Laxatives are drugs that relieve constipation by losing stools or inducing a bowel movement.
Some laxatives are also used before bowel procedures or examination.
Laxatives come as pills, capsules, liquids, foods, gums, and suppositories.
Drugs are Aloe, Rhubarb, Castor oil, Isabgol, Senna.
Cardiotonic are the drugs that give strength or energy to the activity of the heart. Cardiotonic increases the force of contraction of cardiac muscle and stimulates the overall activity of the heart. The drugs which are used as Cardiotonics are
Digitalis and Arjuna.
CARMINATIVES AND GI REGULATORS
Definition:
Carminatives are soothing drugs which act by relieving stomach and intestinal pain.
An agent that prevents or relieves flatulence (gas in the gastrointestinal tract).
Used in indigestion, Gastric discomfort and loss of appetite.
Examples:
1. Coriander
2. Fennel
3. Cardamom
4. Ginger
5. Clove
6. Black Pepper
7. Asafoetida
8. Nutmeg
9. Cinnamon
Synopsis
Drug name
Synonyms
Biological Source
Family
Chemical Constituents
Uses
Enzymes are protentious substances that catalyze or increase the rate of chemical reactions in a living organism.
It acts as a catalyst for specific reactions and converts the specific substrate into a specific product.
The biological processes that occur within all living organisms are chemical reactions, and most are regulated by enzymes.
Without enzymes, many of these reactions would not take place.
They are practically inactive at 0°C and beyond 65°C get denatured.
Crude drugs which contain enzymes are Papaya, Diastase, Yeast.
Factor like pH of the medium direct affects their action.
Cardiotonic are the drugs that give strength or energy to the activity of the heart. Cardiotonic increases the force of contraction of cardiac muscle and stimulates the overall activity of the heart. The drugs which are used as Cardiotonics are
Digitalis and Arjuna.
CARMINATIVES AND GI REGULATORS
Definition:
Carminatives are soothing drugs which act by relieving stomach and intestinal pain.
An agent that prevents or relieves flatulence (gas in the gastrointestinal tract).
Used in indigestion, Gastric discomfort and loss of appetite.
Examples:
1. Coriander
2. Fennel
3. Cardamom
4. Ginger
5. Clove
6. Black Pepper
7. Asafoetida
8. Nutmeg
9. Cinnamon
Synopsis
Drug name
Synonyms
Biological Source
Family
Chemical Constituents
Uses
Enzymes are protentious substances that catalyze or increase the rate of chemical reactions in a living organism.
It acts as a catalyst for specific reactions and converts the specific substrate into a specific product.
The biological processes that occur within all living organisms are chemical reactions, and most are regulated by enzymes.
Without enzymes, many of these reactions would not take place.
They are practically inactive at 0°C and beyond 65°C get denatured.
Crude drugs which contain enzymes are Papaya, Diastase, Yeast.
Factor like pH of the medium direct affects their action.
Definition
● Diuretics are the drugs used to increase the urine output.
Examples:
● Gokhru
● Punarnava
Synopsis
Drug name
Synonyms
Biological Source
Family
Chemical Constituents
Uses
CARDIOTONIC
Definition:
Cardiotonic are drugs used to increase the efficiency and improve the contraction of the heart muscle.
Examples:
Digitalis
Arjuna
Synopsis
Drug name
Synonyms
Biological Source
Family
Chemical Constituents
Uses
Antimalarial
Definition:
A disease caused by a plasmodium parasite, transmitted by the bite of infected mosquitoes.
The drugs or agent used to prevent malaria.
Examples:
Cinchona
Artemisia
Title: Almond Oil- Mandel- Badam
• Description: In this video the viewers will come to know about ALMOND OIL that is one of the Lipid containing crude drugs obtained from the various plant sources. Almond oil is a fixed oil obtained by expression from the seeds of Prunus amygdalus (Rosaceae) var. dulcis (sweet almonds) or P. amygdalus var. amara (bitter almonds). This drug becomes important since it is obtained from nut source. Here the synonyms, biological sources (scientific names & Family), geographical sources (what are the countries where it can be collected), chemical constituents, identification tests and uses has been discussed in brief.
Portion explained:
1. Synonyms of Almond oil
2. Biological Sources of ALMOND OIL
3. Geographical Sources of ALMOND OIL
4. Preparation of ALMOND OIL
5. Description of ALMOND OIL
6. Chemical Constituents of Almond oil
7. Chemical Test of ALMOND OIL
8. Uses of Almond oil
In this power point presentation you will come to know about ISHABGULA/ plantago ovata, that is one of the carbohydrates containing crud drugs. This is becomes important since it is MUCILAGINOUS containing seeds . Here the synonyms, biological sources (different species), geographical sources (what are the countries where it can be collected) and methods to collect has been discussed in brief.
Video link :
https://youtu.be/rgb6BPbBxUg
Portion explained:
1. Synonyms of Ishabgula
2. Biological Sources of Ishabgula
3. Geographical Sources of Ishabgula
4. Cultivation and Collection of Ishabgula
5. Chemical Constituents of Ishabgula
6. Chemical Test of Ishabgula
7. Uses of Ishabgula
Describes in detail the complete biological source and synonyms of the plant Cinnamon. Gives important macroscopic characters and microscopic characters as seen in transverse and the lateral sections. Also gives important chemical constituents of the plant, its uses, difference between two species of Cinnamon: Cassia cinnamon and Ceylon cinnamon and some marketed pharmaceutical preparations of Ceylon cinnamon.
Herb or preparation intended to either prevent the formation of gas in the gastrointestinal tract or facilitate the expulsion of said gas, thereby combatting flatulence. The crude drugs which act as carminatives are Coriander, Fennel, Cardamom, Ajowan, Asafoetida, Ginger, Black pepper, Nutmeg, Cinnamon, Clove.
Definition
● Diuretics are the drugs used to increase the urine output.
Examples:
● Gokhru
● Punarnava
Synopsis
Drug name
Synonyms
Biological Source
Family
Chemical Constituents
Uses
CARDIOTONIC
Definition:
Cardiotonic are drugs used to increase the efficiency and improve the contraction of the heart muscle.
Examples:
Digitalis
Arjuna
Synopsis
Drug name
Synonyms
Biological Source
Family
Chemical Constituents
Uses
Antimalarial
Definition:
A disease caused by a plasmodium parasite, transmitted by the bite of infected mosquitoes.
The drugs or agent used to prevent malaria.
Examples:
Cinchona
Artemisia
Title: Almond Oil- Mandel- Badam
• Description: In this video the viewers will come to know about ALMOND OIL that is one of the Lipid containing crude drugs obtained from the various plant sources. Almond oil is a fixed oil obtained by expression from the seeds of Prunus amygdalus (Rosaceae) var. dulcis (sweet almonds) or P. amygdalus var. amara (bitter almonds). This drug becomes important since it is obtained from nut source. Here the synonyms, biological sources (scientific names & Family), geographical sources (what are the countries where it can be collected), chemical constituents, identification tests and uses has been discussed in brief.
Portion explained:
1. Synonyms of Almond oil
2. Biological Sources of ALMOND OIL
3. Geographical Sources of ALMOND OIL
4. Preparation of ALMOND OIL
5. Description of ALMOND OIL
6. Chemical Constituents of Almond oil
7. Chemical Test of ALMOND OIL
8. Uses of Almond oil
In this power point presentation you will come to know about ISHABGULA/ plantago ovata, that is one of the carbohydrates containing crud drugs. This is becomes important since it is MUCILAGINOUS containing seeds . Here the synonyms, biological sources (different species), geographical sources (what are the countries where it can be collected) and methods to collect has been discussed in brief.
Video link :
https://youtu.be/rgb6BPbBxUg
Portion explained:
1. Synonyms of Ishabgula
2. Biological Sources of Ishabgula
3. Geographical Sources of Ishabgula
4. Cultivation and Collection of Ishabgula
5. Chemical Constituents of Ishabgula
6. Chemical Test of Ishabgula
7. Uses of Ishabgula
Describes in detail the complete biological source and synonyms of the plant Cinnamon. Gives important macroscopic characters and microscopic characters as seen in transverse and the lateral sections. Also gives important chemical constituents of the plant, its uses, difference between two species of Cinnamon: Cassia cinnamon and Ceylon cinnamon and some marketed pharmaceutical preparations of Ceylon cinnamon.
Herb or preparation intended to either prevent the formation of gas in the gastrointestinal tract or facilitate the expulsion of said gas, thereby combatting flatulence. The crude drugs which act as carminatives are Coriander, Fennel, Cardamom, Ajowan, Asafoetida, Ginger, Black pepper, Nutmeg, Cinnamon, Clove.
This slide contains sources, collection process, constituents and uses of some important plants for making medicine containing anthraquinone glycosides like Senna, Cascara Sagrada, Aloe, Rhubarb, Chrysarobin.
Definition
noun, plural: volatile oils
A substance of oily consistency and feel especially one that is derived from a plant tissue (in contrast to fatty oil that does not evaporate when exposed to air and saponifies)
Supplement
Volatile oils are oils that are characterized by their volatility and failure to saponify. They evaporate when they are exposed to the air and thus are capable of distillation. They are derived from plant tissues. Thus, they may be produced naturally by extraction, particularly by distillation, often by using steam. They may also be made synthetically.
As medicines, volatile oils are used as stimulants, stomach aches, correctives, and carminatives. Other use of volatile oil is for purposes of flavoring (e.g., peppermint oil). But the most common use of volatile oil is for the production of perfumes, cosmetics, soaps, and the like.
Volatile oil is sometimes called an essential oil. An essential oil is known for being a concentrated hydrophobic liquid with plant-derived, volatile aroma compounds. It is referred to as essential since it contains what seems to be the essence of the plant’s fragrance.
"Pharmaceutical aids are the drugs or substances which have no or little pharmacological.but they are essentially used in the preparation of pharmaceutical dosage form
In this section I`ll be discussing about Laxative category of crude drugs as per D.pharm syllabus(Biological Source, chemical Constituents, Therapeutic Efficacy) according to education regulation 2020.
additionals* morphology, chemical test
The key difference between volatile oil and fixed oil is that volatile oils are essential oils that can vaporize easily, whereas fixed oils are nonvolatile oils. Volatile oils are also known as essential oils. These are highly volatile oils that can evaporate even at room temperature
Study of Crude Drugs acting on nervous system Part 3Anubhav Gupta
In this section, I`ll be discussing about crude drugs having action on nervous system in short for students of pharmacy and others as per D.Pharm syllabus ER 2020
Volatile oils are oils that are characterized by their volatility and failure to saponify. They evaporate when they are exposed to the air and thus are capable of distillation. They are derived from plant tissues. Thus, they may be produced naturally by extraction, particularly by distillation, often by using steam. They may also be made synthetically.
As medicines, volatile oils are used as stimulants, stomach aches, correctives, and carminatives. Other use of volatile oil is for purposes of flavoring (e.g., peppermint oil). But the most common use of volatile oil is for the production of perfumes, cosmetics, soaps, and the like.
Volatile oil is sometimes called an essential oil. An essential oil is known for being a concentrated hydrophobic liquid with plant-derived, volatile aroma compounds. It is referred to as essential since it contains what seems to be the essence of the plant’s fragrance
Similar to Laxatives: Aloe, Rhubarb, Castor oil, Isabgol, Senna (20)
Lipid metabolism is the synthesis and degradation of lipids in cells.
It involves the breakdown or storage of fats for energy and the synthesis of structural and functional lipids, such as those involved in the construction of cell membranes.
In animals, these fats are obtained from food or synthesized by the liver.
All living cells require energy to carry out various cellular activities.
This energy is stored in organic molecules (e.g. carbohydrates, fats, proteins) that we eat as food.
These organic molecules are broken down into smaller units: proteins into amino acids, polysaccharides into simple sugars, and fats into fatty acids and glycerol by enzymatic reactions in cells to generate energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP).
The ATP generated by these pathways in cells is used to drive fundamental cellular processes.
Glucose is utilized as a source of energy, & stored as glycogen to release glucose as & when the need arises.
Vitamins are organic compounds that are essential for normal growth and nutrition and are required in small quantities, their deficiency causes diseases.
Biochemist Casimir Funk discovered vitamin B1 in 1912 in rice bran.
It cannot be synthesized in sufficient quantities by an organism and must be obtained from the diet.
Catalysts are something that speeds up the chemical reaction. Almost all biochemical reactions require catalysts.
Enzymes are biocatalysts. Biochemical catalysts speed up the biochemical reactions.
In presence of an enzyme, less energy is required for the reaction to take place.
A catalyst may be defined as a substance that increases the velocity or rate of chemical reactions without itself undergoing any change in the overall process.
Nuclei acid is a naturally occurring chemical compound containing phosphoric acid, sugars, and a mixture of organic bases (purines and pyrimidines).
The two main classes of nucleic acids are deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA).
DNA is the master blueprint for life and constitutes the genetic material in all free-living organisms and most viruses. DNA is the chemical basis of heredity and may be regarded as the reserve bank of genetic formation. DNA is exclusively responsible for maintaining the identity of different species of organisms over millions of years.
RNA is the genetic material of certain viruses, but it is also found in all living cells. The genes control protein synthesis through the mediation of RNA.
“These are the naturally Organic compounds, insoluble in water, soluble in organic solvents (alcohol, ether, etc.), which are potentially related to fatty acids & utilized by living cells."
Lipids are a heterogeneous group of compounds.
They are esters of fatty acids. Lipids occur widely in plants and animals. Lipids include fats, oils, waxes, and related compounds.
Lipids are a family of organic compounds, composed of fats and oils. These molecules yield high energy and are responsible for different functions within the human body.
Proteins are naturally occurring polymers made up of amino acids and linked together by peptide bonds.
Proteins are the most abundant organic molecules in the living system.
The term "protein" is derived from the Greek word proteios, meaning holding the first place.
These are nitrogenous organic compounds that have large molecules weight of one or more long chains of amino acids.
Proteins are made from 20 ɑ-amino acids. (chains of amino acids)
A single unit of amino acid is known as a monomer. When many monomers combine together, they form polymers.
Carbohydrates are polyhydroxy aldehydes, ketones, or compounds derived from their hydrolysis.
Carbohydrates are also known as sugars.
Carbohydrates have the general formula C(H2O)n, where n is the number of carbon atoms.
Carbohydrates are mainly composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
The term “sugar” is applied to carbohydrates that are soluble in water and sweet to taste.
The term "biochemistry" originated from combining the words "bios," meaning life, and "chemistry."
Biochemistry is defined as the branch of science that deals with the study of chemical reactions that take place inside a living organism.
The word "biochemistry" was first introduced by a German chemist, Carl Neuberg, in 1903.
Introduction to Clinical Pharmacy Practice.pptxSHIVANEE VYAS
Clinical pharmacy is a branch of hospital pharmacy that deals with various aspects of patient care, including the dispensing of drugs and advising the patient on the safe and rational use of those drugs.
It is an electronic device that stores, retrieves, and processes data, and can be programmed with instructions. It can also perform several complex and complicated functions.
A computer is composed of hardware and software and can exist in a variety of sizes and configurations.
Solid unit dosage forms the drug is enclosed within the water-soluble shell or an envelope either a hard or soft shell. Shell is typically made of gelatin primarily intended for oral delivery and provides a rapid release of contents.
Generally, the shells are formed from gelatin.
COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) is a group of lung diseases that make it hard to breathe and get worse over time.
Normally, the airways and air sacs in the lungs are elastic or stretchy.
When we breathe in, the airways bring air to the air sacs.
The air sacs fill up with air, like a small balloons.
When we breathe out, the air sacs deflate, and the air goes out.
In COPD, less air flows in and out of airways because of one or more problems:
-The airways and air sacs in the lungs become less elastic
-The walls between many of the air sacs are destroyed
-The walls of the airways become inflamed
-The airways make more mucus than usual and can become clogged
Asthma is a chronic disease involving the airways in the lungs.
Asthma is a condition in which your airways narrow and swell and may produce extra mucus.
This can make breathing difficult and trigger coughing, a whistling sound (wheezing) when you breathe out, and shortness of breath.
Blood pressure is the force of the blood pushing against the walls of the arteries.
Each time our heart beats pumps blood into the arteries.
Blood pressure is highest when the heart beats, pumping the blood. This is called systolic pressure.
When our heart is at rest, between beats, our blood pressure falls. This is called diastolic pressure.
A blood pressure reading uses these two numbers. Usually, the systolic number comes before or above the diastolic number.
Congestive heart failure is a chronic progressive condition in which the heart cannot pump enough blood to meet the metabolic need of the body because of pathological changes in the myocardium.
Angina pectoris and myocardial infraction.pptxSHIVANEE VYAS
Angina may feel like pressure or squeezing in your chest. The pain also can occur in your shoulders, arms, neck, jaw, or back. Angina pain may even feel like indigestion.
Angina is chest pain or discomfort that occurs if an area of your heart muscle doesn't get enough oxygen rich blood.
Prescription | Parts of Prescription | Handling of PrescriptionSHIVANEE VYAS
A prescription is an order written by a physician, dentist, or veterinarian to a pharmacist to compound and dispense a specific medication for the patient.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
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Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
2. LAXATIVE
• Laxatives are drugs that relieve constipation by losing stools or inducing a
bowel movement.
• Some laxatives are also used before bowel procedures or examination.
• Laxatives come as pills, capsules, liquids, foods, gums, and suppositories.
• Drugs are
Aloe,
Rhubarb,
Castor oil,
Isabgol,
Senna.
2
3. ALOE
• Aloe Vera is a plant species of the aloe genus. If grows widely in tropical
climate and is also cultivated due to its agricultural and medicinal values.
• Synonym: Aloe, Alovera, Guarpatha
• Biological Source: It consist of dried juice of leaves of Aloe
barbadensis Miller and Aloe Africana.
• Family: Liliaceae.
• Geographical Source: Most of the species of aloe are indigenous to
Africa. But now introduced into West Indies and Europe. It is cultivated
through India but especially in North west Himalayas.
3
4. • PREPARATION: Various methods are used to prepare aloes commercially in
Africa, as well as in west indies. Following is the general method of
preparation.
• The leaves are transversely cut at the base and the incised ends placed
downwards in a ‘V’ shaped trough having a hole at its bottom. The latex is
evaporated in a kettle made of copper where it gets solidified. When the latex is
concentrated gradually and then cooled slowly, it gives rise to an opaque
product. The aloe thus obtained is termed as ‘hepatic’ or ‘livery’ aloe.
• If the latex is concentrated rapidly, followed by sudden cooling the resulting
product appears to be transparent and relatively brittle in nature. The broken
surface has a glassy surface. Such a product is commonly known as ‘lucid’ or
‘glassy’ aloe.
4
5. • MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERS:
Colour: Depends upon variety From which it
is obtained. It is Green to dark brownish black
in colour.
Odour: Characteristic
Taste: Bitter taste
Size: It is available in various sizes.
Solubility: It is entirely soluble in 60% alcohol
and it partially soluble in water.
5
• CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS: All variety of aloes a yellow coloured crystalline
substance known as barbloin (c-glycoside), resin & aloe – emodin. Isobarbalion is
present in curacao and cape aloes. Cap aloes are characterized by the presence of an
amorphous compound β-barbalion, aloinosides A & B.
6. • IDENTIFICATION TEST:
1. Borax Test: To 5 ml of the above test solution add 0.2 gm of pure borax and heat
gently till it gets dissolved. Transfer a few drops of the resulting solution into a test
tube filled with distilled water, the appearance of a green colored fluorescence due
to the formation of aloe emodin anthranol shows its presence.
2. Bromine Test: When equal volumes of the test solution and bromine solution are
mixed together, it yields a pale-yellow precipitate due to the production of
tetrabromaloin.
3. Nitric Acid Test: The Test solution of aloes when made to react with nitric acid, it
gives Deep brownish red to pale brownish yellow.
4. Cupraloin Test: To 10 ml of a 0.4% (w/v) aqueous solution of aloe add a drop of
the saturated solution of copper sulphate, immediately followed by 1gm of NaCl
and 20 drops of ethanol (90% v/v). It produces a wine red colour lasting for few
hours.
6
7. • USES:
1. Though, both aloes and aloin are official drugs, mostly used as a purgative by
exerting its action mainly on colon.
2. Aloes find its usefulness as an external aid to painful inflammatory action.
3. It constitutes an important ingredient in the ‘Compound Tincture of
Benzoin’ (or Friar’s Balsam).
4. Aloe gel are used in the treatment and cure of radiation burns or sun burn to get
immediate relief from itching and pains.
5. As a hair tonic.
6. It stimulates the growth of hairs.
7. It is also used in acne, pimples etc.
8. It is also used as a moisturizers.
7
8. Rhubarb
• Biological Source: Dried underground parts (rhizome and root) of Rheum
palmatum.
• Family: Polygonaceae.
• Geographical Source: Rheum officinale or Rheum palmatum are grown in China
whereas the other species Rheum webbianum or Rheum
emodi are native to India, Pakistan or Nepal.
8
9. • MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERS:
Colour: Brown or yellow
Odour: aromatic
Taste: bitter and slightly astringent
Size: 3 to 12 cm long and 3 to 8 cm in diameter
• CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS: Rhubarb mainly contains 2.0 to 4.5
percent of anthraquinone glycosides, which include aloe-emodin,
chrysophanol, physcion, rhein and their derivatives. In addition to these
glycosides, Rhubarb also contains glucogallin, eallic acid, rheinotannic acid,
catechin, starch, sugars, fat, pectin and calcium oxalate.
9
10. • PREPARATION
The rhizomes are collected either in spring or in autumn from 6 to 10 year old
plants. These are duly cleaned, and dried. The relatively larger rhizomes are cut
into small pieces either longitudinally or transversely. The cut fragments are dried
in the shade. They are also dried artificially in an atmosphere of hot wooden boxes
and exported for commercial consumption.
• CHEMICAL TESTS
1. The Rhubarb powder on being treated with ammonia gives rise to a pink
coloration.
2. Rhubarb gives a blood-red coloration with 5% potassium hydroxide.
3. It gives a positive indication with modified Borntrager’s test (see under Aloes).
• Uses
1. It is used mainly in the form of an ointment in the treatment and cure of
psoriasis.
2. It is employed as a bitter stomachic in the treatment of diarrhoea.
3. It is also used as a purgative.
• SUBSTITUTES AND ADULTERANTS:
English Rhubarb (Rheum Officinale) and Indian Rhubarb (Rheum emodz) are
used as substitutes, while Rhapontic Rhubarb (Rheum rhaponticum) and the stock
roots of Rumex alpinus and Rumex obtusifolius are used as adulterants of the
official drug.
10
11. Castor oil
• SYNONYMS: Ricinus oil, Oleum ricini.
• BIOLOGICAL SOURCE: Castor oil is a fixed oil obtained by cold
expression of the seeds of Ricinus Communis.
• FAMILY: Euphorbiaceae.
• GEOGRAPHICAL SOURCE : Castor seeds are produced in all tropical and
subtropical countries like Brazil, USA, Thailand, Romania, India.
11
12. • MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERS:
Colour : Pale yellow or colourless liquid.
Odour : Slight and characteristic
Taste : bland then slightly acrid & nauseating it is viscous and transparent liquid
Solubility: It is soluble in alcohol. Miscible in chloroform, solvent ether, glacial
acetic acid and petroleum ether.
• CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS: Castor oil contains triglyceride of ricinoleic
acid 80%. The viscosity of castor oil is due to ricinoleic acid. Other glycerides are
isoricinoleic, linoleic, stearic and isostearic acid. It contains heptaldehyde, sebacic
acid.
12
Ricinoleic acid
13. • PREPARATION:
Castor oil is obtained from castor seeds. Usually the oil is obtained after removing the
seed coat but sometimes it removing seed coats; seeds are placed in grooved rollers and
crushed when taste becomes loosened and is removed by blowing in air current.
The kernels are placed in oil-expellers and expressed at room temperature with 1 to 2
tons pressure per square inch till about 30% oil is obtained. Oil is filtered but it
contains a poisonous principle ricin a ton albumin and enzyme lipase. To remove ricin,
steam is passed into the oil at a temperature between 80 to 100°C, when ricin is
coagulated and precipitated and lipase becomes inactive. Oil is then filtered. This oil
has 145 acidity and only this cold drawn castor oil is used for medicinal purposes.
• CHEMICAL TEST:
13
Test Observation Inference
Castor oil + petroleum
ether
Completely soluble in
petroleum ether
Castor oil is present
Castor oil + equal
volume of alcohol
Clear liquid at cool at
0°c for (3 hours)
Castor oil is present
• USES : Castor oil is used as cathartic. It is used as laxative, lubricant, in paints, enamel,
varnish, grease, polish, printing ink, aromatic castor oil, or in the form of capsules,
creams, jellies, lipsticks, perfumed hair oil, soap etc. also used as hair tonic.
14. Isabgol
• SYNONYMS: Plantage seed, Psyllium husk, Ashwakarna, Isapgol
• BIOLOGICAL SOURCE: It consist of dried seeds of the plant Plantego
Ovata.
• FAMILY: Plantagenaceae.
• GEOGRAPHICAL SOURCE: The plant is cultivated largely in Gujarat,
Punjab and South Rajasthan. The factory for preparation of Husk is located
at Sidhpur in North Gujarat and Maharashtra in Pune. About 30 thousand
hectares of area is said to be under cultivation of the drug in India. The dry
seeds of Isabgol is obtained from a 4 month old plant.
14
15. • MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERS:
Colour: Yellowish Brown
Odour: Odourless
Taste: Gum like (Mucilaginous)
Shape: Oval
Size: 1.6 to 3.4mm length and 1.5 to 1.76mm width
• CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS: The main chemical constituent founding is
mucilage which is pentosan. It also contains xylose, arabinose, fixed oil, protein
and amino acid.
15
16. • IDENTIFICATION TEST
• USES:
1. It is used as laxative in the treatment of chronic constipation.
2. Isabgol seed has cooling, laxative, demulcent, expectorant, emollient and
astringent properties.
3. It is used commonly in diarrhea, dysentery, ulcers.
4. It helps to reduce the risk of heart attack by decreasing serum cholesterol
through proper excretion of bile acids.
5. Isabgol seeds are also used in fever, burning sensations, skin problems, and in
affections of the bladder, urethra, and kidney.
6. It is used internally in thirst, cough. 16
Test Observation Inference
Isabgol+ Ruthenium
Red
Red colour Presence of Mucilage
Isabgol+ Thionine test
solution→ wait for 10
minutes and then wash
with alcohol
Mucilage turns Violate-
red
Presence of Mucilage
17. Senna
• Synonym: Indian senna, Senna Ki Patti, Sonamukhi, Alexandrian
• Biological Source: It consist of dried leaflets of Cassia Angustifolia.
• Family: Leguminosae
• Geographical source: Indian senna is cultivated and collected in India. Its
cultivation is mainly done in Tinnevelly, Madurai and Ramnathpuram districts
of Tamil Nadu. Cultivation is attempted in Cudappa district of Andhra Pradesh
and to some extent is collected from Kutch in Gujarat state and Rajasthan.
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18. • MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERS
Color: Yellowish green
Odor: Slight
Taste: Mucilaginous and slightly bitter
Size: 7-8mm in width & 25-60mm in length
• CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS: Principal constituents of Senna are
anthraquinone glycosides, which include sennosides A, B, C and D rhein and
aloe-emodin. Senna also contains kaempferol and yellow flavonol).
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19. • IDENTIFICATION Test :
Borntrager’s test:
The drug is boiled with dilute sulphuric acid,
Filtered and to the filtrate, benzene or ether or chloroform is added and
shaken well
The organic layer is separated to which ammonia is added slowly
The ammoniac layer shows pink to red due to presence of
Antraquinones glycosides.
• USES: Senna is used as purgative in constipation.
• Substitutes and adulterants: Substitutes and adulterants of Senna
include the leaves and leaflets of the following related plants: Cassia
obovata (Dog Senna), wild plants of C. angustifolia (Arabian Senna).
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