Graves' disease is an autoimmune disorder that leads to excessive thyroid hormone production, particularly affecting women. It results in symptoms such as hyperthyroidism, goiter, and exophthalmos, with genetic and environmental factors contributing to its development. Diagnosis involves physical exams and tests while treatment options include medications, radioactive iodine therapy, and surgery.

1. PREPARED BY: JEGAN. S. NADAR
GRAVES DISEASE

2. GRAVES DISEASE
 Graves' disease, also known as toxic diffuse goiter, is an autoimmune
disease that affects the thyroid
 Graves’ disease is a type of autoimmune problem that causes the thyroid
gland to produce too much thyroid hormone
 It is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism
 It also often results in an enlarged thyroid
Jegan

3.  Graves' disease will develop in about 0.5% of males and 3% of females.
 It occurs about 7.5 times more often in women than men
 The exact cause is unclear; however, it is believed to involve a combination
of genetic and environmental factors
Jegan

4.  Genetics
 A genetic predisposition for Graves' disease is seen, with some people
more prone to develop TSH receptor activating antibodies due to a
genetic cause
 Infectious trigger
 Graves' disease is an autoimmune disease which appears suddenly, often
later in life, a viral or bacterial infection may trigger antibodies which
cross-react with the human TSH receptor, a phenomenon known as antigenic
mimicry
Jegan

5.  It is an autoimmune disease
 There is trigger in production of antibodies
 These antibodies has structural similarities to the thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
 These antibody will bind to the thyroid stimulating hormone receptor (TSHR)
instead of TSH
 Binding of these antibody leads to activation of this receptor
 Once this receptor is activated there is excess production of the hormone T3 and T4
 This, in turn, causes the clinical symptoms of hyperthyroidism, and the enlargement of
the thyroid gland visible as goiter
Jegan

6. Jegan

7. AUTOANTIBODIES TO THE TSH RECEPTOR
 The three types of autoantibodies to the TSH receptor currently recognized
are:
 Thyroid stimulating immunoglobulins
 Thyroid growth immunoglobulins
 Thyrotrophin binding-inhibiting immunoglobulins
Jegan

8. SYMPTOMS
 Exophthalmos
 Goiter
 Insomnia
 Hand tremor
 Hair loss, excessive sweating
 Itching, heat intolerance,
 Weight loss despite increased appetite
 Diarrhea, frequent defecation
Jegan

9. GOITER
EXOPHTHALMOS

10. DIAGNOSIS
 Physical exam
 Blood test (TSH level)
 Iodine uptake test
 MRI
 CT scan

11. TREATMENT
 Radioactive iodine therapy
 Anti-thyroid medications- Propylthiouracil and Methimazole
 Beta blockers
 Surgery
Jegan

12. Thank You
Jegan