BRINJAL CULTIVATION , PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY OF BRINJAL Arvind Yadav
BRINJAL CULTIVATION , PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY OF BRINJAL .BRINJAL
Botanical name : Solanum melongena
Family : Solanaceae
Chromosome No. : 2n = 24
Origin : India
Common name : Eggplant, Aubergine.
Economic importance and uses :-
It is an annual crop cultivated all over India.
The fruits are available practically throughout the year.
Brinjal fruits are a good source of calcium, phosphorus, iron and vitamins particularly ‘B’ group.
Analysis of 100 g of edible fruit contains 91.5g of water, 6.4 g of Carbohydrates, 1.3g of Protein, 0.3g of fat and 0.5g of mineral matters.
Its green leaves are the main source of vitamin C (38-104.7mg/100g).
Economic importance and uses :-
It is an annual crop cultivated all over India.
The fruits are available practically throughout the year.
Brinjal fruits are a good source of calcium, phosphorus, iron and vitamins particularly ‘B’ group.
Analysis of 100 g of edible fruit contains 91.5g of water, 6.4 g of Carbohydrates, 1.3g of Protein, 0.3g of fat and 0.5g of mineral matters.
Its green leaves are the main source of vitamin C (38-104.7mg/100g).
Economic importance and uses :-
It is an annual crop cultivated all over India.
The fruits are available practically throughout the year.
Brinjal fruits are a good source of calcium, phosphorus, iron and vitamins particularly ‘B’ group.
Analysis of 100 g of edible fruit contains 91.5g of water, 6.4 g of Carbohydrates, 1.3g of Protein, 0.3g of fat and 0.5g of mineral matters.
Its green leaves are the main source of vitamin C (38-104.7mg/100g).
Disease and Insect Pest of Ber and their ManagementRamkumarrai3
Ber (Zizyphus Spp.) is a most important fruit and more nutritive value for the purpose of dryland fruit production. Its require heavy pruning during April- May .
This was presented by one of the group of students to our Asst. professors Mr. and Mrs. Poudel (Pathology) in 2017.
By B.Sc.Ag Paklihawa IAAS campus, Full phase 6th batch.
BRINJAL CULTIVATION , PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY OF BRINJAL Arvind Yadav
BRINJAL CULTIVATION , PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY OF BRINJAL .BRINJAL
Botanical name : Solanum melongena
Family : Solanaceae
Chromosome No. : 2n = 24
Origin : India
Common name : Eggplant, Aubergine.
Economic importance and uses :-
It is an annual crop cultivated all over India.
The fruits are available practically throughout the year.
Brinjal fruits are a good source of calcium, phosphorus, iron and vitamins particularly ‘B’ group.
Analysis of 100 g of edible fruit contains 91.5g of water, 6.4 g of Carbohydrates, 1.3g of Protein, 0.3g of fat and 0.5g of mineral matters.
Its green leaves are the main source of vitamin C (38-104.7mg/100g).
Economic importance and uses :-
It is an annual crop cultivated all over India.
The fruits are available practically throughout the year.
Brinjal fruits are a good source of calcium, phosphorus, iron and vitamins particularly ‘B’ group.
Analysis of 100 g of edible fruit contains 91.5g of water, 6.4 g of Carbohydrates, 1.3g of Protein, 0.3g of fat and 0.5g of mineral matters.
Its green leaves are the main source of vitamin C (38-104.7mg/100g).
Economic importance and uses :-
It is an annual crop cultivated all over India.
The fruits are available practically throughout the year.
Brinjal fruits are a good source of calcium, phosphorus, iron and vitamins particularly ‘B’ group.
Analysis of 100 g of edible fruit contains 91.5g of water, 6.4 g of Carbohydrates, 1.3g of Protein, 0.3g of fat and 0.5g of mineral matters.
Its green leaves are the main source of vitamin C (38-104.7mg/100g).
Disease and Insect Pest of Ber and their ManagementRamkumarrai3
Ber (Zizyphus Spp.) is a most important fruit and more nutritive value for the purpose of dryland fruit production. Its require heavy pruning during April- May .
This was presented by one of the group of students to our Asst. professors Mr. and Mrs. Poudel (Pathology) in 2017.
By B.Sc.Ag Paklihawa IAAS campus, Full phase 6th batch.
Wilt is a pernicious disease of guava in India.
In India the disease was first recorded near Allahabad in 1935 . The infection was reported 15 -30 %.
The disease is a serious threat to guava cultivation in U.P. In West Bengal it reduces the yield in affected orchard by 80% .
The disease is also prevalent in Haryana Rajasthan , A.P ,
Punjab and M.P.The exact cause of the disease is still not fully understood but the pathogens viz. Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. psidii (Prasad, Mehta & Lal), Rhizoctonia spp. (Taub.) and various pathogens are reported by different workers may be the incitant of the disease.
Survival and spread:
Through movement of plants containing sick soil in virgin areas.
Short distance spread is by water.
Root injury predisposes wilt disease.
It has forced uprooting of about 150 acre of guava orchard in Panjab and 300 acres in Haryana during 1971-81.
BITTERGOURD CULTIVATION , PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY OF BITTER GOURDArvind Yadav
BITTER GOURD
Scientific name : Momordica charantia L.
Family : Cucurbitaceae
Chromosome number :2n=22
Origin : Tropical Asia (Eastern India and
Southern China)
Common names : Balsam pear, Bitter cucumber
Varieties:-
Pusa Do Mausmi
Pusa Vishesh
CO 1
MDU 1
COBgoH-1
VK 1 Priya
Priyanka(Sel.1010)
Arka Harit
Harkani
Phule Green
Tuberose - introduction and uses – varieties - soil and climate and planting systems - weed, nutrition and irrigation management – special horticultural practices - role of growth regulators- harvest index and yield
Practical on Weed Identification of Kharif Crops by Dr.G.S.TomarDrgajendrasinghtomar
Procedure for identification of Common Weeds occurs in kharif season. Common name, growth habit and habitat of weed occurrence is given for the benefit of students and faculties of Agriculture. Presented by Dr.G.S.Tomar, Professor (Agronomy), IGAU, Raipur.
Wilt is a pernicious disease of guava in India.
In India the disease was first recorded near Allahabad in 1935 . The infection was reported 15 -30 %.
The disease is a serious threat to guava cultivation in U.P. In West Bengal it reduces the yield in affected orchard by 80% .
The disease is also prevalent in Haryana Rajasthan , A.P ,
Punjab and M.P.The exact cause of the disease is still not fully understood but the pathogens viz. Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. psidii (Prasad, Mehta & Lal), Rhizoctonia spp. (Taub.) and various pathogens are reported by different workers may be the incitant of the disease.
Survival and spread:
Through movement of plants containing sick soil in virgin areas.
Short distance spread is by water.
Root injury predisposes wilt disease.
It has forced uprooting of about 150 acre of guava orchard in Panjab and 300 acres in Haryana during 1971-81.
BITTERGOURD CULTIVATION , PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY OF BITTER GOURDArvind Yadav
BITTER GOURD
Scientific name : Momordica charantia L.
Family : Cucurbitaceae
Chromosome number :2n=22
Origin : Tropical Asia (Eastern India and
Southern China)
Common names : Balsam pear, Bitter cucumber
Varieties:-
Pusa Do Mausmi
Pusa Vishesh
CO 1
MDU 1
COBgoH-1
VK 1 Priya
Priyanka(Sel.1010)
Arka Harit
Harkani
Phule Green
Tuberose - introduction and uses – varieties - soil and climate and planting systems - weed, nutrition and irrigation management – special horticultural practices - role of growth regulators- harvest index and yield
Practical on Weed Identification of Kharif Crops by Dr.G.S.TomarDrgajendrasinghtomar
Procedure for identification of Common Weeds occurs in kharif season. Common name, growth habit and habitat of weed occurrence is given for the benefit of students and faculties of Agriculture. Presented by Dr.G.S.Tomar, Professor (Agronomy), IGAU, Raipur.
Grass and legumes increase the aggregation of soil particles, improvement soil structure and water holding capacity of the soil. Grasses give quicker protection to eroded lands.To established gully sides, water-ways, gully heads and check dams, grass is perhaps the most effective and economical tool. It can be put to various uses in soil conservation, viz; Strip cropping, rotational cropping or lay farming. Stabilization of bunds and terraces. Stabilization of gullies, diversion or drainage channels. Stabilization of sand dunes. Meadows and pastures on steep slops. Fertility builder for eroded soil.
What is a weed? Here is a photo guide to help identify the top 30+ most frequently found weeds in schoolyard gardens, and some thoughts on best management practices.
Answer and describe the following five plants habit, habitat, life .pdfarihantpatna
Answer and describe the following five plants: habit, habitat, life span, throns, spines or prickles,
infloresences, leaves (complexity, attachment to stem, arrangement, blade shape, margin, apex,
base, venation and trichomes). Other interesting facts.
1. Isomeris arboea (Bladderpod) - Drought tolerant plant
2. Sinningia macrostachya
3. Ceropegia dichotoma
4. Lilium longiflorum
5. Peperomia verticiliata
Solution
I. Isomeris arboea
Also known as Bladderpod, Burrofat and California cleome.This plant is a fast-growing
evergreen dicot shrub from the family Capparaceae. It is a dense shrub with profuse branching
and small hairs/trichomes. It normally grows in well-draining rocky areas with good exposure to
sunlight. It is found in Southern Sierra Nevada Foothills, Tehachapi Mountain area, San Joaquin
Valley,Central Coast, South Coast, Channel Islands, Deserts, and Baja,CA
Habitat - Coastal bluffs, hills, desert washes, flats below 3,900\'
Height by Width: 3-4\' H x 4\' W
Stems - profusely branched; glabrate or puberulent (bark corky, twigs smooth)
inflorescence: The plant produces abundant inflorescences at the ends of the stem branches, each
a cluster of bright yellow flowers. Each flower has usually four petals and six whiskery
protruding stamens with curling tips holding the anthers. The fruit is an inflated capsule about 4
centimeters long and usually oval in shape. It is smooth and green when new, aging to light
brown. Fruits when dry, resemble a paper lantern that rattles (the seeds inside the dried fruit
rattle around). The flowers are dense terminal racemes. The calyx is four-cleft and the sepals are
fused in the basal half. It has four petals ½” long, 6 yellow stamens that are long and a pistil with
a short style. Sepals persistent, connate ca. 1/2 of length, green, lanceolate, 4–7 × 2.2–4 mm,
margins entire, glabrous; petals yellow, ovate-elliptic, 8–14 × 4.2–5 mm, (apex acute); stamens
yellow, 15–25 mm; anthers 2–2.5 mm; gynophore (reflexed), 10–20 mm in fruit; ovary 3–6 mm
(often aborting in bud); style 0.9–1.2 mm. Capsules (tardily dehiscent), usually inflated ,(valves
sometimes 3), 20–30 × 6–12 mm, smooth. Seeds 5–25, dark brown, obovoid, 6–7 × 5–6 mm,
smooth.
Leaves: Its leaves are made up of three equal leaflike leaflets, each a long, pointed oval 1-4 cm
long. The leaves are alternate, entire, petiolate and trifoliate with leaflets that are oblong-elliptic
with small pointed tips. petiole 1–3 cm; leaflets 3, blade oblong-elliptic, 1.5–4.5 × 0.4–1.3 cm,
margins serrate, apex acuminate to obtuse, surfaces glaucous. Racemes 1–3 cm (6–40 cm in
fruit); bracts unifoliate, obovate to spatulate, 2–15 mm. Pedicels 7–15 mm (thickened in fruit).
extra information:
II. Sinningia macrostachya
Family: Gesneriaceae
Popular names – leather leaf, Gloxinia
Sinningia macrostachya has a perennial stem base, very stiff leaves, and numerous small orange
flowers. Its fleshy stems are joined to the woody trunk. Each year, the woody part of the stems
exten.
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
2. Bindweed
Description:
Summer growing, deep rooted
perennial with creeping roots.
Slender twining stems with
runners up to 1m long. Arrow
shaped leaves on slender stalks
rising from runners. Flowers are
pink or white, trumpet-like.
Problem
Competes for moisture and
nutrients in crops pastures and
gardens.
Grows rapidly over cereal crops
making harvest difficult.
3. Caltrop Description:
A prostrate, hairy summer annual.
The stems are thin, wiry, up to 1
metre long from a central taproot.
The leaves are in opposite pairs,
divided into 4-7 pairs of leaflets.
Flowers have 5 yellow petals. The
fruit is a cluster of 5 burrs, straw
coloured when ripe. Each burr is
wedge shaped, 6-9mm long with 2
long sharp spines and 2 shorter
ones.
Problem:
- Burrs injure feet of humans and
stock, cause internal injuries if
swallowed, damage tyres,
contribute to vegetable fault in
wool.
- Spreads readily in urban and
horticultural situations.
- Unpalatable. If grazed by sheep
can cause nitrite poisoning and
photo-sensitisation.
4. Mintweed
Description
an annual grey, green herb
with 4-sided stems. Leaves
narrow oblong with blunt tip.
Produces a strong minty
odour when crushed.
Flowers pale blue, tubular, in
opposite pairs or groups of 3
or 4.
Problems
- a weed of roadsides, crops
and pastures
- caused nitrate poisoning in
sheep and cattle
5. Pigweed
Description
a succulent prostrate annual with
stems often reddish brown.
Leaves shiny, oblong to wedge
shaped 1-2 cm long. Flowers in
leaf axis, yellow, solitary or
clustered.
Problem
- common weed of cultivation in
high rainfall areas
- Suspected of causing nitrate
and oxalate poisoning
6. Bathurst Burr
Description:
An erect, summer growing annual. The
stems are branched and straw coloured.
It has leaves that are dark green with
white or pale green veins; three lance-like
lobes with the centre lobe longer. The
flowers are minute and in the joint of the
stem and leaves. The burrs are ovoid,
about 1cm long, covered with hooked
prickles; contains two seeds (one may be
dormant for years). Stems have many
groups of 3-pronged, stiff yellowish
spines at base of each leaf or branch
Problem:
- Burrs contaminate wool.
- Spines are obnoxious.
9. Noogoora Burr
Description:
Summer annuals to 2 metres in height.
Leaves grape-vine like, hairy on both
sides. Deep tap root. Stems - dark
flecks/spots.
Flowers - inconspicuous, near stem tips
Burrs - 2 to 3cm long, covered by
hooked spines, beaked
Problem:
- Seedlings poisonous.
- Burrs irritate stock, downgrade wool.
- Burrs spread by stock, produce,
machinery.
- Burrs invade riverbanks, swamps,
flooded areas.
- Noogoora burr capable of spreading
in dry areas.
10. Galvanised Burr
Description:
One of the native copperburrs or
bassias, forming a densely
branched shrub to 1m high. Stems
numerous wiry, tangled, densely
wooly with fine white hairs.
Leaves oval, blunt, greyish, woolly
with fine hairs. Burrs woolly,
persistent along the branches,
each bearing three spines 8 to
15mm long and two very short
spines.
Problem:
- Unpalatable to sheep.
- Burrs can cause vegetable fault
in wool.
- Reduces the value of pastures.
11. Variegated thistle
Description:
Annual plant 1-4m high. Leaves
shiny, large, deeply cut, light to
dark green. White vein network
gives variegated appearance.
Tipped with strong spines.
Flowers large, purple, to 120mm
diameter. Seeds numerous, with
large pappus (parachute)
Problem
- Smothers pastures.
- Can be poisonous to livestock.
13. Sowthistle
Description
an erect annual herb with
hollow stems, exuding latex
if damaged. Thin, soft dark
green leaves with
irregularly-toothed margins,
ending in small soft spines.
Flower heads yellow.
Problems
widespread throughout
Australia
15. Prickly Pear Description:
A succulent perennial up to 7 metres. The
stems are fleshy, jointed into pads, generally
flat, some cylindrical. (Stems contain
chlorophyll and act as leaves.) The leaves are
mostly reduced to spines surrounded by fine
hairs in clumps on the pad surface. It has
large, brightly coloured flowers on the pad
margins. The fruit is usually fleshy, edible,
ruby red to yellow.
Problem:
- Propagates by seed or pads in contact with the
ground.
- Survives and spreads under arid conditions.
- Obnoxious spines.
- Forms dense thickets to the exclusion of
livestock and desirable species.
- When eaten by livestock, fine bristles may
cause severe irritations in the animal's
mouth.
16. Mother-of-millions
Description
A smooth, succulent,
erect perennial herb with
pinkish to grey stems.
Leaves almost cylindrical
with purple markings and
a slight groove in the
upper surface. Flowers
yellow to salmon red,
occurring in clusters at
end of stems.
Problem
Its toxic and has caused
cattle deaths.
Apparently toxic to humans
17. Blackberry
Description:
Scrambling, thorny perennial
bushes. Compound leaves of 3-5
oval leaflets. Sharp, curved
spines on lower surface veins.
Flowers white/pink with 5
petals. Fruit is black. Spread by
suckers, layered stems and seeds
Problem:
- Invades agricultural land and
native vegetation.
- Hinders access.
- Harbours vermin.
19. St Johns Wort
Description
a hairless, rhizomatous
perennial herb or small shrub.
Leaves have oil glands which
appear to be preformations
when held up to the light.
Stems reddish bearing near the
top yellow flowers with 5
petals.
Problems
Weed of pastures. It can cause
photosensitisation in stock as
well as nervous disorders and,
in humans, contact dermatitis.
20. Nutgrass
Description
a perennial sedge with unjointed
stems triangular in cross-section.
Bright green leaves emerge at
ground level, tapering to a point.
Underground purple, spherical
tubers are found on rhizomes.
‘Nuts’ give rise to new shoots
and new rhizomes.
Problem
- weed in more than 90 countries
- Weed of cultivation, vineyards,
lawns, orchards and market
gardens
22. Serrated tussock
Description:
a densely-tussocky perennial grass.
Leaves tighly rolled, rough to
touch. In winter the species has a
characteristic yellow colour.
Problem:
Has no grazing value to sheep and is
a major problem of grazing land
24. Salvinia
Description:
Free floating aquatic fern.
Leaves are oval. As the
leaves multiply they become
closely folded, giving the
plant a characteristic
appearance. Upper surface
of leaves covered with white
waxy hairs. Has no true
roots. Fine leaves that look
like roots hang into the
water and absorb nutrients.
Problem:
- Capable of reproducing very
quickly.
- Blocks lakes, dams, drains and
irrigation channels.
- Decaying debris pollutes
water.
25. Patterson’s Curse
Description
Annual herb. Hairy, dark
green, broadly oval rosette
leaves to 30cm long; the
several seeding stems grow
to 120cm in height and
develop branches with age.
Flowers develop in clusters;
they are purple, tubular, and
2-3 cm long with 5 petals. It
has a fleshy taproot with
smaller laterals.
27. Thornapple or castor oil
Description: Annual to perennial herb to 1 m
high and 2 m wide. Leaves ovate and 6–20 cm
long. Capsule globe-shaped, 3–5 cm long.
Distinguishing features: Distinguished by
dense, erect glandular hairs on stems; flowers
white with green veins, 12–19 cm long, stigma
well above anthers; capsule with numerous
slender spines, all nearly the same length (to 1
cm long), capsule stalk bent sharply
downwards; seeds brown, 4–5 mm long.
Notes: Widely distributed weed of disturbed
land. A weed of summer crops. All parts of
the plant, particularly seeds, are toxic to
livestock and humans. Rank smell and bitter
taste usually deters stock from grazing plants.
28. Bladder Ketmia
Wide leaf bladder ketmia is an erect
annual plant, five to 150 cm tall with
waxy, green leaves that are around
90 to 100 mm long and 70 to 80
mm wide. There are two types of
wide leaf bladder ketmia. Both have
cream or yellow petalled hibiscus-
like flowers, but are differentiated by
the colour found at the centre of the
flower.
One type of wide leaf bladder
ketmia has flowers with a yellow
centre
The other type of wide leaf bladder
ketmia has flowers with
crimson/red centres
30. Cobblers Pegs or farmers friend
Description:
Native to Europe, Cobblers
Peg is a herb up to 2m high.
Mainly seen shorter in
coastal areas. Found in
disturbed areas exposed to
full sun..
Yellow sometimes white
flowers, flowering all year.
Black seeds 1cm long with
forked tip.
31. Khaki weed
Description:
A prostrate, creeping herb. The stems
are branched, reddish purple, and
covered with short soft hairs. The tap
root is enlarged and perennial. It has
green leaves up to 5 cm long, oval
shaped, pointed tips, in unequal
opposite pairs. The flowers are in axils
of leaves and are surrounded by fine
sharply pointed burrs. The burrs are
straw-coloured and prickly.
Problem:
- Suspected poisoning in sheep and pigs,
skin ailments in cattle.
- Obnoxious burrs in horticultural and
urban areas over summer.
- Burrs infest wool, fodder.
- Plants spread by creeping stems.
- Seed prolific and viable for years.
32. Parthenium weed
Description:
An annual herb with a deep tap
root and an erect stem, which
becomes woody with age. Leaves
are deeply lobed, alternate, pale
green, covered with soft fine hair.
Flowers are creamy white.
Problem:
- Can establish in over-grazed
pastures.
- Can cause dermatitis to man.
- Direct contact between skin and
plant should be avoided.
- Allergic skin reactions in livestock
have been reported.