Cinnamomum zeylanicum tree, propagation methods, harvesting process, chemical constituents like volatile oil and cinnamaldehyde, quality standards, and uses as a spice, flavoring agent, and in preparations like candy and perfumes. It also describes different varieties of cinnamon including Saigon cinnamon and Java cinnamon.
The document describes a procedure to isolate mentha oil from mentha leaves using hydrodistillation with a Clavenger apparatus. It involves extracting the volatile oils from the leaves through distillation with water in the apparatus. Volatile oils are complex mixtures found in plants that are odorous and evaporate at room temperature. They are identified and standardized based on their volatile oil content and characteristics. The procedure aims to isolate mentha oil and identify menthol within it using thin layer chromatography.
Ephedra contains amino alkaloids such as ephedrine, nor-ephedrine, and pseudo-ephedrine. It grows mainly in China, Pakistan, India, Australia, and parts of Europe at altitudes between 2500-3000m with annual rainfall under 50cm. The stems are collected after 4 years, dried, and stored away from light. Ephedra acts as a bronchodilator for treating asthma and hay fever due to its sympathomimetic effects.
The document discusses various modern extraction techniques used for extracting phytochemicals from medicinal plants. It describes techniques like maceration, percolation, digestion, decoction, Soxhlet extraction, and microwave-assisted extraction. For each technique, it explains the process involved and factors to consider like nature of plant material, solvent, temperature, and duration of extraction. The ideal properties of solvents for extraction are also summarized.
Clove is the dried flower bud of Eugenia caryophyllus, a tree native to Indonesia and cultivated in India. The ideal climate is a cooler, humid tropical region with well-distributed rainfall. Cloves contain 15-20% volatile clove oil, which is composed mainly of eugenol. Cloves are harvested by hand when buds are plump but unopened, then dried. Cloves are used as a spice and for flavoring, and clove oil is used commercially to produce vanillin and as an antiseptic. Potential adulterants include clove stalks, exhausted cloves with low oil content, and blown clove flowers.
Benzoin is a balsamic resin obtained from incisions made on several species of Styrax trees native to Southeast Asia. There are two main types - Sumatra benzoin from Styrax benzoin and Siam benzoin from Styrax tonkinesis. Sumatra benzoin contains a higher amount of benzoic and cinnamic acids which give it an aromatic odor. Siam benzoin contains mainly coniferyl benzoate and has a vanilla-like odor. Both types are used as expectorants and antiseptics in preparations like compound tincture of benzoin. They are also used industrially to add fragrance to products.
1. Glycosides are organic compounds found in plants and animals that contain a sugar (glycone) and non-sugar (aglycone or genin) portion. Upon hydrolysis, the sugar and non-sugar portions separate.
2. There are several types of glycosides based on the atom involved in the glycosidic linkage between the glycone and aglycone, including O-, C-, S-, and N-glycosides.
3. Two common cardiac glycoside drugs that contain glycosides are Digitalis and Aloe. Digitalis contains compounds like digitoxin and gitoxin that have cardiac effects. Aloe contains compounds like aloin that have laxative effects.
Volatile oils can be extracted through three main methods: distillation, solvent extraction, and mechanical expression. Distillation involves boiling or steaming plant material to separate the oils, while solvent extraction soaks plants in solvents like alcohol. Mechanical expression ruptures oil cells without heat, as used for citrus peels.
This document summarizes information about cinnamon bark, including its biological source from the Cinnamomum zeylanicum tree, propagation methods, harvesting process, chemical constituents like volatile oil and cinnamaldehyde, quality standards, and uses as a spice, flavoring agent, and in preparations like candy and perfumes. It also describes different varieties of cinnamon including Saigon cinnamon and Java cinnamon.
The document describes a procedure to isolate mentha oil from mentha leaves using hydrodistillation with a Clavenger apparatus. It involves extracting the volatile oils from the leaves through distillation with water in the apparatus. Volatile oils are complex mixtures found in plants that are odorous and evaporate at room temperature. They are identified and standardized based on their volatile oil content and characteristics. The procedure aims to isolate mentha oil and identify menthol within it using thin layer chromatography.
Ephedra contains amino alkaloids such as ephedrine, nor-ephedrine, and pseudo-ephedrine. It grows mainly in China, Pakistan, India, Australia, and parts of Europe at altitudes between 2500-3000m with annual rainfall under 50cm. The stems are collected after 4 years, dried, and stored away from light. Ephedra acts as a bronchodilator for treating asthma and hay fever due to its sympathomimetic effects.
The document discusses various modern extraction techniques used for extracting phytochemicals from medicinal plants. It describes techniques like maceration, percolation, digestion, decoction, Soxhlet extraction, and microwave-assisted extraction. For each technique, it explains the process involved and factors to consider like nature of plant material, solvent, temperature, and duration of extraction. The ideal properties of solvents for extraction are also summarized.
Clove is the dried flower bud of Eugenia caryophyllus, a tree native to Indonesia and cultivated in India. The ideal climate is a cooler, humid tropical region with well-distributed rainfall. Cloves contain 15-20% volatile clove oil, which is composed mainly of eugenol. Cloves are harvested by hand when buds are plump but unopened, then dried. Cloves are used as a spice and for flavoring, and clove oil is used commercially to produce vanillin and as an antiseptic. Potential adulterants include clove stalks, exhausted cloves with low oil content, and blown clove flowers.
This document provides an overview of the class "Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry –II" which focuses on the topic of Belladonna. The class objectives are to introduce tropane alkaloids and discuss the biological source, cultivation, collection, morphology, and microscopy of Belladonna. Key points include that Belladonna, also known as deadly nightshade, contains tropane alkaloids such as hyoscyamine and grows wild in parts of Europe and Asia. The leaves and flowering tops are harvested in late summer and dried for use as a medicinal herb, though all parts of the plant are toxic.
This document outlines the scope of pharmacognosy, which is defined as the scientific study of crude drugs from plant, animal, and mineral sources. Pharmacognosy has broad applications including isolation and analysis of phytochemicals, structure-activity relationship studies, development of drugs from natural products, use of natural products as models for new drugs, cultivation and processing of medicinal plants, and investigation of biosynthetic pathways. Pharmacognosy provides important links between pharmaceutical science and basic sciences as well as between modern and traditional medicine systems.
Crude drugs are plant, animal or their parts which after collection are subjected only to drying or making them into transverse/ longitudinal slices pieces or peeling them in some cases. They exist in natural form.
Crude drugs may be derived from various natural sources like Plants, Animals, Minerals, Marine and Micro-organisms etc
Organized crude drug and unorganized crude drugVarshaBarethiya
This document summarizes organized and unorganized crude drugs. It defines crude drugs as substances obtained from natural sources like plants, animals, and minerals that are used as is without processing except drying and size reduction. Organized crude drugs are obtained from definite anatomic parts of plants like flowers and leaves, have a cellular structure, and are solid. Unorganized crude drugs do not have a cellular structure, can be solid, semisolid or liquid, and are identified through chemical and physical tests rather than microscopic examination. Examples of each type are provided.
Pharmacopoeial standards are used to evaluate crude drugs through determination of quality and purity by comparing unknown samples to known standards. Evaluation includes organoleptic evaluation of morphological and sensory characteristics, microscopical evaluation of cell structures, and physical evaluation of moisture content, ash content, refractive index, and other properties. Chemical evaluation includes phytochemical screening and quantitative chemical tests, while biological evaluation determines effects and potency in living organisms.
Medicinal plants have been identified and used throughout human history. Plants make many chemical compounds that are for biological functions, including defence against insects, fungi and herbivorous mammals. At least 12,000 such compounds have been isolated so far; a number estimated to be less than 10% of the total.Chemical compounds in plants mediate their effect on the human body through processes identical to those already well understood for the chemical compounds in conventional drugs; thus herbal medicines do not differ greatly from conventional drugs in terms of how they work. it is important to know various factors that affects medicinal plant cultivation.
Pharmacognosy of Rauwolfia serpentina, biological source, geographical source, marphology of roots and rhizome, microscopy of roots, chemical constituents- reserpine, uses -antihypertensive, isolation of reserpine, serpagandha, India snake root
Belladonna herb consists of dried leaves and other aerial parts of Atropa belladonna Linn. from the Solanaceae family. It is found in England, Europe, and the western Himalayas of India. Belladonna is cultivated at altitudes of 1400 m from crushed berries. The leaves are harvested and dried while retaining their green color. Belladonna contains alkaloids like hyoscyamine and atropine and is used as a sedative, to treat asthma, colic, motion sickness, and pain.
Methods of Extraction, Pharmacognosy, types of extraction for herbal drugsDivya Sree M S
This document discusses various techniques for extracting medicinal compounds from plants and organisms. It defines extraction as separating medicinally active plant or animal tissues from inactive components using selective solvents. Several specific extraction methods are described, including maceration, digestion, decoction, percolation, Soxhlet extraction, ultrasound extraction, and supercritical fluid extraction. Each method has advantages and disadvantages related to efficiency, potential chemical changes during extraction, time requirements, and environmental impact.
Herbs, Herbal Drugs
Present Scope of Herbal Drug Industry
Scope of Herbal Drug Medicine and Industry
Indian Herbal Industry
International Scope of Herbal Medicines
World Wide Herbal Trade
Overview on plant based industries and research institutions in India
List of few herbal drug industries in India
List of few herbal research institution/ centres in India
General Introduction to Herbal Industry
Herbal drugs industry: Present scope and future prospects.
A brief account of plant based industries and institutions involved in work on medicinal and
aromatic plants in India.
This document discusses Vinca alkaloids, which are obtained from the plant Catharanthus roseus. The key Vinca alkaloids are vinblastine and vincristine, which have anticancer properties. The document outlines the extraction process of Vinca alkaloids from the plant, including using hot ethanol-water-acetic acid solution and precipitation. It also describes the isolation of vinblastine through chromatography on alumina and characterization through TLC and chemical tests.
Pharmacognosy is the study of medicinal plants and natural products. The document traces the historical development of pharmacognosy from ancient civilizations like Babylon, Egypt, India, Greece and China. It discusses how modern pharmacognosy emerged in the 20th century due to discoveries like penicillin. The current status and future scope of pharmacognosy is highlighted, including the importance of natural products in drug development and alternative medicine systems like Ayurveda, Unani, Siddha, homeopathy and traditional Chinese medicine.
This document discusses various terpenoid compounds found in plants, including iridoids, terpenes, and modified terpenoids. It provides classifications of terpenoids based on carbon atom count and discusses the occurrence, extraction, biosynthesis, and biological activities of specific compounds like iridoids, gentian, picrorhiza, quassia, tinospora, artemisia, taxus, and andrographis. Structures of important constituents from each plant are also shown.
Herbal Drug Technology (B.Pharm. 6th Semester)
Definition of herbs, herbal medicine, herbal medicinal product, herbal drug preparation
Source of herbs, Selection, identification and authentication of herbal materials,
Processing of herbal raw material
This document defines key terms related to herbal medicines and describes herbal materials, preparations, and products. It defines an herb as a plant used for medicinal purposes. Herbal medicines use plants to treat or prevent illness. Herbal medicinal products contain exclusively herbal substances or preparations as the active ingredient. Herbal preparations, such as extracts or tinctures, are the basis for finished herbal products and are produced through various extraction or processing methods. Finished herbal products consist of one or more herbal preparations from one or more plant sources, with or without additional excipients. The document also discusses good agricultural practices for cultivating medicinal plants, including organic farming and pest management techniques.
Unit II Introduction to secondary metabolite
Phenylpropanoids and Flavonoids: Lignans, Tea, Ruta
For video lecture join to youtube channel snehal chakorkar
The document summarizes information about the plant Catharanthus roseus, commonly known as Vinca or Periwinkle. It is native to Madagascar but cultivated in other tropical and subtropical regions. The plant contains important anticancer alkaloids vinblastine and vincristine in its leaves and roots. Vinblastine is used to treat Hodgkin's disease while vincristine is used for childhood leukemia. The flowers may also be used as a gentle laxative or gargle.
This document discusses several classes of plant secondary metabolites including iridoids, naphthoquinones, gentian, artemisia, taxus, and carotenoids. Iridoids are monoterpenoids found in many plants and are derived from 8-oxogeranial. Naphthoquinones are related to naphthalene and include common isomers like 1,2-naphthoquinone and 1,4-naphthoquinone. Gentian contains iridoid glycosides like gentiopicrin which give it bitter properties. Artemisia contains essential oils and compounds like santonin. Taxus contains the potent anticancer compound taxol. Carotenoids
Bitter glycosides are plant compounds that are consumed as bitters to stimulate appetite and aid digestion. The document discusses three specific bitter glycosides - Picrorhiza, Gentian, and Chirata. Picrorhiza contains bitter glycosides including Picroside I and II that have stimulant effects on taste nerves and increase gastric juice secretion. Gentian's main bitter glycoside is gentiopicrin which imparts a bitter taste even at high dilutions. Chirata contains bitter principles like ophelic acid and glycosides that make it extremely bitter in taste. All three are used as bitter tonics and digestive aids.
This document provides an overview of the class "Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry –II" which focuses on the topic of Belladonna. The class objectives are to introduce tropane alkaloids and discuss the biological source, cultivation, collection, morphology, and microscopy of Belladonna. Key points include that Belladonna, also known as deadly nightshade, contains tropane alkaloids such as hyoscyamine and grows wild in parts of Europe and Asia. The leaves and flowering tops are harvested in late summer and dried for use as a medicinal herb, though all parts of the plant are toxic.
This document outlines the scope of pharmacognosy, which is defined as the scientific study of crude drugs from plant, animal, and mineral sources. Pharmacognosy has broad applications including isolation and analysis of phytochemicals, structure-activity relationship studies, development of drugs from natural products, use of natural products as models for new drugs, cultivation and processing of medicinal plants, and investigation of biosynthetic pathways. Pharmacognosy provides important links between pharmaceutical science and basic sciences as well as between modern and traditional medicine systems.
Crude drugs are plant, animal or their parts which after collection are subjected only to drying or making them into transverse/ longitudinal slices pieces or peeling them in some cases. They exist in natural form.
Crude drugs may be derived from various natural sources like Plants, Animals, Minerals, Marine and Micro-organisms etc
Organized crude drug and unorganized crude drugVarshaBarethiya
This document summarizes organized and unorganized crude drugs. It defines crude drugs as substances obtained from natural sources like plants, animals, and minerals that are used as is without processing except drying and size reduction. Organized crude drugs are obtained from definite anatomic parts of plants like flowers and leaves, have a cellular structure, and are solid. Unorganized crude drugs do not have a cellular structure, can be solid, semisolid or liquid, and are identified through chemical and physical tests rather than microscopic examination. Examples of each type are provided.
Pharmacopoeial standards are used to evaluate crude drugs through determination of quality and purity by comparing unknown samples to known standards. Evaluation includes organoleptic evaluation of morphological and sensory characteristics, microscopical evaluation of cell structures, and physical evaluation of moisture content, ash content, refractive index, and other properties. Chemical evaluation includes phytochemical screening and quantitative chemical tests, while biological evaluation determines effects and potency in living organisms.
Medicinal plants have been identified and used throughout human history. Plants make many chemical compounds that are for biological functions, including defence against insects, fungi and herbivorous mammals. At least 12,000 such compounds have been isolated so far; a number estimated to be less than 10% of the total.Chemical compounds in plants mediate their effect on the human body through processes identical to those already well understood for the chemical compounds in conventional drugs; thus herbal medicines do not differ greatly from conventional drugs in terms of how they work. it is important to know various factors that affects medicinal plant cultivation.
Pharmacognosy of Rauwolfia serpentina, biological source, geographical source, marphology of roots and rhizome, microscopy of roots, chemical constituents- reserpine, uses -antihypertensive, isolation of reserpine, serpagandha, India snake root
Belladonna herb consists of dried leaves and other aerial parts of Atropa belladonna Linn. from the Solanaceae family. It is found in England, Europe, and the western Himalayas of India. Belladonna is cultivated at altitudes of 1400 m from crushed berries. The leaves are harvested and dried while retaining their green color. Belladonna contains alkaloids like hyoscyamine and atropine and is used as a sedative, to treat asthma, colic, motion sickness, and pain.
Methods of Extraction, Pharmacognosy, types of extraction for herbal drugsDivya Sree M S
This document discusses various techniques for extracting medicinal compounds from plants and organisms. It defines extraction as separating medicinally active plant or animal tissues from inactive components using selective solvents. Several specific extraction methods are described, including maceration, digestion, decoction, percolation, Soxhlet extraction, ultrasound extraction, and supercritical fluid extraction. Each method has advantages and disadvantages related to efficiency, potential chemical changes during extraction, time requirements, and environmental impact.
Herbs, Herbal Drugs
Present Scope of Herbal Drug Industry
Scope of Herbal Drug Medicine and Industry
Indian Herbal Industry
International Scope of Herbal Medicines
World Wide Herbal Trade
Overview on plant based industries and research institutions in India
List of few herbal drug industries in India
List of few herbal research institution/ centres in India
General Introduction to Herbal Industry
Herbal drugs industry: Present scope and future prospects.
A brief account of plant based industries and institutions involved in work on medicinal and
aromatic plants in India.
This document discusses Vinca alkaloids, which are obtained from the plant Catharanthus roseus. The key Vinca alkaloids are vinblastine and vincristine, which have anticancer properties. The document outlines the extraction process of Vinca alkaloids from the plant, including using hot ethanol-water-acetic acid solution and precipitation. It also describes the isolation of vinblastine through chromatography on alumina and characterization through TLC and chemical tests.
Pharmacognosy is the study of medicinal plants and natural products. The document traces the historical development of pharmacognosy from ancient civilizations like Babylon, Egypt, India, Greece and China. It discusses how modern pharmacognosy emerged in the 20th century due to discoveries like penicillin. The current status and future scope of pharmacognosy is highlighted, including the importance of natural products in drug development and alternative medicine systems like Ayurveda, Unani, Siddha, homeopathy and traditional Chinese medicine.
This document discusses various terpenoid compounds found in plants, including iridoids, terpenes, and modified terpenoids. It provides classifications of terpenoids based on carbon atom count and discusses the occurrence, extraction, biosynthesis, and biological activities of specific compounds like iridoids, gentian, picrorhiza, quassia, tinospora, artemisia, taxus, and andrographis. Structures of important constituents from each plant are also shown.
Herbal Drug Technology (B.Pharm. 6th Semester)
Definition of herbs, herbal medicine, herbal medicinal product, herbal drug preparation
Source of herbs, Selection, identification and authentication of herbal materials,
Processing of herbal raw material
This document defines key terms related to herbal medicines and describes herbal materials, preparations, and products. It defines an herb as a plant used for medicinal purposes. Herbal medicines use plants to treat or prevent illness. Herbal medicinal products contain exclusively herbal substances or preparations as the active ingredient. Herbal preparations, such as extracts or tinctures, are the basis for finished herbal products and are produced through various extraction or processing methods. Finished herbal products consist of one or more herbal preparations from one or more plant sources, with or without additional excipients. The document also discusses good agricultural practices for cultivating medicinal plants, including organic farming and pest management techniques.
Unit II Introduction to secondary metabolite
Phenylpropanoids and Flavonoids: Lignans, Tea, Ruta
For video lecture join to youtube channel snehal chakorkar
The document summarizes information about the plant Catharanthus roseus, commonly known as Vinca or Periwinkle. It is native to Madagascar but cultivated in other tropical and subtropical regions. The plant contains important anticancer alkaloids vinblastine and vincristine in its leaves and roots. Vinblastine is used to treat Hodgkin's disease while vincristine is used for childhood leukemia. The flowers may also be used as a gentle laxative or gargle.
This document discusses several classes of plant secondary metabolites including iridoids, naphthoquinones, gentian, artemisia, taxus, and carotenoids. Iridoids are monoterpenoids found in many plants and are derived from 8-oxogeranial. Naphthoquinones are related to naphthalene and include common isomers like 1,2-naphthoquinone and 1,4-naphthoquinone. Gentian contains iridoid glycosides like gentiopicrin which give it bitter properties. Artemisia contains essential oils and compounds like santonin. Taxus contains the potent anticancer compound taxol. Carotenoids
Bitter glycosides are plant compounds that are consumed as bitters to stimulate appetite and aid digestion. The document discusses three specific bitter glycosides - Picrorhiza, Gentian, and Chirata. Picrorhiza contains bitter glycosides including Picroside I and II that have stimulant effects on taste nerves and increase gastric juice secretion. Gentian's main bitter glycoside is gentiopicrin which imparts a bitter taste even at high dilutions. Chirata contains bitter principles like ophelic acid and glycosides that make it extremely bitter in taste. All three are used as bitter tonics and digestive aids.
This document provides information on phenylpropanoids, flavonoids, lignans, tea, ruta, and podophyllum. It discusses their biological sources, chemical constituents, uses, and key facts. Phenylpropanoids and flavonoids are organic compounds found in plants derived from amino acids. They provide protection from UV light and pathogens. Lignans are dimeric compounds formed from phenylpropene derivatives. Tea contains caffeine and polyphenols like epigallocatechin. Ruta has furocoumarins and acridone alkaloids. Podophyllum resin contains lignans like podophyllotoxin used to treat cancers.
medicinal plants natural products and phytotheraphysafuraqazi
Medicinal plants can be used to produce pure natural products containing one or few active substances, or herbal medicines which are complex mixtures. Pure natural products like morphine are isolated compounds, while herbal medicines like St. John's Wort contain many active and inactive substances. Both are produced through extraction and formulation processes from botanical starting materials, though pure compounds undergo additional purification steps. Herbal medicines are generally considered medicinal products and are regulated differently than pure natural products. Common herbal medicines include St. John's Wort, turmeric, clove, and devil's claw.
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This is an introduction to Pharmacology, which is very helpful for nursing students. This presentation tells about classification, sources, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of drugs.
1. The document discusses various terpenoids found in plants including iridoids, naphthoquinones, and modified terpenoids. It provides details on the extraction, chemical constituents, and uses of specific terpenoids like gentian, artemisia, taxus.
2. Gentian root contains the bitter iridoid glycoside gentiopicrin which is used as a tonic and for digestive issues. Artemisia contains the antimalarial sesquiterpene lactone artemisinin. Taxus bark contains the anticancer diterpenoids paclitaxel and docetaxel.
3. The document provides information to help identify and understand these important
Medicinal plants are considered as a rich resources of ingredients which can be used in drug development. More than 30% of the entire plant species, at one time or other were used for medicinal purposes. It has been estimated that in developed countries like United States, plant drugs constitute as much as 25% of the total drugs, while in fast developing countries like India and China the contribution is as much as 80%. These countries provide two third of the plants used in modern system of medicine and the health care system of rural population depend on indigenous systems of medicine. Most of the drugs are considered very safe as there is no or minimal side effects.
The ginger family (Zingiberaceae) contains over 53 genera and 1300 species of aromatic herbs that grow in tropical and subtropical regions. Many species are used as spices due to their pungent and spicy tastes, including cardamom, turmeric, and ginger. Ginger and turmeric are two important medicinal plants from the family. Ginger contains gingerol which gives it pungency and is used to treat nausea, vomiting, and inflammation. Turmeric contains curcuminoids which provide its yellow color and is used as a carminative, anti-inflammatory, and to treat liver and digestive issues. Both plants show potential anti-cancer effects but their use in pregnancy requires further study due to possible
Sources of drug for Undergraduate MBBS studentsSarju Zilate
--> Drugs are obtained from 8 major sources
.Plant sources
.Animal sources
.Mineral/ Earth sources
.Microbiological sources
.Synthetic sources
.Semi synthetic sources
.Human sources
.Genetically engineered
Almost all parts of the plants are used i.e. leaves, flowers, fruits, seeds, roots, bark and stem.
Leaves
Digitoxin and Digoxin
Hyoscine
Nicotine
Atropine
Oil of Eucalyptus
Animal source
Heparin - Leech
Pepsin - stomach of cow
Human source
HCG - Pregnant women
Urokinase - human kidney cell
Iridoids, naphthoquinones, gentian, artemisia, taxus, and carotenoids are discussed. Iridoids are monoterpenoids found in plants and some animals that act as defenses. Naphthoquinones are related to naphthalene and have cytotoxic properties. Gentian is used as a bitter tonic. Artemisia contains essential oils and is used as an anthelmintic. Taxus contains the compound taxol which enhances microtubule formation and inhibits cancer cell growth and migration. Tetraterpenoids and carotenoids are C40 compounds that are natural pigments acting as photosynthetic pigments or sources of vitamin A and antioxidants.
The document summarizes information about 6 medicinal plants found in Bangladesh: Garlic, Neem, Kalmegh, Nayantara, Aloe Vera, and Basak. For each plant, it provides the common name, scientific name, taxonomic classification, description, chemical constituents, medicinal uses, and other key details. The document is an assignment on pharmacognosy submitted by 5 students that analyzes the medicinal plants of Bangladesh and their pharmacological uses.
Introduction to Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry-I.pdfAkshay Daswad
Pharmacognosy is the study of drugs obtained from natural sources such as plants, animals, and minerals. It deals with the identification, extraction, isolation, and evaluation of constituents from biological sources and their subsequent preservation and preparation. The term was introduced in 1815 by C.A. Seydler to mean "knowledge of drugs". Pharmacognosy applies scientific techniques to understand the composition and properties of natural substances with therapeutic effects. It has historically involved the identification and description of crude drugs, but modern pharmacognosy also utilizes organic chemistry, biochemistry, and other analytical techniques to isolate, characterize, and standardize active pharmaceutical ingredients from natural sources.
This document discusses sources of drugs from natural origins. It covers plant, animal, mineral, and microbial sources. For plant sources, it describes how all parts of plants can be used including leaves, flowers, fruits, seeds, roots, and bark. It provides examples of important drugs derived from different plant parts. Animal sources discussed include insulin from pancreas and vitamin A from cod liver. Mineral sources include metals like iron and non-metals like iodine. Microbial sources include antibiotics like penicillin produced by fungi. The document also discusses synthetic, semi-synthetic, plant tissue culture, and recombinant DNA technology sources of drugs.
Nag chatri - a great place for diosgeninShivam Sharma
- Wild yam contains the chemical diosgenin, which can be synthesized into human steroid hormones like progesterone.
- In the early 20th century, steroids were very expensive to extract from animals for medical use. The discovery that diosgenin could be used to synthesize progesterone and other steroids made them much more affordable and accessible.
- Russell Earl Marker developed the Marker degradation process in the late 1930s/early 1940s, allowing large-scale production of cortisone and progesterone from plant steroids like diosgenin. This established Mexico as a center for steroid production and was fundamental to the development of the birth control pill and steroid drugs.
This document discusses the various sources of drugs including natural sources from plants, animals, and microorganisms as well as synthetic drugs. It provides examples of commonly used drugs from different natural sources such as morphine from poppy plants, digitalis from foxglove, and penicillin from fungus. The document also notes advantages of synthetic drugs such as better quality control and the ability to modify drug structures.
Pesticides are chemical agents used to control or eliminate pests. Natural and artificial controls are used to control pests. Natural controls include predators and changing environmental conditions. Artificial controls include mechanical, agricultural, chemical and biological methods. Common types of pesticides include insecticides, herbicides, fungicides and rodenticides. Many plants contain chemical constituents that make them effective pesticides, such as nicotine from tobacco, rotenone from Derris roots, and azadirachtin from neem. These plant-derived pesticides can control insects, fungi, weeds and rodents in a natural way.
teratoma is a type of germ cell tumor — a tumor that starts in your reproductive cells like eggs and sperm. Most teratomas are benign (noncancerous), but sometimes they can become malignant (cancerous).
Germ cells are the only cells in your body that can turn into many other types of cells. So, when a tumor starts in your germ cells, it can turn into many different types of tissue. This means teratomas can contain fragments of any body part.
Spray bandages are liquid formulations sprayed onto a wound to create a protective layer, functioning similarly to traditional bandages. These sprays often contain a polymer film-forming substance that creates a flexible, transparent film once applied to the skin. They create a breathable, waterproof barrier that shields the wound from dirt, water, and bacteria, promoting a moist environment ideal for healing.
These spray bandages are convenient for covering wounds that are awkwardly shaped or located in areas where traditional bandages might be challenging to apply. They're also useful for minor cuts, scrapes, and abrasions. However, they might not be suitable for larger or deeper wounds that require more substantial protection and medical attention.
Equipments for Drying of Herbal extracts.pdfRohan Jagdale
This document discusses various equipment used for drying herbal extracts, including spray dryers, fluidized bed dryers, freeze dryers, vacuum belt dryers, and vacuum tray dryers. It provides details on the workings and advantages and disadvantages of each type. Spray dryers can dry materials into a powder form quickly but are bulky and expensive. Fluidized bed dryers allow simultaneous drying, encapsulation, and agglomeration but may cause attrition. Freeze dryers are suitable for moisture-containing extracts but require energy and time. Vacuum belt and tray dryers are recommended for expensive or sensitive extracts but have higher costs.
This document discusses emulgel, which is an emulsion that is gelled to form a topical drug delivery system. Emulgels allow both hydrophobic and hydrophilic drugs to be delivered to the skin in a controlled manner, with the internal emulsion phases acting as a drug reservoir. The document outlines the ideal properties of drugs for emulgel delivery, describes the formulation process, and evaluates important characteristics like physical appearance and spreadability. Advantages of emulgels include their ability to incorporate hydrophobic drugs and provide controlled release. Factors that can influence skin absorption are also summarized. The document concludes by discussing emulgel as a promising topical delivery system and prospects for further development.
Nanomedicine involves using nanoparticles for medical purposes such as targeted drug delivery, imaging, and replacing or repairing cells. It has advantages like reduced invasiveness, reduced side effects, cost effectiveness, and benefits for cancer therapy. Nanoparticles can be organic, inorganic, or hybrid and are used with liposomes, dendrimers, and nanorobots. Nanomedicine shows promise for conditions like cancer, infections, blood disorders, and neurodegenerative diseases. Future areas of research include emerging nanomaterials for more efficient drug delivery and personalized nanomedicine tailored to individual patient genetics.
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Pharmacognosy
Final year B.Pharm 2021-22
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Pharmacognosy
Final year B.Pharm
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Phytoconstituents pharmacognosy
1. PHYTOCONSTITUENTS
Guided by -
Prof. Dr. Babita More
Department of Pharmacognosy
YTIP, University Of Mumbai
Prepared by -
Rohan Jagdale
T. Y. B. Pharm
2. What are phytoconstituents
Phytoconstituents are chemical compounds that occur naturally in
plants. Some are responsible for colour and other organoleptic
properties. The term is generally refer to biologically significant
chemicals, but not established as essential nutrients. Some
Phytoconstituents with physiological properties may be elements
rather than complex organic molecules
Medicinal plants are the richest bio-resource of drugs for traditional
systems of medicine, modern medicines, nutraceuticals, food
supplements, folk medicines, pharmaceutical intermediates and
chemical entities for synthetic drugs.
4. Iridoids
Iridoids are a type of monoterpenoids in
the general form of cyclopentanopyran,
found in a wide variety of plants and some
animals. They are biosynthetically derived
from 8-oxogeranial. Iridoids are typically
found in plants as glycosides, most often
bound to glucose.
5. Iridoids :How derived?
▪️Named after ants of the Iridomirmex genus, from which were isolated
compounds involved in the defence mechanism of the insects: iridoidal,
iridomyrmecin and related compounds.
▪️Exists in plants as well: nepetalactone from Nepeta cataria (Lamiaceae),
or teucriumlactone C from Teucrium marum have marked properties
▪️Nepeta cataria: effects on cats, so termed as Catnip,katzenmelisse,
herbe-aux-chats
▪️Iridoid: generally 10 carbons, may even have more or multiple structure
variation up to polycyclic structures
6. ● Monoterpene
● Cyclopenta[c]pyranoid skeletoon
● Iridane skeleton cis-2-oxa-bicyclo-[4,3,0J-nonane
● Type: Secoiridoids by cleavage of the 7,8 bond of
the cyclopentane ring
● Some authors limits the definition up to Methyl
cyclopentane
● Iridoid glycosides (>300)
● Secoiridoid glycoside (>100)
● Non-glycoside compounds (>100)
9. ➢ Synonyms :
Yellow Gentiar, Gall weed, Bitter root, felwort
➢ Biological source :
It consists of dried rhizome and roots of Gentiana lutea Linn
belonging to family - Gentianaceae
It consists about 33% water soluble extracive.
➢ Habitat :
It is found in Central and Southern Europe, Asia, Pyrenees, Turkey.
It is also grown on Vosges Mountains, Yugoslavia and Jura.
10. Morphology
o Color Brownish
o Shape - Sub-cylindrical, entire or longitudinally split pieces of
rhizomes and roots.
o Size: 15-20 cm or more in length and 2.5-8 cm in thickness at
crown.
o Odour:- Characteristic odour
o The root is longitudinally wrinkled and the rhizome,
which is sometimes branched, frequently
terminates in one or more buds and appear as
transverse annulations.
o The drug is brittle and breaks with a short fracture.
It has a characteristic odour and the taste is sweet
at first and then intensely bitter afterwards
11. Chemical Constituents
● Gentian consists the bitter glycoside GENTIOPICRIN (-2%) as a
principle active constituent.On hydrolysis , it yields the aglycone
mesogentiogenin and glucose.
● Gentiopicrin is a secoiridoid gentiopicroside ,and it is decomposed on
fermentation and drying of the drug.
● Other bitter compounds are Genticin, Amaropanin, Amarogentin and
Amaoswerin.
● Gentian also contains Gentiin, Gentiamarin, Gentisic acid(2,5-
dihydoxybenzoic acid), Tannins, Pectin's and calcium oxalates.
● Gentian should yield 33-40% of water soluble extractive but highly
fermented root yields much less.
12. Cultivation and preapartion
The plant is a large perennial herb. The drug is collected from a
2- 5 years old plant in the autumn. Turf is stripped and the
rhizomes are dug up. After it is washed and cut into suitable
length, the drug is dried, first in the open air and then in sheds.
The drug becomes much dark in colour, loose some of its
bitterness & acquires a very distinctive odour
.
13. 1. Alcoholic extract when made alkaline. Shows blue or
green fluorescence.
2. Take moistened dry powder in test tube .Cover test
tube with filter paper soaked in dil .NaoH. Keep test
tube in water bath .After sometimes expose filter paper
to UV light. It shows yellowish-green fluorescence.
CHEMICAL TESTS
15. Uses
● Potent stomachic and treats GI problems like
indigestion.
● Emmenogoggue. (enhance menstrual flow)
● This bitter stem less is used to treat wounds.
● To treat arthritis, sore throat, jaundice.
● Gentian extracts are used in variety of foods and
cosmetics.
20. Constituents
● It contains cyclopentanopyran
monoterpenoids, a class of
glycosides
● It contains picroside I, picroside II
and kurkoside upto 3-4 %
● The drug also contains 9% cathartic
acid
21. Uses :
● It is used as bitter tonic & stomachic
● It is used as laxatives in small doses & cathartic
(produce psychological relief) in large doses
● It is used as Hepatoprotective in Jaundice
● In skin diseases
● It is also used in liver tonic
23. Sesquiterpenes and Diterpenes
▪️Sesquiterpenoids are defined as the group of 15 carbon compounds
derived by the assembly of 3 isoprenoid units and they are found
mainly in higher plants but also in invertebrates.▪️Sesquiterpene
structures present several acyclic, mono-, bi-, tri-, and tetracyclic
systems. ▪️The addition
of another IPP unit to geranyl diphosphate (GPP) gives rise to
farnesyl diphosphate (FPP) (C15).
▪️FPP gives rise to the linear and cyclic sesquiterpenes.
▪️Some interesting sesquiterpenes are found in :Feverfew, Cotton
seeds and Chamomile.
Sesquiterpenes
24.
25. Diterpenes
Diterpenes are a class of chemical compounds composed of four isoprene
units, often with the molecular formula C20H32. They are biosynthesized
by plants, animals and fungi via the HMG-CoA reductase pathway, with
geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate being a primary intermediate.
Diterpenes are the most important plant metabolites that are derived
from geranyl geranyl pyrophosphate (GGPP) and are classified into several
categories, namely phytanes, labdanes, halimane, clerodanes, pimaranes,
abietanes, cassanes, rosanes, vouacapanes, podocarpanes, trachlobanes,
kauranes, aphidicolanes, stemodanes, stemaranes, bayeranes, atisanes,
gibberellanes, taxanes, cembranes, daphnanes, tiglianes, and ingenanes
classes.
29. ▪️Synonyms :A.cina (Santonica, wormseed)
A. annua (Sweet annie, Qinghaosu)
▪️Source: dried un-expanded flower heads
of Artemisia cina, A. annua, A.brevifolia,
A.maritima & other spp. Of Artemisia.
▪️Family: A. cina (Compositae)
A. annua (Asteraceae)
▪️Geographical source S: A. cina (Pakistan, Turkestan)
A. annua (China-native, Europe, US,
Turkey, Australia, Iran, Vietname, India (GJ,
UP, JK, HP, KA)
30. ▪️Artemisinin contains endoperoxide group and this reacts
with the iron in haem, giving rise to highly reactive free
radicals.
▪️Parasites death is believed to result from the reaction of
these free radicals with parasite molecules such as
proteins and nucleic acids.
▪️Artemisinin does not react with the iron in haemoglobin so
that uninfected red cells are unaffected.
▪️Artemether, oil soluble, IM injection
▪️Artesunate & Artelinate, water soluble, IV injection
Choloroquine resistant Plasmodium falciparum, P. vivax and
cerebreal malaria
▪️Artemether: developed by CDRI lucknow
▪️Artemisic acid: Antibacterial, Cyto-toxic,
▪️Anti-inflammatort ▪️ Artemisinin: Anti-cancer as well
31. Constituents and structure
Artemisia Cina :
● Sesquiterpene
● lactone:santonin
● Artemisin
● Irone
Artemisia annua :
● Artemisinin
● Deoxyartemisinin
● Artemisic acid
● Arteanniun A, B
● Cadinene type
● sesquiterpene
Santonin
32.
33. Uses
A.cina
● Strong althelmintic against round worms and less effect
against thread worms.
A.annua
● Artemisinin: Chloroquine resistant Plasmodium falciparum and
particularly cerebral malaria
● Derivative: Artesunate, Artemether: effective
● Artemisic acid: anti-inflammatory, cytotoxic, antibacterial
34. Uses :
● Effective against malaria & cerebral malaria
● Hepatitis B
● Schistosomiasis (caused by Schistosomes)
● Several blood parasite protozoans
● Against variety of cancer cell lines including breast
cancer
● Human leukemia
● Small-cell lung carcinoma
● Drug - resistant cancers
37. ➢ Synonyms : Kalmegh
➢ Family : Acanthaceae
➢ Biological source : The drug consists of dried
fresh leaves & aerial portion of the plant
Andrographis Paniculata Nees.
➢ Geographical source : India, South East Asia,
China
38. Chemical Constituents
It contains a bitter compound andrographolide up to 1 %
It is diterpene lactone.
Some other compounds such as
neoandrographolide,andrographosterol,andrographiside,flav
onoids,phenolic compounds and some waxy material are
present.
39.
40. Uses :
▪️It is used as bitter tonic and stomachic.
▪️It also known as "green chiretta" in India.
▪️It is used in the treatment of torpid liver (impaired
nerve impulses) and jaundice.
▪️️The decoction of the plant is used as blood purifier.
▪️The decoction of the leaves is given with spices such
as cardamom, clove or cinnamon for stomach ailment in
infants.
▪️It produce enzyme induction.
42. Tetraterpenoids
▪️Tetraterpenoids (including many carotenoids) are
tetraterpenes that have been chemically modified, as indicated
by the presence of oxygen-containing functional groups.
▪️C40 compounds of terpenoids group & biosynthetically
prepared by tail to tail condensation of general geraniol.
▪️They contain long sequence of conjugated double bonds
43. Carotenoids
▪️Carotenoids, also called tetraterpenoids, are organic
pigments that are produced by plants and algae, as well as several
bacteria and fungi. The only animals known to produce carotenoids
are aphids and spider mites, which acquired the ability and genes
from fungi.
▪️Carotenoids are composed of eight isoprene units(C40 ).
▪️T️hey are various colors usually yellow to red pigments
44. ▪️Carotenoids are red, yellow and orange pigments that are widely
distributed in nature. they are especially abundant in yellow orange
fruits and vegetables and dark green, leafy vegetables. more than
700 naturally occurring carotenoids identified.
▪️Carotenoids absorb light in the 400-500 nm region of the visible
spectrum. This physical property imparts the characteristic
red/yellow color of the pigments.
▪️Carotenoids contain a conjugated backbone composed of isoprene
units, which are usually inverted at the center of the molecule,
imparting symmetry. Changes in geometrical configuration about the
double bonds result in the existence of many cis and trans isomers.
▪️Hydroxylated, oxidized, hydrogenated or ring-containing
derivatives exist.
45. Chemistry
▪️Carotenoids belong to the category of tetraterpe noids (i.e. they
contain 40 carbon atoms,being built from four terpene units each
containing 10 carbon atoms). Structurally, carotenoids take the
form of a polyene hydrocarbon chain which is sometimes
terminated by rings, and may or may not have additional oxygen
atoms attached.
▪️general structure of the carotenoid is a polyene chain consisting
of 9-11 double bonds and possibly terminating in rings
48. ▪️Lutein is a xanthophyl, synthesized only by plants like other
xanthophyll.
▪️Lutein is obtained by animals by ingesting plants.
▪️In the human retina, lutein is absorbed from blood specifically
into the macula lutea, although its precise role in the body is
unknown. , ▪️
Lutein is also found in egg yolks and animal fats.
▪️Lutein is a lipophilic molecule, generally insoluble in water.
▪️Lutein has been used in food and supplement manufacturing as a
colorant due to its yellow-red color.
▪️Lutein absorbs blue light and there fore appears yellow at low
concentrations and orange-red at high concentrations
49. Sources of leutin
▪️Lutein is a natural part of human diet when orange-yellow fruits and
leafy green vegetables are consumed.
▪️Foods rich in lutein include broccoli, spinach, kale, com, orange pepper.
kiwi fruit, grapes, orange juice, zucchini, and scquash.
▪️Cooked kale and cooked spinach top the list in richness of lutein.
▪️Many multivitamins contain lutein. They usually provide a relatively small
amount of 0.25 mg per tablet
▪️People consuming 6.9 to 11.7 mg of lutein per day through diet had the
lowest risk of developing AMD and cataracts.
51. Uses
▪️Age-related macular degeneration (AMD).- People who consume higher
amounts of lutein in their diet have a reduced risk of developing AMD.
However, increasing dietary intake of lute in might not reduce the risk
of AMD in people who already havea high intake of lutein. Taking lutein
supplements for up to 12 months can improve some symptoms of AMD,
but it does not seem to prevent AMD from becoming worse.
▪️Cataracts. Some studies suggest that eating higher amounts of lutein
might decrease the risk of developing cataracts. Also, early research
suggests that taking lutein three times weekly for up to 2 years can
improve vision in elderly people with cataracts.
55. ▪️Chemical formula: C44H64024.
▪️Synonyms : Saffron, Hay saffron, Kesar.
▪️Source: Crocus consists of dried stigmas and upper parts of styles
of plant known as "Crocus sativus.
▪️Family: Iridaceae.
▪️Geographical source :India (Kashmir), Spain (Principal produced-
80%), France,Greece.
▪️Constituents: Red coloring matter (Crocin), Crocetin, Bitter principle
picrocrocin and traces of volatile oil Protoocrocin (Glycoside), during
drying splits in to two molecule, 2 picrocrocin + 1 crocin.
▪️Crocin on hydrolysis crocetin and gentiobiose, Picrocrocin on
hydrolysis Glucose and Safranal.
▪️Crocins are responsible for blue colour when treated with conc.
56. ● Crocetin: C20H2404
● Dry stigma + H2S04 drop, blue, gradually changing
to
purple and finally purplish red
● Saffron imparts yellowish orange brown color to
water
● Use: Coloring agent (Food dye) and Flavoring agent,
Antispasmodic, Emmenagogue and Stimulant
● Substitutes/Adulterant: Carthamus tinctorius
(Safflower), impart orange color to alcohol (not with
authentic)
● Weight of drug is increased by Glycerin and
Ammonium nitrate and can be déteeted by
determining
61. Organo sulphur
▪️Organosulfur compound, also spelled organosulphur compound,
also called organic sulfur compound, a subclass of organic
substances that contain sulfur and that are known for their
varied occurrence and unusual properties.
▪️Organosulfur compounds occur in the bodies of all living
creatures in the form of certain essential amino acids (such as
cysteine, cystine, and methionine, which are components of
proteins), of the tripeptide glutathione, and of enzymes,
coenzymes, vitamins, and hormones.
65. ▪️Onion also known as the bulb onion or common onion is widely used as
salad or cooked in various ways in all curries, fried, boiled or baked.
▪️Onion is also used in processed forms e.g. flakes, powder paste, pickles
etc. ▪️It has
very good medicinal value.
▪️The word onion comes from the Latin word unio, which means "single,"
or "one" reflecting of the onion plant producing a single bulb, unlike its
cousin, the garlic, that produces many small bulbs.
▪️The name also describes the onion bulb when cut down the middle; it is
a union (also from unio) of many separate, concentrically arranged layers.
▪️Onions are high in vitamin C, a good source of fibre, and with only 45
calories per serving, add abundant flavour to a wide variety of food.
▪️Onions are sodium, fat, and cholesterol free, and provide a number of
other key nutrients.
66. Odour of onion
▪️The strong smell of the onion and its relatives contain thioallyl
compound or alliins
▪️When cut or crushed, the alliin within the onion is converted by an
enzymatic reaction into allicin, this breaks down into sulfide
compounds.
▪️Sulfide compounds are aromatic and this is what gives the onion,
and all the plants in the onion family, their distinctive smell.
67. Types of onions
Onions vary in colour, size, the time of year harvested, and flavor.
These differences make onions very versatile.
The Colour of Onions.
I.Yellow Onions are full-flavored and are a reliable standby for cooking
almost anything. Yellow onions turn a rich, dark brown when cooked and
give French Onion Soup its tangy sweet flavour.
II. Red Onions, with their wonderful colour, are a good choice for lots of
fresh uses or for grilling and roasting.
III.White Onions are often used in prepared salads, white sauces, and is
the traditional onion for classic Mexican cuisine. They have a golden
colour and sweet flavour when sautéed
73. Health benefits
▪️The phytochemicals in onions improve the working of Vitamin C in the
body, thus gifting you with improved immunity.
▪️Onions contain chromium, which assists in regulating blood sugar.
▪️️For centuries, on ions have been used to reduce inflammation and heal
infections.
▪️Raw onion encourages the production of good cholesterol (HDL), thus
keeping your heart healthy.
▪️A powerful compound called quercetin in onions is known to play a
significant role in preventing cancer.
▪️Onions scavenge free radicals, thereby reducing your risk of developing
gastric ulcers and by preventing growth of the ulcer-forming
microorganism, Heliobacter pylori.
74. Uses
▪️The main purpose of onion is cooking other than that it is used for :
▪️Treating bronchial pneumonia
▪️Curing cough
▪️To treat sore throats
▪️To treat bee stings
▪️To cure earache
▪️It also boosts immune system
77. Garlic
● SYNONYMS : Lehsun and wonder food.
● CENTER OF ORIGIN : ASIA
● Mode of POLLINATION : Cross pollinated
● KINGDOM- PLANTAE
● SUBKINGDOM TRACHEBIONTA
● SUPER DIVISION- SPERMATOPHYTA
● CLASS - MONOcOTYLEDONS
● SUBCLASS LILIIDAE
● ORDER- LILLALES
● FAMILY- ALLIACEAE
● GENUS - ALLIUM
● SPECIES - SATIVUM
78. Introduction
GARLIC,latin name, allium sativum(alliaceae). garlic has been used
for both medicinal and culinary purposes.
Today galic is a widely recognised health enhancing supplement
,used for heart and immune system, antioxidant property .since it
is reported that it has 100 biologically useful secondary
metabolites.
The active component in garlic is sulfur compound allicin.
79. Medical history of garlic
▪️It is reported that in ancient Egypt, the workers who had to build the
great pyramids were fed their daily share of garlic as a form of healthy
prolongation
▪️In China, garlic tea has long been recommended for fever, headache,
and cholera
▪️In rural Japan, miso-soup containing garlic is used as remedy for the
common cold with headache, fever and sort throat
▪️Early 1853, the famous microbiologist, Louis Pasteur, performed several
original work showing that garlic could kill bacteria
80. The protective power of garlic
● Garlic is effective against bacteria, even antibiotic-resistant strains,
fungi and viruses
● Allicin is responsible for this activity and age and cooking destroys
this property.
● Bacteria susceptible to garlic indude species from staphylococcus,
● Escherichia, proteus, Solmonella, Ctrobacter, klebsiella, Aeromonas,
● Vibrio and Bacillus genera.
● It is active against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Helicobacter
pylori also.
● Fungi susceptible to garlic in lab tests include the genera-
Microsporum, Trichophyton, Epidermophyton, Candida albicans.
● Garlic used to treat roudworm and hookworm infestations, leismaniasis
and amoebiasis.
Garlic as an antibiotic
81. Varieties of Garlic
▪️HARD NECKED GARLICS
1.PURPLE STRIPE GARLIC E.g. chesnok red ,pursian star
2.CREOLE GARLIC E.g.creole red
3.PORCELAIN GARLIC E.g. zemo, music, rumanian red
4.ROCAMBOLE GARLIC E.g.german red
▪️SOFT NECKED GARLICS
1.Artichoke garlicsE.g.chinese purple
2.siverskin garlic E.g.burgundy
86. 🔹️Garlic and Cancer
Ancient Egyptians, Indians, and Greeks all
used garlic externally to treat tumors
Studies in China and Switzerland link
regular garlic consumption with decreased
risk for stomach and colorectal cancers
🔹Tumor Growth Inhibition
▪️Allicin shown to arrest leukemia cells at
Ga-M phase boundary
- Similar arrest in colon cancer cells from DADS
▪️Garlic extract induces apoptosis in NSCLC cells
- Modulation of apoptosis-associated proteins?
▪️Diallyl disulfide activates caspase-3
pathway in human breast cancer cells
87. Uses
● Has been used for medicinal purpose since ancient times
● Antibiotic action
● Reduces cholesterol and blood pressure
● Prevents stomach cancer
● Has wound healing potential
● Feasibility as pesticide i.e. garlic extract with mineral oil,
water and liquid soap
● Antibacterial effect
● Application of Aged Garlic Extract (AGE reduces severity
of P.infestans in tomato and Cucumber downy mildew.
(P. cubensis)
● *Pungency is due to Diallyl disulphide (60%) and Allyl propyl
disulphide (20%).
90. Important Allium species
● Allium cepa - Common onion
● Allium sativum- Garlic
● Allium cepa var. aggregatum - Potato onion or multiplier
● Allium cepa var. ascalonicum onion.
● Allium cepa var. viviparum - Tree onion.
● Allium fistulosum - Welsh onion or Japanese bunching onion.
● Allium porrum
● Allium ampeloprasum - Great headed garlic.
● Allium schoenoprasum- Chive
● Allium tuberosum- Chinese chive. Leaves are consumed as leafy
vegetable.
91. Quinones
Quinones are oxygen-containing compounds which are essentially
the oxidized homologs of aromatic derivatives, and are
characterized by a 1,4-diketo-cyclohexa-2,5-diene pattern
(para-quinones), or possibly, by a 1,2-diketo-cyclohexa-3,5-diene
pattern (ortho-quinones).
In naturally occuring quinones, the dione is conjugated to an
aromatic nucleus (benzoquinones), or conjugated to a condensed
polycyclic aromatic system: naphthalene (naphthoquinones),
anthracene (anthraquinones) 1,2-benzanthracene
(anthracyclinones), naphthodianthrane (napyhrodianthrones),
perylene, phenanthrene, and so on.
92.
93. Naphthoquinones
Naphthoquinones are yellow or orangy pigments essentially from
plants, and are characteristic of some Angiosperm families, including
Ebenaceae, Droseraceae, and Bignoniacee. They are almost 1,4-
naphthoquinones, and they are in very rare cases 1,2-
naphthoquinones.
Lawsone
95. ➢ Synonyms :- white leadwort, chitrak Mula,
Agnisikha, Ceylonische,Vahni,Kodiveli, Lead wort
➢ Biological name :- Plumbago zeylanica
➢ Family :- Plumbaginaceae
➢ Biological source :- It is dried root part of
Plumbago zeylanica
➢ Distribution :-found throughout India, It is also
cultivated at some places
98. ▪️Root contains an acrid
crystalline principle called
'Plumbagin.
▪️Plumbagin is present in all the
varieties of plumbago to a
maximum of about 0.91%
Plumbagin
99.
100. Uses
▪️The root of this herb is a powerful acro-narcotic poison. It causes
abortion. It will expel fetus, dead or alive.
▪️The root of the herb is used in cases of enlarged spleen
▪️This herb is used as part of many ayurvedic compound remedies for
rubifacient applications.
▪️Root reduced to a paste is applied to abscesses to open them. A
paste made of milk, vinegar, or salt and water may be applied in
leprosy and other obstinate skin diseases, unhealthy ulcers, scabies
etc.
103. ➢ Name:- Lawsonia inermis
➢ Family :- Lythraceae
➢ Heena consist of dried leaves of Lawsonia inermis
belonging to family Lythraceae
➢ It is cultivated as a garden plant throughout the India
➢ Flowers are numerous, small with rose coloured
fragrance
104. History of heena
Henna tattoos, or the more traditional term, Mehndi, has been used for
over 5,000 years
It started in Egypt, but evolved and became popular all over the Middle
East.
It was used mainly for ceremonies or life changing events Such as
marriages or childbirth.
Henna has always been very popular in India.
105. Chemical Constituents
The leaves contains soluble matter Lawsone.
This quinone dissolves in alkaline solution to
give an intence red colour.
Henn leaf also contains flavonoids, coumarins
and xanthones.
106. Cosmetics uses
▪️It is used in cosmetic preparation in many ways as colouring and
cosmetic ingredients.
▪️It has been used as a hair colour, nail colour and decoration
purpose.
▪️The drug is widely used in cosmetology for its dyeing properties due
to strong binding property of lawsone to hairs.
▪️It is also used in the form of shampoo and hair lotions.
▪️Henna is used in ayurvedic preparation for the treatment of skin
ailments, burns and wounds.
107. Medicinal uses
▪️Henna is used for the severe diarrhea jaundice, enlarged spleen
and skin problem
▪️Now-a-days ,people also use henna for severe ulcer.
▪️Henna contain the substances which help to fight with certain
infections.
▪️ It may reduce the growth of tumors ,relive pain ,decrease
inflammation.
109. Benzoquinone
a yellow crystalline water-soluble unsaturated ketone manufactured from
aniline and used in the production of dyestuffs.
Formula: C 6 H 4 O 2Also called: quinone
Systematic name: cyclohexadiene-1,4-quinone
111. Vidanga is one of the powerful anti-parasitic
herbs of Ayurveda. It is widely used against
intestinal worm infestation. Its botanical name is
Embelia ribes. It is called False black pepper
because it mimics pepper in appearance.
Botanical Name– Embelia ribes Burm. F
Family– MYRSINACEAE – Vidanga Kula.
Distribution:- It is distributed throughout India.
It is also cultivated.
113. Part used, dosage
Part used– Fruits, root
Dosage– Powder 3-5 g per day, in divided
dose is the usual prescribed dose.
To relieve worm infestation it is given in a
dose of 5 – 10 grams
Major chemical constituents:-
Embelin, Christembine, Homoembelin,
Vilangine, Quercitol etc.
115. Uses/Therapeutic benefits
● Of all the herbs used in treating worm infestation, Vidanga is the best.
● Bacteriocidal
● It is useful in dental carries, toothache, etc
● eases the movement of contents in the intestinal track.
● Vidanga is an essential ingredient in many anti-microbial medicines like
Sanjivani Vati and Panchanimbadi Vati.
● It detoxifies blood, hence useful in wide range of skin diseases.
● It is useful against vomiting, bloating, indigestion, gastritis and
constipation.
● It is widely used in weight loss treatment. Hence ingredient of many
medicines like Amrutadi Guggulu
● Vidanga itself is a mild laxative.