Rhapis excelsa, commonly known as the lady palm or bamboo palm, is a species of fan palm native to southern China and Taiwan. It is widely cultivated as an ornamental plant. The document provides details on the description, distribution, morphology, physiology, uses in landscaping, and cultivation of R. excelsa. It notes that R. excelsa grows in clusters up to 4 meters tall, with glossy divided leaves and small white flowers. It is suitable for indoor and outdoor use due to its tolerance of low light and humidity. The document discusses the palm's morphology, physiology, uses in landscaping, and methods of propagation.
This document discusses breeding methods used for cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp.), including selection, mass selection, pure line selection, hybridization through intervarietal and interspecific crosses, pedigree selection, bulk population method, single seed descent method, and mutation breeding. Selection involves identifying genotypes with desirable traits, while mass selection develops homogenous but heterogeneous varieties from mixed populations. Pure line selection isolates pure lines. Hybridization combines traits between parents. Pedigree selection tracks ancestry of selected plants. Bulk population grows segregating populations in bulk with optional selection. Single seed descent uses a single seed per plant between generations. Mutation breeding induces variation for crop improvement.
Advances in flower regulation and fruiting management of vegetables in protec...Basavaraj Panjagal
This document discusses advances in regulating flowering and fruit production of vegetable crops under protected cultivation. It provides information on ideal temperature, light, nutrient, and pollination conditions for crops like tomato, pepper, cucumber, and melon to optimize flowering and fruit set. It also discusses training techniques, pruning, thinning, and the use of plant growth regulators to control flowering and increase yields of these crops under protected structures. Several studies investigating the effects of temperature, light quality, pollination methods, and plant growth regulators on crop flowering and production are summarized.
This document provides an introduction to peanuts, including their origin, uses, nutritional value, and production levels in key countries like India, China, and the US. It then discusses peanut botany, environmental requirements, varieties adapted to Guyana, and cultivation practices for peanuts in Guyana, including land preparation, liming, planting timing and techniques, and inoculation. Key details covered include the plant's herbaceous nature and underground fruit development, as well as soil, moisture, climate, and varietal characteristics suitable for Guyana's conditions.
Jasmine is cultivated commercially for its flowers, which are used to produce garlands, perfume oils, and tea flavoring. Three main species are grown: Jasminum grandiflorum (Spanish jasmine), J. sambac (Arabian jasmine), and J. auriculatum. They are propagated from cuttings and grown at specific spacing. Pests include budworms and mites. Diseases include leaf blight and wilt. Flowers are harvested in the morning when buds are unopened. Spanish jasmine flowers are used to produce a fragrant concrete by soaking in hexane to absorb the perfume, then evaporating the solvent.
This chapter introduces vegetable seed production and its importance. Vegetables provide essential nutrition and are cultivated worldwide in a diverse range of systems, from subsistence to commercial. They are classified in different ways, most usefully by their botanical taxonomy, which indicates cultural requirements. The seed industry plays a key role in high-quality seed supply, though on-farm seed saving remains important in some areas. Vegetables are vital for nutrition, health, agriculture and livelihoods globally.
This document provides information about bitter gourd and bottle gourd. It discusses the botany, origin, domestication, breeding, and improved varieties of bitter gourd. It describes that bitter gourd is widely cultivated in many countries for its nutrient-rich immature fruits. The document also summarizes key details about the botany and origin of bottle gourd from Africa and Asia. It mentions that bottle gourd is a monoecious vine grown for its tender fruits and used to make sweets.
This document provides information on cucumber and gherkin. It discusses their origin, domestication, importance, taxonomy, cultivation in Haryana, plant description, floral biology, pollination, sex expression and genetics. It also covers breeding objectives, methods, types of cucumbers, selection of varieties, and important varieties including those with carotenoids and those suitable for Haryana. Cultural practices like time of sowing, manures, and disease/pest management are also summarized.
Common buckwheat originated in central and western China and was brought to Europe in the Middle Ages. It is cultivated for its grain-like seeds which are rich in carbohydrates, protein, and minerals. Major producers include Russia, China, and the US. Buckwheat thrives in cool, moist climates and grows best in light, medium-textured soils. It has a short growing period and is susceptible to lodging in heavy rain or wind. The plant's triangular seeds, which resemble beech nuts, give it its name.
This document discusses breeding methods used for cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp.), including selection, mass selection, pure line selection, hybridization through intervarietal and interspecific crosses, pedigree selection, bulk population method, single seed descent method, and mutation breeding. Selection involves identifying genotypes with desirable traits, while mass selection develops homogenous but heterogeneous varieties from mixed populations. Pure line selection isolates pure lines. Hybridization combines traits between parents. Pedigree selection tracks ancestry of selected plants. Bulk population grows segregating populations in bulk with optional selection. Single seed descent uses a single seed per plant between generations. Mutation breeding induces variation for crop improvement.
Advances in flower regulation and fruiting management of vegetables in protec...Basavaraj Panjagal
This document discusses advances in regulating flowering and fruit production of vegetable crops under protected cultivation. It provides information on ideal temperature, light, nutrient, and pollination conditions for crops like tomato, pepper, cucumber, and melon to optimize flowering and fruit set. It also discusses training techniques, pruning, thinning, and the use of plant growth regulators to control flowering and increase yields of these crops under protected structures. Several studies investigating the effects of temperature, light quality, pollination methods, and plant growth regulators on crop flowering and production are summarized.
This document provides an introduction to peanuts, including their origin, uses, nutritional value, and production levels in key countries like India, China, and the US. It then discusses peanut botany, environmental requirements, varieties adapted to Guyana, and cultivation practices for peanuts in Guyana, including land preparation, liming, planting timing and techniques, and inoculation. Key details covered include the plant's herbaceous nature and underground fruit development, as well as soil, moisture, climate, and varietal characteristics suitable for Guyana's conditions.
Jasmine is cultivated commercially for its flowers, which are used to produce garlands, perfume oils, and tea flavoring. Three main species are grown: Jasminum grandiflorum (Spanish jasmine), J. sambac (Arabian jasmine), and J. auriculatum. They are propagated from cuttings and grown at specific spacing. Pests include budworms and mites. Diseases include leaf blight and wilt. Flowers are harvested in the morning when buds are unopened. Spanish jasmine flowers are used to produce a fragrant concrete by soaking in hexane to absorb the perfume, then evaporating the solvent.
This chapter introduces vegetable seed production and its importance. Vegetables provide essential nutrition and are cultivated worldwide in a diverse range of systems, from subsistence to commercial. They are classified in different ways, most usefully by their botanical taxonomy, which indicates cultural requirements. The seed industry plays a key role in high-quality seed supply, though on-farm seed saving remains important in some areas. Vegetables are vital for nutrition, health, agriculture and livelihoods globally.
This document provides information about bitter gourd and bottle gourd. It discusses the botany, origin, domestication, breeding, and improved varieties of bitter gourd. It describes that bitter gourd is widely cultivated in many countries for its nutrient-rich immature fruits. The document also summarizes key details about the botany and origin of bottle gourd from Africa and Asia. It mentions that bottle gourd is a monoecious vine grown for its tender fruits and used to make sweets.
This document provides information on cucumber and gherkin. It discusses their origin, domestication, importance, taxonomy, cultivation in Haryana, plant description, floral biology, pollination, sex expression and genetics. It also covers breeding objectives, methods, types of cucumbers, selection of varieties, and important varieties including those with carotenoids and those suitable for Haryana. Cultural practices like time of sowing, manures, and disease/pest management are also summarized.
Common buckwheat originated in central and western China and was brought to Europe in the Middle Ages. It is cultivated for its grain-like seeds which are rich in carbohydrates, protein, and minerals. Major producers include Russia, China, and the US. Buckwheat thrives in cool, moist climates and grows best in light, medium-textured soils. It has a short growing period and is susceptible to lodging in heavy rain or wind. The plant's triangular seeds, which resemble beech nuts, give it its name.
Center of Origin, Diversity in horticultural crops, Ishita Dey
This presentation summarizes Nikola Vavilov's theory of centers of origin for crop plants from 1926. It identifies 8 main centers: China, India, Central Asia, Asia Minor, Mediterranean, Abyssinia, Central America, and South America, as well as 3 subsidiary centers. The presentation then provides examples of key crops originating from each center. It also discusses primary, secondary, and micro centers of origin. Finally, it outlines 8 key gene centers within India and lists some prominent crops originating from each center, including the Western and Eastern Himalayas, North-Eastern Region, Gangetic Plains, Indus Plains, Eastern and Western Peninsular Regions, and Island Regions.
A tree is a perennial plant with an elongated stem, or trunk, supporting branches and leaves in most specie, they give a mass effect and beautiful look to the localities.
The cultivation of tree is called arboriculture.
The place where trees are grown either for landscaping or for scientific study is known as arboretum
The document summarizes three plant breeding methods: bulk method, pedigree method, and line breeding.
The bulk method involves growing generations of plants in bulk and delaying selection until later generations, allowing natural selection to influence the population. The pedigree method involves maintaining detailed records on individual plants and their progeny over multiple generations to develop pure lines. Line breeding uses male sterile lines to facilitate hybrid seed production, including one-line approaches using apomixis, two-line approaches using genetic or cytoplasmic male sterility, and three-line approaches using cytoplasmic genetic male sterility.
Ber (Zizyphus mauritiana) is a hardy fruit commonly known as the poor man's fruit that is cultivated throughout India. It is high in vitamins and minerals. There are many varieties of ber that differ in maturation time, productivity, and suitability to various climates. Ber is propagated through seed sowing or vegetative methods like budding. It grows best in tropical and subtropical areas and a wide variety of soils.
Weeds can propagate and disperse through various means. They propagate sexually through seed production or asexually through vegetative structures like rhizomes, stolons, tubers, etc. Seeds and vegetative structures are then dispersed by different agents like wind, water, animals, man, and manure. This allows weeds to spread over long distances and colonize new habitats. Common dispersal mechanisms include seeds or fruits with feathers, pappus, wings, etc. that aid wind dispersal, barbs and hooks that catch on animal fur for transport, and mimicry of crop plants that results in accidental human dispersal during farming activities.
Fruit set, growth & developmental stages of various fruitsMANDEEP KAUR
Fruit set occurs after pollen fertilizes eggs in ovaries. Fertilized eggs form seeds which stimulate fruit growth. The final fruit form depends on contributing floral organs and their development. Many factors influence fruit set including temperature, moisture, chemicals, nutrients, tree factors, and pollination mechanisms. Proper management of these factors can help maximize fruit set and yields.
This document provides information on hybrid seed production techniques for cucurbits. It discusses the floral biology of cucurbits, which are mostly monoecious with male and female flowers on the same plant. It describes the process of hybrid seed production, which involves bagging male and female flowers separately, rubbing pollen from the male parent onto the stigma of the female parent, and rebagging to avoid contamination. It also discusses other techniques like using gynoecious lines in cucumber and chemical induction of sex forms. Key steps in hybrid seed production and processing like field inspection, rouging, harvesting, and seed extraction methods are outlined.
Roses are one of the most popular flowers in the world. They originated in the Northern Hemisphere and come in many varieties. The document discusses the taxonomy and origins of roses, the major types of roses including hybrid teas, floribundas, and climbers. It also outlines India's rose production areas and the top global producers. The cultivation requirements for growing roses in greenhouses or protected conditions are provided.
This document provides information on the dry flower industry in India. It discusses what dry flowers are, their uses, advantages over fresh flowers, and the production and export of dry flowers in India. Some key points:
- Dry flowers can last for years and are used for decorative items like bouquets and potpourri. India exports over 10,000 tons of dry flowers annually, mainly to the US, Europe, and Asia.
- The dry flower industry in India is valued at over $55 million and employs thousands. Major production areas are in Tamil Nadu, West Bengal, and Andhra Pradesh.
- Air drying and desiccant drying using materials like silica gel are common methods used to
The document discusses ornamental bulbs and geophyte plants. It defines a geophyte as a plant that can survive unfavorable conditions by storing reserves in underground storage organs like bulbs, rhizomes, and tubers. There are three types of flowering patterns in geophytes: synanthous where leaves and flowers appear together, hysteranthous where leaves come after flowers, and proteranthous where flowers appear before leaves. The document also describes different types of bulbs including tunicate bulbs with fleshy scales, scaly bulbs without scales, and methods of propagating different bulb types through offsets, scaling, or bulblets.
Hybridization is a technique used in rice breeding to create genetically diverse varieties with desirable traits. The process involves crossing genetically dissimilar parents to produce hybrid offspring. Key steps include selecting female plants, emasculating unopened flowers to prevent self-pollination, collecting pollen from the desired male parent, and applying it to the emasculated female flowers. The hybridized seeds are then grown and evaluated to select varieties with increased yield, quality, disease resistance, and other targeted traits. Maintaining genetic diversity through hybridization techniques has been important for the health and productivity of rice crops globally.
This document provides information on growing summer vegetables. It discusses suitable climates and soil conditions for various crops like okra, tomato, and cucurbits. It provides details on variety selection, sowing times, seed rates, spacing, fertilizer requirements, pest and disease management, and expected yields for each vegetable. It also discusses multi-tier cropping systems using elephant foot yam and technologies like nursery management, polyhouse cultivation, and fertigation that can increase vegetable yields.
Floral Biology and Seed Production of Green gramMahendra Reddy
This document provides information on the floral biology and seed production of greengram. It discusses the plant's taxonomic classification, origin in India, nutritional value, uses, and botanical description. Key aspects of greengram's floral biology covered include its inflorescence, floral parts, self-pollination during the bud stage, and techniques for artificial hybridization. Objectives of greengram breeding and important varieties are also summarized. The document concludes with details on seed production, including ideal agro-climatic conditions, isolation requirements, and steps involved from land preparation to seed treatment.
Harvesting Indices and Harvesting Techniques of Cut FlowersKarthekaThirumugam1
Harvesting indices and harvesting techniques of cut flowers are dealt in this presentation. Commercial major greenhouse cut flowers, open- field cut flowers, specialty cut flowers and minor cut flowers are discussed with appropriate pictures.
The document provides information about citrus agronomy. It discusses the botanical details of citrus plants including their flowers, leaves, fruits, propagation through budding, and varieties such as oranges, grapefruits, and lemons. It also outlines best practices for establishing a citrus orchard including site selection, planting, irrigation, fertilization, pruning, pest control, and weed removal. The goal is to produce a canopy of sufficient size for economic fruit production through proper maintenance operations in the nursery and orchard.
"Crop Regualtion in Citrus; A special reference to acid lime"Obadiya Rai
The document discusses crop regulation techniques in acid lime cultivation. It provides data on export quantity and value of lime from India. It also shares information on acid lime cultivation in Vijaypur district of Karnataka, including seasonal price and arrival indices. The document examines the performance of various acid lime varieties for Hasta Bahar under Akola conditions, looking at growth, yield, quality and biochemical attributes. It evaluates cultivar performance based on plant growth, yield attributes, and fruit quality factors.
Pomegranate is native to Iran and India is the largest producer globally. The document discusses the taxonomy, distribution, varieties, cultivation practices and pest management of pomegranate. It provides details on important varieties like Ganesh, Alandi, Dholka; propagation through cuttings; cultural practices like irrigation, manuring, training; and management of pests like fruit borer and bark eating caterpillar.
Landscaping provides economic, health, environmental, and social benefits. Economically, landscaping can increase property values by 14% and reduce heating/cooling costs by 20%. Health benefits include reducing stress and providing exercise by gardening. Environmentally, landscaping reduces flooding, erosion, and pollution while improving air and water quality. Socially, landscaping creates attractive, livable communities and spaces for entertainment. Employment opportunities in landscaping are wide-ranging from gardeners and landscapers to consultants, designers, and government roles in planning and conservation.
Answer and describe the following five plants habit, habitat, life .pdfarihantpatna
Answer and describe the following five plants: habit, habitat, life span, throns, spines or prickles,
infloresences, leaves (complexity, attachment to stem, arrangement, blade shape, margin, apex,
base, venation and trichomes). Other interesting facts.
1. Isomeris arboea (Bladderpod) - Drought tolerant plant
2. Sinningia macrostachya
3. Ceropegia dichotoma
4. Lilium longiflorum
5. Peperomia verticiliata
Solution
I. Isomeris arboea
Also known as Bladderpod, Burrofat and California cleome.This plant is a fast-growing
evergreen dicot shrub from the family Capparaceae. It is a dense shrub with profuse branching
and small hairs/trichomes. It normally grows in well-draining rocky areas with good exposure to
sunlight. It is found in Southern Sierra Nevada Foothills, Tehachapi Mountain area, San Joaquin
Valley,Central Coast, South Coast, Channel Islands, Deserts, and Baja,CA
Habitat - Coastal bluffs, hills, desert washes, flats below 3,900\'
Height by Width: 3-4\' H x 4\' W
Stems - profusely branched; glabrate or puberulent (bark corky, twigs smooth)
inflorescence: The plant produces abundant inflorescences at the ends of the stem branches, each
a cluster of bright yellow flowers. Each flower has usually four petals and six whiskery
protruding stamens with curling tips holding the anthers. The fruit is an inflated capsule about 4
centimeters long and usually oval in shape. It is smooth and green when new, aging to light
brown. Fruits when dry, resemble a paper lantern that rattles (the seeds inside the dried fruit
rattle around). The flowers are dense terminal racemes. The calyx is four-cleft and the sepals are
fused in the basal half. It has four petals ½” long, 6 yellow stamens that are long and a pistil with
a short style. Sepals persistent, connate ca. 1/2 of length, green, lanceolate, 4–7 × 2.2–4 mm,
margins entire, glabrous; petals yellow, ovate-elliptic, 8–14 × 4.2–5 mm, (apex acute); stamens
yellow, 15–25 mm; anthers 2–2.5 mm; gynophore (reflexed), 10–20 mm in fruit; ovary 3–6 mm
(often aborting in bud); style 0.9–1.2 mm. Capsules (tardily dehiscent), usually inflated ,(valves
sometimes 3), 20–30 × 6–12 mm, smooth. Seeds 5–25, dark brown, obovoid, 6–7 × 5–6 mm,
smooth.
Leaves: Its leaves are made up of three equal leaflike leaflets, each a long, pointed oval 1-4 cm
long. The leaves are alternate, entire, petiolate and trifoliate with leaflets that are oblong-elliptic
with small pointed tips. petiole 1–3 cm; leaflets 3, blade oblong-elliptic, 1.5–4.5 × 0.4–1.3 cm,
margins serrate, apex acuminate to obtuse, surfaces glaucous. Racemes 1–3 cm (6–40 cm in
fruit); bracts unifoliate, obovate to spatulate, 2–15 mm. Pedicels 7–15 mm (thickened in fruit).
extra information:
II. Sinningia macrostachya
Family: Gesneriaceae
Popular names – leather leaf, Gloxinia
Sinningia macrostachya has a perennial stem base, very stiff leaves, and numerous small orange
flowers. Its fleshy stems are joined to the woody trunk. Each year, the woody part of the stems
exten.
The document provides descriptions of several plant species, including their key characteristics, such as native regions, size, leaf shape and color, flower features, and fruit/seed details. Some plant uses are also mentioned. The plants described include trees, shrubs, vines, and groundcovers commonly used in landscaping and horticulture.
Center of Origin, Diversity in horticultural crops, Ishita Dey
This presentation summarizes Nikola Vavilov's theory of centers of origin for crop plants from 1926. It identifies 8 main centers: China, India, Central Asia, Asia Minor, Mediterranean, Abyssinia, Central America, and South America, as well as 3 subsidiary centers. The presentation then provides examples of key crops originating from each center. It also discusses primary, secondary, and micro centers of origin. Finally, it outlines 8 key gene centers within India and lists some prominent crops originating from each center, including the Western and Eastern Himalayas, North-Eastern Region, Gangetic Plains, Indus Plains, Eastern and Western Peninsular Regions, and Island Regions.
A tree is a perennial plant with an elongated stem, or trunk, supporting branches and leaves in most specie, they give a mass effect and beautiful look to the localities.
The cultivation of tree is called arboriculture.
The place where trees are grown either for landscaping or for scientific study is known as arboretum
The document summarizes three plant breeding methods: bulk method, pedigree method, and line breeding.
The bulk method involves growing generations of plants in bulk and delaying selection until later generations, allowing natural selection to influence the population. The pedigree method involves maintaining detailed records on individual plants and their progeny over multiple generations to develop pure lines. Line breeding uses male sterile lines to facilitate hybrid seed production, including one-line approaches using apomixis, two-line approaches using genetic or cytoplasmic male sterility, and three-line approaches using cytoplasmic genetic male sterility.
Ber (Zizyphus mauritiana) is a hardy fruit commonly known as the poor man's fruit that is cultivated throughout India. It is high in vitamins and minerals. There are many varieties of ber that differ in maturation time, productivity, and suitability to various climates. Ber is propagated through seed sowing or vegetative methods like budding. It grows best in tropical and subtropical areas and a wide variety of soils.
Weeds can propagate and disperse through various means. They propagate sexually through seed production or asexually through vegetative structures like rhizomes, stolons, tubers, etc. Seeds and vegetative structures are then dispersed by different agents like wind, water, animals, man, and manure. This allows weeds to spread over long distances and colonize new habitats. Common dispersal mechanisms include seeds or fruits with feathers, pappus, wings, etc. that aid wind dispersal, barbs and hooks that catch on animal fur for transport, and mimicry of crop plants that results in accidental human dispersal during farming activities.
Fruit set, growth & developmental stages of various fruitsMANDEEP KAUR
Fruit set occurs after pollen fertilizes eggs in ovaries. Fertilized eggs form seeds which stimulate fruit growth. The final fruit form depends on contributing floral organs and their development. Many factors influence fruit set including temperature, moisture, chemicals, nutrients, tree factors, and pollination mechanisms. Proper management of these factors can help maximize fruit set and yields.
This document provides information on hybrid seed production techniques for cucurbits. It discusses the floral biology of cucurbits, which are mostly monoecious with male and female flowers on the same plant. It describes the process of hybrid seed production, which involves bagging male and female flowers separately, rubbing pollen from the male parent onto the stigma of the female parent, and rebagging to avoid contamination. It also discusses other techniques like using gynoecious lines in cucumber and chemical induction of sex forms. Key steps in hybrid seed production and processing like field inspection, rouging, harvesting, and seed extraction methods are outlined.
Roses are one of the most popular flowers in the world. They originated in the Northern Hemisphere and come in many varieties. The document discusses the taxonomy and origins of roses, the major types of roses including hybrid teas, floribundas, and climbers. It also outlines India's rose production areas and the top global producers. The cultivation requirements for growing roses in greenhouses or protected conditions are provided.
This document provides information on the dry flower industry in India. It discusses what dry flowers are, their uses, advantages over fresh flowers, and the production and export of dry flowers in India. Some key points:
- Dry flowers can last for years and are used for decorative items like bouquets and potpourri. India exports over 10,000 tons of dry flowers annually, mainly to the US, Europe, and Asia.
- The dry flower industry in India is valued at over $55 million and employs thousands. Major production areas are in Tamil Nadu, West Bengal, and Andhra Pradesh.
- Air drying and desiccant drying using materials like silica gel are common methods used to
The document discusses ornamental bulbs and geophyte plants. It defines a geophyte as a plant that can survive unfavorable conditions by storing reserves in underground storage organs like bulbs, rhizomes, and tubers. There are three types of flowering patterns in geophytes: synanthous where leaves and flowers appear together, hysteranthous where leaves come after flowers, and proteranthous where flowers appear before leaves. The document also describes different types of bulbs including tunicate bulbs with fleshy scales, scaly bulbs without scales, and methods of propagating different bulb types through offsets, scaling, or bulblets.
Hybridization is a technique used in rice breeding to create genetically diverse varieties with desirable traits. The process involves crossing genetically dissimilar parents to produce hybrid offspring. Key steps include selecting female plants, emasculating unopened flowers to prevent self-pollination, collecting pollen from the desired male parent, and applying it to the emasculated female flowers. The hybridized seeds are then grown and evaluated to select varieties with increased yield, quality, disease resistance, and other targeted traits. Maintaining genetic diversity through hybridization techniques has been important for the health and productivity of rice crops globally.
This document provides information on growing summer vegetables. It discusses suitable climates and soil conditions for various crops like okra, tomato, and cucurbits. It provides details on variety selection, sowing times, seed rates, spacing, fertilizer requirements, pest and disease management, and expected yields for each vegetable. It also discusses multi-tier cropping systems using elephant foot yam and technologies like nursery management, polyhouse cultivation, and fertigation that can increase vegetable yields.
Floral Biology and Seed Production of Green gramMahendra Reddy
This document provides information on the floral biology and seed production of greengram. It discusses the plant's taxonomic classification, origin in India, nutritional value, uses, and botanical description. Key aspects of greengram's floral biology covered include its inflorescence, floral parts, self-pollination during the bud stage, and techniques for artificial hybridization. Objectives of greengram breeding and important varieties are also summarized. The document concludes with details on seed production, including ideal agro-climatic conditions, isolation requirements, and steps involved from land preparation to seed treatment.
Harvesting Indices and Harvesting Techniques of Cut FlowersKarthekaThirumugam1
Harvesting indices and harvesting techniques of cut flowers are dealt in this presentation. Commercial major greenhouse cut flowers, open- field cut flowers, specialty cut flowers and minor cut flowers are discussed with appropriate pictures.
The document provides information about citrus agronomy. It discusses the botanical details of citrus plants including their flowers, leaves, fruits, propagation through budding, and varieties such as oranges, grapefruits, and lemons. It also outlines best practices for establishing a citrus orchard including site selection, planting, irrigation, fertilization, pruning, pest control, and weed removal. The goal is to produce a canopy of sufficient size for economic fruit production through proper maintenance operations in the nursery and orchard.
"Crop Regualtion in Citrus; A special reference to acid lime"Obadiya Rai
The document discusses crop regulation techniques in acid lime cultivation. It provides data on export quantity and value of lime from India. It also shares information on acid lime cultivation in Vijaypur district of Karnataka, including seasonal price and arrival indices. The document examines the performance of various acid lime varieties for Hasta Bahar under Akola conditions, looking at growth, yield, quality and biochemical attributes. It evaluates cultivar performance based on plant growth, yield attributes, and fruit quality factors.
Pomegranate is native to Iran and India is the largest producer globally. The document discusses the taxonomy, distribution, varieties, cultivation practices and pest management of pomegranate. It provides details on important varieties like Ganesh, Alandi, Dholka; propagation through cuttings; cultural practices like irrigation, manuring, training; and management of pests like fruit borer and bark eating caterpillar.
Landscaping provides economic, health, environmental, and social benefits. Economically, landscaping can increase property values by 14% and reduce heating/cooling costs by 20%. Health benefits include reducing stress and providing exercise by gardening. Environmentally, landscaping reduces flooding, erosion, and pollution while improving air and water quality. Socially, landscaping creates attractive, livable communities and spaces for entertainment. Employment opportunities in landscaping are wide-ranging from gardeners and landscapers to consultants, designers, and government roles in planning and conservation.
Answer and describe the following five plants habit, habitat, life .pdfarihantpatna
Answer and describe the following five plants: habit, habitat, life span, throns, spines or prickles,
infloresences, leaves (complexity, attachment to stem, arrangement, blade shape, margin, apex,
base, venation and trichomes). Other interesting facts.
1. Isomeris arboea (Bladderpod) - Drought tolerant plant
2. Sinningia macrostachya
3. Ceropegia dichotoma
4. Lilium longiflorum
5. Peperomia verticiliata
Solution
I. Isomeris arboea
Also known as Bladderpod, Burrofat and California cleome.This plant is a fast-growing
evergreen dicot shrub from the family Capparaceae. It is a dense shrub with profuse branching
and small hairs/trichomes. It normally grows in well-draining rocky areas with good exposure to
sunlight. It is found in Southern Sierra Nevada Foothills, Tehachapi Mountain area, San Joaquin
Valley,Central Coast, South Coast, Channel Islands, Deserts, and Baja,CA
Habitat - Coastal bluffs, hills, desert washes, flats below 3,900\'
Height by Width: 3-4\' H x 4\' W
Stems - profusely branched; glabrate or puberulent (bark corky, twigs smooth)
inflorescence: The plant produces abundant inflorescences at the ends of the stem branches, each
a cluster of bright yellow flowers. Each flower has usually four petals and six whiskery
protruding stamens with curling tips holding the anthers. The fruit is an inflated capsule about 4
centimeters long and usually oval in shape. It is smooth and green when new, aging to light
brown. Fruits when dry, resemble a paper lantern that rattles (the seeds inside the dried fruit
rattle around). The flowers are dense terminal racemes. The calyx is four-cleft and the sepals are
fused in the basal half. It has four petals ½” long, 6 yellow stamens that are long and a pistil with
a short style. Sepals persistent, connate ca. 1/2 of length, green, lanceolate, 4–7 × 2.2–4 mm,
margins entire, glabrous; petals yellow, ovate-elliptic, 8–14 × 4.2–5 mm, (apex acute); stamens
yellow, 15–25 mm; anthers 2–2.5 mm; gynophore (reflexed), 10–20 mm in fruit; ovary 3–6 mm
(often aborting in bud); style 0.9–1.2 mm. Capsules (tardily dehiscent), usually inflated ,(valves
sometimes 3), 20–30 × 6–12 mm, smooth. Seeds 5–25, dark brown, obovoid, 6–7 × 5–6 mm,
smooth.
Leaves: Its leaves are made up of three equal leaflike leaflets, each a long, pointed oval 1-4 cm
long. The leaves are alternate, entire, petiolate and trifoliate with leaflets that are oblong-elliptic
with small pointed tips. petiole 1–3 cm; leaflets 3, blade oblong-elliptic, 1.5–4.5 × 0.4–1.3 cm,
margins serrate, apex acuminate to obtuse, surfaces glaucous. Racemes 1–3 cm (6–40 cm in
fruit); bracts unifoliate, obovate to spatulate, 2–15 mm. Pedicels 7–15 mm (thickened in fruit).
extra information:
II. Sinningia macrostachya
Family: Gesneriaceae
Popular names – leather leaf, Gloxinia
Sinningia macrostachya has a perennial stem base, very stiff leaves, and numerous small orange
flowers. Its fleshy stems are joined to the woody trunk. Each year, the woody part of the stems
exten.
The document provides descriptions of several plant species, including their key characteristics, such as native regions, size, leaf shape and color, flower features, and fruit/seed details. Some plant uses are also mentioned. The plants described include trees, shrubs, vines, and groundcovers commonly used in landscaping and horticulture.
Sago palm, Ashok tree, Champa, Green-aloe, and Money plant are some common landscape plants.
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Palms rhapis excelsa
1. INTRODUCTION
Rhapis excelsa also known as Broadleaf Lady Palm is a species of fan palm (Arecaceae
subfamily Coryphoideae, tribe Corypheae) in the genus Rhapis, probably native to
southern China and Taiwan. It is not known in the wild; all known plants come from
cultivated groups in China. They were first collected by the Japanese for Tokugawa
shogunate palaces, then popularity spread to Europe, and later to America where its
low light and humidity requirements make it a common feature in malls and offices. The
genus name is Greek - rhapis, meaning "needle"; and the species name is Latin for "tall", an
ironic name choice as R. excelsa is not the tallest in the genus. Rhapis excelsa tree of choice
for grown as an ornamental landscape as it is rugged, easy to care for and slow growing.
Rhapis excelsa is tumbahan kind of family Arecaceae palm. This palm plant native to China
and is grown in almost all over the world as an ornamental tree. Rhapis excelsa known as
bamboo or bamboo palm palm. This palm tree is more like Palas, but smaller size and lower.
Tree height is about 4 meters and multiply by the fraction of clumps and seeds. Rhapis are
some of the easiest palms to grow, but each species has its own particular environment and
culture requirements. This makes Rhapis very versatile. Both 6″ and 8″ pots can be used as
table top and accent plants, while 10″ and up are free standing specimens. Wherever you may
live, Rhapis is one plant that will thrive in house or landscape. Location Lady palm is native
to warm forests of Southeast China. Many other species of Rhapis are found all over
Southeast Asia from southern China to Thailand. A related species, Rhapis humilis, is also a
popular landscape plant but is less often seen. Lady palm has been naturalized in shopping
mall and office lobby planters all over North America.
Culture Light: Grow in shade to part shade for best leaf color. Plants grown in direct sun tend
to fade to yellow green and tip burn in hot weather if not provided adequate
moisture. Moisture: Adaptable to most soils. Maintain adequate moisture for best appearance.
This palm can survive periods of drought once established. Hardiness: USDA Zones 9 - 11.
Can survive temperatures down to mid twenties without damage. Lower temperatures will
kill stems but plant may recover. Propagation: Propagate from seed or division of clumps.
Features: this is a romantic small palm that can be enjoyed indoors and out. It needs little care
and can survive brief periods of drought. It can tolerate harsh interior conditions and still look
fresh. Lady palm is available at most garden center stores and nurseries.
2. DESCRIPTION
The thin trunks of this delightful little fan palm can reach 10' in height to form sizable
clusters of foliage. These trunks are covered with interesting leaf scar patterns and are
wrapped with mats of brown fiber. Shiny green leaves are deeply divided into 1" strap-like
segments and are held erect on 12" to 18" stems. This plant has been grown as an ornamental
in China and Japan for centuries. They were brought to Europe in the 18th century but didn't
arrive on the American landscape scene until the early sixties (used to decorate modern
"ranch" houses and Japanese inspired interiors).
R. excelsa grows up to 4 m in height and 30 mm in diameter in multi-stemmed clumps with
glossy, palmate leaves divided into broad, ribbed segments. Leaf segments are single or few
in young plants and increase to a dozen or more in mature plants; the segments are divided to
the petiole, or nearly so. Leaf-ends are saw-toothed unlike most other palms, occurring on
slender petioles ranging from 20 to 60 cm in length. New foliage emerges from a fibrous
sheath which remains attached to the base. As the plants age, the sheaths fall, revealing the
bamboo-like trunks. This usually dioecious palm species produces a small inflorescence at
the top of the plant with spirally-arranged, fleshy flowers containing three petals fused at the
base. Ripe fruit are fleshy and white, though R. excelsa more readily propagates via
underground rhizome offshoots. Stems to 2.5 m tall, with sheaths 15–21 mm in diam.,
without sheaths 8–12 mm. Leaf sheath loosely sheathing the stem, usually with outer and
inner fibers of similar thickness, producing a squared mesh, some young sheaths with flatter,
coarser outer fibers and tomentum, ligule not remaining intact at maturity; petiole to 4 mm
wide, margin often smooth, rarely minutely scabrid, often bearing brown papillae; blade with
V-shaped or semi-circular outline, variable in size, often with a conspicuous palman,
segments (1)4–13, folds 11–25, to 375 mm long, broad, relatively straightsided, narrowing
slightly at base and apex, apices sometimes cucculate, usually truncate, with regular dentate
secondary splitting, primary splits to within 2.5–61 mm of the blade base, sometimes with
brown papillae at the base and along the ribs, sometimes scabrid along the adaxial ribs, thick
in texture, adaxial and abaxial surfaces similar in colour, often with a yellow tinge, adaxial
occasionally darker, transverse veinlets conspicuous. Inflorescence, male and female similar
in general appearance, branching to 2 or 3 orders; prophyll tubular, overlapping the base of
the first rachis bract, relatively thin in texture, reddish brown, sometimes darker at the base,
3. inner surface smooth, outer surface with tomentum often only at the distal end; rachis bracts 2
(–3), sometimes with a distal incomplete rachis bract, similar in appearance to prophyll rachis
overall length to 260 mm, 4–8 mm in diam., rachillae 7.5–110 mm long, 0.8–1.9 mm in
diam., usually glabrous, pale brown, sometimes with small patches of caducous tomentum.
Flowers densely packed on the rachillae. Male flowers globose when young, elongating when
mature to 5.2 × 3.8 mm; calyx to 2.8 mm, lobes to 2 mm, usually with a regular margin;
corolla sometimes narrowed into a short receptacular-stalk to 1 mm; filaments, shorter row to
2.2 mm, longer row to 2.5 mm, broad, to 0.4 mm, with adaxial keel, triangular in cross
section; pistillode sometimes present. Female flowers to 3.6 × 3.2 mm; calyx to 2.3 mm;
corolla with a receptacular-stalk to 1.1 mm; staminodes present. Fruit sometimes with 3
carpels developing, often only one reaching maturity, to 8–10 × 8 mm, borne on a short
receptacular-stalk to 2 mm, epicarp shiny translucent, minutely papillose, with conspicuous
black lenticels. (L. Hastings. 2003) Editing by edric.
Two specimens [Malay Peninsula, plant house in a tub s.n. 1929 (K) and Kew, Royal Botanic
Gardens, Kew s.n. 1856 (K)] have flowers that appear female but have well developed
anthers and may be hermaphrodite. Rhapis excelsa differs from R. humilis in having outer
leaf sheaths loosely sheathing the stem, ligule not remaining intact at maturity producing
many detached fibers; blade varying from both semi-circular to V-shaped in outline, thicker
in texture and a paler, more yellow-green in colour in dried specimens, often with fewer
segments, segments straighter sided with truncate apices and more regular dentate secondary
splitting, palman less conspicuous. While individual differences in the vegetative characters
are difficult to pinpoint between R. excelsa and R. humilis, when all the vegetative characters
are taken as a whole the leaves can be distinguished easily. Inflorescence characters are more
noticeably different. Rhapis excelsa differs in having glabrous rachis and rachillae at
maturity, tomentum often present on the bracts and stamens with broader keeled filaments;
not more than three rachis bracts were recorded, while four were recorded for R. humilis.
Rhapis excelsa may be of Chinese and Japanese origin, as suggested by the herbarium
specimens, or from China introduced to Japan and from there to the West. The long history of
cultivation probably accounts for the selection of many variants within the species including
dwarfism and variegation. The nomenclatural and taxonomic history of R. excelsa is
inextricably linked with that of R. humilis and so these aspects of the two species are
discussed together here.
4. DISTRIBUTION
China South-Central, China Southeast, Hainan, Japan, Nansei-shoto, and Vietnam, China,
Yunan South-Central China, Hainan, South East China, Guangdon, Fujian, Hongkong, Japan,
Habitat, woods, alt. 3080 ft (939 m), river valley, wooded mountain side, (L. Hastings. 2003)
DISCUSSION
MORPHOLOGY
The distribution of adventitious roots and lateral vegetative branches on seedlings, rhizomes,
and at the base of the aerial stem has been de- scribed and illustrated in the second and third
articles of this series (Tom-linson & Zimmermann, 1966a, b). Briefly, roots are abundant and
closely crowded on the seedling axis, widely and irregularly spaced on the rhizome and again
numerous at the base of erect shoots; vegetative branches de- velop either from buds in the
axils of transitional leaves on the juvenile or at the base of erect shoots. Buds may grow out
(usually in order of their age) into rhizomes but many are strongly inhibited, persisting as
reduced structures within the protective, somewhat woody prophyll. The subsequent account
refers largely to the attachment of roots on rhizomes and of branches to the base of erect
shoots. Their attachment to seedlings is briefly commented upon (cf. also Tomlinson &
Zimmermann, 1966b).
Whether as shrubs, trees, or vines, palms have two methods of growth: solitary or clustered.
The common representation is that of a solitary shoot ending in a crown of leaves. This
monopodial behavior may be exhibited by prostrate, trunkless, and trunk-forming members.
Some common palms restricted to solitary growth include Washingtonia and Roystonea.
Palms may instead grow in sparse to dense clusters. The trunk will develop an axillary bud at
a leaf node, usually near the base, from which a new shoot emerges.
5. The new shoot, in turn, produces an axillary bud and a clustering habit results. Exclusively
sympodial genera include many of the rattans, Guihaia, and Rhapis. Several palm genera
have both solitary and clustering members. Palms which are usually solitary may grow in
clusters, and vice versa. These aberrations suggest the habit operates on a single gene.
Palms have large, evergreen leaves that are either palmately ('fan-leaved') or pinnately
('feather-leaved') compound and spirally arranged at the top of the stem. The leaves have a
tubular sheath at the base that usually splits open on one side at maturity. The inflorescence is
a panicle or spike surrounded by one or more bracts or spathes that become woody at
maturity. The flowers are generally small and white, radially symmetric, and can be either
uni- or bi-sexual. The sepals and petals usually number three each, and may be distinct or
joined at the base. The stamens generally number six, with filaments that may be separate,
attached to each other, or attached to the pistil at the base. The fruit is usually a single-seeded
berry, but some genera (e.g. Salacca) may contain two or more seeds in each fruit.
Arecaceae are notable among monocots for their height and for the size of their seeds, leaves,
and inflorescences. Ceroxylon quindiuense, Colombia's national tree, is the tallest monocot in
the world, reaching heights of 60 meters. The coco de mer (Lodoicea maldivica) has the
largest seeds of any plant, 40–50 cm in diameter and weighing 15–30 kilograms each. Raffia
palms (Raphia spp.) have the largest leaves of any plant, up to 25 meters long and 3 meters
wide. The Corypha species have the largest inflorescence of any plant, up to 7.5 meters tall
and containing millions of small flowers. Calamus stems can reach 200 m in length.
6. PHYSIOLOGY
Physiological significance of vascular continuity. It is obvious that the discrete vascular
bundles represent the pathway for translocation of water and nutrients throughout the palm.
The present article completes a description of the continuous vascular system in Rhapis. The
channels for long distance conduction throughout the palm are now quite evident. Water from
the roots passes into the stem via the numerous linkages at the root insertion. A continuous
channel along the rhizome and up the stem is afforded by the axial bundle system which links
directly with each leaf via leaf traces. Cross-linkage is effected by the frequentbundles
associated with outgoing leaf traces. In the aerial stem the helical path of the central bundles
further promotes lateral and more uniform distribution of water. Vascular continuity into the
inflorescence is provided by inflorescence traces which diverge either directly from the
peripheral vertical bundles or as "satellites" from the major leaf traces this way the
inflorescence links with both peripheral and central bundles.Sew vegetativebranches are
also connected directly to the axial system.
USE IN LANDSCAPE
LANDSCAPE USE: Rhapis excelsa adapts to most tropical and subtropical landscapes. R.
subtilis thrives in warm, humid regions. R. humilis prefers subtropical landscapes with cool
summer nights. Use lady palm in the landscape to create dense screens and hedges. Thin out
stems and trim leaves to make a graceful accent for the patio or Japanese garden. Lady palm
can be used for foundation plantings and in outdoor tubs and planters. It is tough enough to
handle interior and urban situations. If used in pots, provide enough room for the clump to
expand, when stems reach the edge it's time to repot into a larger container.
VEGETATIVE METHOD
Attachment of root and vegetative branch has been revealed to a large extent incidentally
during analyses of rhizome and seedling axis. Methods of serial analysis using. In addition,
continuous series of sections through root insertio
7. USE AND MANAGEMENT
Lady palm needs partial to deep shade and fertile organic soil to look its best but will tolerate
the poor light, dust, and drought usual of indoor container culture. Be sure that drainage is
adequate for indoor use. Spreading slowly by underground stems, lady palm is usually
propagated by division. Make more divisions than you need since many canes may not
transplant successfully. There are several other species of Rhapis for different leaf sizes and
shapes. Pest problems include scale, palm aphids, sooty mold, and caterpillars, although none
are usually serious.
PESTS AND DISEASE
No diseases are of major concern.
8. OBJECTIVE
The objective of the present study was to assess the influence of different types of leaf
and substrate fertilizer on seedling development of the Rhapis excelsa palm tree.
Suitable for use in landscape architecture.
The objective of this work was to study the effects of temperatures on seed
germination of Syagrus romanzoffiana ornamental palm.
REFERENCES
External Links:
PalmWeb
eMonocot
Wikipedia
Glossary of Palm Terms
Virtual palms encyclopedia
-Library
-Search internet
-Discuss with friend
-Website blogger