The document provides information about brown algae (Phaeophyta) including their habitat in marine environments, color variation, and size range. It also includes keys to identify genera and species of brown algae based on characteristics of their thalli (bodies) such as shape, branching patterns, presence of gas-filled cavities or calcification. The keys can be used to distinguish between genera like Sargassum, Cystoseira, and Dictyopteris or species like Padina melemele and P. japonica.
About 20,000 species.
Eukaryotic cell and contain all the membrane bound organelles.
Thallus is green due to the presence of green pigment chlorophyll.
Chlorophyll is contained in chloroplast.
Pyrenoids embedded in chloroplast.
Cytoplasm contains vacuoles.
Motile cell of primitive forms contains eye spot or stigma.
Reserve carbohydrates are in the form of starch.
Cell wall invariably contains cellulose.
Produce motile reproductive bodies generally with two or four flagella.
Most are aquatic but some are subarial.
Several species of ulvales and siphonales are marine.
Some strains of chlorella are thermophilic.
Species of chlamydomonas and some chlorococcales occur in snow.
Coloechaete nitellarum is endophytic.
Cephaleuros is parasitic – cause ‘red rust of tea’.
Live epizoically on or endozoically within the bodies of lower animals – chlorella is found in hydra; chlorella beneath the scales of fish; characium on the antennae of mosquito.
Green algae in assosciation with the fungi constitute lichens.
This is a detailed presentation on Morphology, anatomy and reproduction of Marchantia spp. with high quality pics and eye capturing transitions and animations
The "Telome theory" of Walter Zimmermann (1930, 1952) is the most accepted theory that is based on fossil record and synthesizes the major steps in the evolution of vascular plants.
It describes how the primitive type of vascular plants developed from Rhynia like plants.
About 20,000 species.
Eukaryotic cell and contain all the membrane bound organelles.
Thallus is green due to the presence of green pigment chlorophyll.
Chlorophyll is contained in chloroplast.
Pyrenoids embedded in chloroplast.
Cytoplasm contains vacuoles.
Motile cell of primitive forms contains eye spot or stigma.
Reserve carbohydrates are in the form of starch.
Cell wall invariably contains cellulose.
Produce motile reproductive bodies generally with two or four flagella.
Most are aquatic but some are subarial.
Several species of ulvales and siphonales are marine.
Some strains of chlorella are thermophilic.
Species of chlamydomonas and some chlorococcales occur in snow.
Coloechaete nitellarum is endophytic.
Cephaleuros is parasitic – cause ‘red rust of tea’.
Live epizoically on or endozoically within the bodies of lower animals – chlorella is found in hydra; chlorella beneath the scales of fish; characium on the antennae of mosquito.
Green algae in assosciation with the fungi constitute lichens.
This is a detailed presentation on Morphology, anatomy and reproduction of Marchantia spp. with high quality pics and eye capturing transitions and animations
The "Telome theory" of Walter Zimmermann (1930, 1952) is the most accepted theory that is based on fossil record and synthesizes the major steps in the evolution of vascular plants.
It describes how the primitive type of vascular plants developed from Rhynia like plants.
This ppterrestrial habitt explains about the archegoniate plants, their adaptations, development of different support systems in transition from aquatic to terrestrial habit, about their alternation of generations, etc.
Evolution and Economic Importance of BacillariophytaMUsmanZaki
THIS SLIDE IS ABOUT Evolution and Economic Importance of Bacillariophyta. “ Bacillariophyta are unicellular organisms that are important components of phytoplanktons as primary sources of food zooplanktons in both marine and fresh water habitats.”
This ppterrestrial habitt explains about the archegoniate plants, their adaptations, development of different support systems in transition from aquatic to terrestrial habit, about their alternation of generations, etc.
Evolution and Economic Importance of BacillariophytaMUsmanZaki
THIS SLIDE IS ABOUT Evolution and Economic Importance of Bacillariophyta. “ Bacillariophyta are unicellular organisms that are important components of phytoplanktons as primary sources of food zooplanktons in both marine and fresh water habitats.”
Answer and describe the following five plants habit, habitat, life .pdfarihantpatna
Answer and describe the following five plants: habit, habitat, life span, throns, spines or prickles,
infloresences, leaves (complexity, attachment to stem, arrangement, blade shape, margin, apex,
base, venation and trichomes). Other interesting facts.
1. Isomeris arboea (Bladderpod) - Drought tolerant plant
2. Sinningia macrostachya
3. Ceropegia dichotoma
4. Lilium longiflorum
5. Peperomia verticiliata
Solution
I. Isomeris arboea
Also known as Bladderpod, Burrofat and California cleome.This plant is a fast-growing
evergreen dicot shrub from the family Capparaceae. It is a dense shrub with profuse branching
and small hairs/trichomes. It normally grows in well-draining rocky areas with good exposure to
sunlight. It is found in Southern Sierra Nevada Foothills, Tehachapi Mountain area, San Joaquin
Valley,Central Coast, South Coast, Channel Islands, Deserts, and Baja,CA
Habitat - Coastal bluffs, hills, desert washes, flats below 3,900\'
Height by Width: 3-4\' H x 4\' W
Stems - profusely branched; glabrate or puberulent (bark corky, twigs smooth)
inflorescence: The plant produces abundant inflorescences at the ends of the stem branches, each
a cluster of bright yellow flowers. Each flower has usually four petals and six whiskery
protruding stamens with curling tips holding the anthers. The fruit is an inflated capsule about 4
centimeters long and usually oval in shape. It is smooth and green when new, aging to light
brown. Fruits when dry, resemble a paper lantern that rattles (the seeds inside the dried fruit
rattle around). The flowers are dense terminal racemes. The calyx is four-cleft and the sepals are
fused in the basal half. It has four petals ½” long, 6 yellow stamens that are long and a pistil with
a short style. Sepals persistent, connate ca. 1/2 of length, green, lanceolate, 4–7 × 2.2–4 mm,
margins entire, glabrous; petals yellow, ovate-elliptic, 8–14 × 4.2–5 mm, (apex acute); stamens
yellow, 15–25 mm; anthers 2–2.5 mm; gynophore (reflexed), 10–20 mm in fruit; ovary 3–6 mm
(often aborting in bud); style 0.9–1.2 mm. Capsules (tardily dehiscent), usually inflated ,(valves
sometimes 3), 20–30 × 6–12 mm, smooth. Seeds 5–25, dark brown, obovoid, 6–7 × 5–6 mm,
smooth.
Leaves: Its leaves are made up of three equal leaflike leaflets, each a long, pointed oval 1-4 cm
long. The leaves are alternate, entire, petiolate and trifoliate with leaflets that are oblong-elliptic
with small pointed tips. petiole 1–3 cm; leaflets 3, blade oblong-elliptic, 1.5–4.5 × 0.4–1.3 cm,
margins serrate, apex acuminate to obtuse, surfaces glaucous. Racemes 1–3 cm (6–40 cm in
fruit); bracts unifoliate, obovate to spatulate, 2–15 mm. Pedicels 7–15 mm (thickened in fruit).
extra information:
II. Sinningia macrostachya
Family: Gesneriaceae
Popular names – leather leaf, Gloxinia
Sinningia macrostachya has a perennial stem base, very stiff leaves, and numerous small orange
flowers. Its fleshy stems are joined to the woody trunk. Each year, the woody part of the stems
exten.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
3. Using a key teaches
you about the groups
(anatomy, life style,
habitat, relations)
Versatile,
adaptable
4. Dos and
Don’ts Do proceed
systematically
Don’t jump
ahead
Do think
about each
choice
Don’t make
assumptions
Do carefully
note specimen
characteristics
5. The Phaeophyta are almost entirely marine,
frequently dominating rocky shores in cold and
temperate waters throughout the world.
The colors of brown algae (predominantly due to the
brown accessory pigment fucoxanthin) cover a spectrum
from pale beige to yellow-brown to almost black. In
tropical seas, they range in size from microscopic
filaments to several meters in length.
7. Key to Genera of the Phaeophyta
1. Tinted algae, less than 1 mm wide, whose shape can only be discerned
using a microscope. They often cover surfaces. 2
*1. Algae larger than the above, distinguished by the shape of their thallus
without magnifying equipment. 3
2. The thallus is made of a single row of cells. The spore-ridden sporangium
are found at the edge of the thallus. Ectocarpus
*2. With the aid of a microscope, one may see several rows of cells along the
width of the thallus. The triangular or star-shaped sporangium has three or
four horns. Sphacelaria
3. Hollow, globular algae, mostly irregular. 4
*3. Flattened or branched algae. Algae otherwise. 5
4. Numerous holes (spaces) in the algal thallus resemble a net or fishing net.
The holes are irregular in size . Hydroclathrus
*4. The algal thallus is continuous (no holes) and often covered with a
smooth mucous layer. The algae’s interior contains gasses. Colpomenia
5. Algae are rigid, resembling higher plants. Relatively large algae, reaching
up to 20 cm and more. 6
*5. Algae otherwise. 7
6. The thallus resembles a ‘stalk’ and ‘leaves’. The reproductive
organs are located on separate branches. Round flotation blades
are held by prickles along the ‘stem’. Sargassum
*6. The ‘stem‘ is mostly flat, often winged, sometimes
cylindrical. Elongated floatation cysts that form a part of the stalk
are sometimes missing. Cystoseira
7(5). Flattened algae, that if hollow, are much longer than they
are wide. 8
*7. Algae incorporating a central axis with numerous side
branches. The arms generally resemble a feather. Each side
branch is smaller than 1 mm. Stypocaulon
8. Cylindrical, hollow and unbranched algae, 1-5 mm wide and up
to 20 mm length. They grow in the upper regions of the intertidal
zone and are sometimes exposed to air. Scytosiphon
*8. Algae that aren’t hollow. Algae otherwise. 9
9. The algae body resembles a central axis with membranous
wings on either side. Dictyopteris
*9. Membranously wingless algae. Algae otherwise. 10
10. Flat algae with regular, dichotomous branching. Growth is
generated from a single apical cell or two (microscope
required). 11
*10. Fan-like algae, strand-like algae, algae otherwise. 12
11. The upper part of the thallus is rounded and often widens
(spatula-like). Through a microscope, three layers of cells can be
discerned. Dilophus
13. *11. The edges of the branches do not widen or round off. A two-layered medulla
of cells can be discerned through a microscope. Dictyota
12. Fan-like algae where, sometimes, especially in mature individuals, the fan splits
into several lobes. 13
*12. Algae otherwise. 15
13. Concentric lines appear along the thallus’ breadth. 14
*13. The thallus resembles flattened lobes, loosely attached to rocks. The algae is
coloured shades of brown–yellow and characteristically grows in shady areas of the
subtidal zone. Lobophora
14. Extremely common algae. The thallus contains calcium, and its edges curl
backwards. Padina
*14. The alga does not calcify. Plants immersed in water have a phosphorous
shade of azure. Growth generates from a row of apical cells (a
microscope is required. Stypopodium
15(2). Soft, strand-like algae, unbranched and narrow at the bottom. Plants are
commonly found in the upper region of the intertidal zone. Petalonia
*15. The thallus splits into irregular, lineal strands. 16
16. Fan-like algae that split into (usually) dichotomous strands. The further
they are from the algal base, the narrower the strands become. The algae is bright
brown and seems to have dark lines along its breadth . Taonia
*16. The algal surface is rough. It is dark-brown, but when exposed to air,
the thallus changes colour to dark green. Branching is dichotomous. Spatoglossum
19. 1
Fronds very similar to Dictyota species, but nearly wholly prostrate
and with midrib; branching irregularly dichotomous
D. repens
1 Fronds not similar to Dictyota (wider, taller, coarser), not prostrate;
with numerous apical cells 2
2
With veinlets visible to naked eye, forming acute angles to the midrib;
sporangia or gametangia in linear patches parallel to midrib; blade
mostly distromatic from margin to midrib
D. plagiogramma
2
Veinlets microscopic and faint; sporangia or gametangia in rows
starting at midrib and arching downward to lateral margins; blade
monostromatic for up to 15 cells from margin, then di-polystromatic to
midrib
D. australis
Key to the species of Dictyopteris
21. 1
Plants dark chocolate brown, fronds tightly to loosely spiralled (twisted) axes up to 3 mm in
diam., terminal dichotomous division about 1 mm in diam
D. acutiloba
1
Plants medium brown to yellowish, often iridescent when fresh, blades not twisted
2
2
Fronds rarely more than 4 cm long, less than 2 mm at widest, then narrowing abruptly toward
apices; on same plant, some portions may be 2 to 3 mm wider than other places
D. ceylanica
2
Fronds free of turf up to 5 cm long, shorter if in turf; characteristically nearly same width
throughout, with truncate apices; branch dichotomies short
3
3
Fronds golden with bluish iridescence until removed from water, often in turf on sides of tide
pools; in surface view some superficial cells having L-shaped lenticular thickenings
D. friabilis
3 Fronds yellowish-green, iridescent, occasionally whole plant with 1-2 twirls, but fronds not
twisted; no lenticular thickenings; lateral margins with many proliferations of various lengths
and sizes D. sandwicensis
Key to the species of Dictyota
23. 1 Fronds heavily calcified on ventral "inner" surface, nearly obscuring
hair and sporangial lines 2
1 Fronds lightly calcified, mostly as a very thin sheet of gray, hair and
sporangial lines clearly observable 3
2
Calcification very chalky and continuous on ventral "inner" surface;
bright golden-yellow to orange on dorsal "outer" surface
P. melemele
2
Calcification thick but discontinuous, tan on upper part of ventral
surface, and throughout dorsal surface
P. japonica
3 Blades distromatic throughout 4
Key to species of Padina
24. 3
Blades distromatic except at base, or blades polystromatic
5
4 Fronds split through nearly to base; base thick, with rust-colored rhizoids
forming a hump P. australis
4
Plants not split, but blades laterally adhering to each other, frequently to
the base and difficult to separate without tearing; almost always in large
clumps
P. thivyae
5
Blades distromatic in upper parts, tristromatic below; sporangia grouped
above every hair line on inner surface, hairs lacking on opposite surface
P. tenuis
Key to species of Padina
25. 5 Blades three or more layers thick 6
6 Blades 4 cells thick in upper frond, up to 9 cells thick below;
sporangia grouped above every hair line on inner surface, hairs
lacking on opposite side P. Crassa
6 Blades mostly 3-celled (rarely 2-celled) throughout, sporangia
grouped above every hair line on inner surface, but both groups
alternating with a hair line on opposite surface
P. boerges
enii
Key to species of Padina
27. 1
Fronds erect from a discrete base, silky colorless hairs
common along mid an upper parts of plants; growing high
in the intertidal region, usually on vertical or sloping
igneous rocks
C. minima
1
Fronds decumbent to prostrate, bases spreading; axes
terete, without colorless hairs; usually growing on
horizontal calcareous surfaces below low tide on reef flats
C. implexa
Key to the species of Chnoospora
28. 1 Fronds soft, erect but lax; branching dichotomous,
axes less than 2 mm in diameter, apices hair-like R. orientalis
1 Fronds forming matted cushions composed of many
tightly adhering branches, irregularly dichotomously
divided R. intricata
Key to the species of Rosenvingea
29. Key to species of Sphacelaria
1 Arms of modified lateral branches
(propagula) cylindrical, like a broad V S. rigidula
1 Arms of propagula not cylindrical,
approximately triangular or club-like in
outline 2
2 Propagula club-like, top rounded or
thickened S. novaehollandiae
2 Propagula triangular, like a top; plant tufts
dense and nearly black S. tribuloides
30. 1 Plants with extensive matted rhizoidal systems
endophytic among utricles of Codium species;
spindle -shaped plurilocular structures near basal
portion of plants F. elachistaeformis
1 Plants with a small number of rhizoids;
endo/epiphytic on a wide variety of hosts; plurilocular
structures cylindrical, distributed throughout plants
below meristematic regions F. indica
Key to species of Feldmannia
31. 1 Intertidal, in rope-like strands, cells of filaments
isodiametric to twice as long as broad, hook-like or
short lateral branches present; plurilocular organs
about as long as broad
H.
breviarticulata
1 Subtidal, not rope-like, cells becoming larger than twice
their diameter, without hooklike lateral branches;
plurilocular organs cylindrical more than twice as long
as broad attached alternately or adaxially H. mitchelliae
Key to species of Hincksia