- The document discusses several species of flagellates including Leishmania tropica, Trypanosoma brucei, Trypanosoma vivax, Trypanosoma equiperdum, Trypanosoma simiae, Trypanosoma congolense, Trypanosoma evansi, Trypanosoma cruzi, Giardia lamblia, and Trichomonas vaginalis. It describes their morphology, life cycles, hosts, and the diseases they cause in humans and other animals.

1. Prepared by:
NOE P. MENDEZ
CENTRAL MINDANAO UNIVERSITY (CMU)
npolomendez@gmail.com

2.  simple, single-celled animals
 very small, body elongate, leaf-like
appearance
 flagellum arises posteriorly and can be
connected to other parts of body

3. 1. Blood flagellates
1. Intestinal flagellates
1. Vaginal flagellates

4. Leishmania tropica

9.  Amastigote and promastigote forms
 Shape: Oval
 Vector: mosquito
 Animal source: small rodent animals.

12.  Cyclical transmission :The arthropod is
necessary intermediate host in which the
Trypanosoma multiply .
 Non –cyclical transmission (interrupted
feeding of biting insects) .The try do not
multiply and die quickly so cross transmission
is only possible for a few hours .

13.  T. brucei affects all domestic mammals
including small and farm species and humans.
It also causes a specific skin disease in
donkeys.
 T. vivax infects ruminants, horses and camels
causing significant disease.
 T. equiperdum causes venereal equine disease
dourine. It is the only trypanosome that does
not immediately require an insect vector for
transmission, being spread through coitus.

14.  T. simiae causes fatal pyrexia in pigs while T.
congolense is milder in the same species.
 T. congolense can also affect dogs and cats
causing acute fever, anaemia and
neurological signs.
 T. evansi also affects all domestic mammals.

15.  T. cruzi occurs in South America where it is
transmitted by a triatomid (kissing) bug and
infects armadillos, possums and humans.
 It is known as Chagas’ Disease. A similar
acute disease is thought to be caused by T.
cruzi in dogs in the USA.

16.  T. melophagum and T. theileri are non-
pathogenic species present in the UK
infecting cattle, buffalo and antelope. Stress
and concurrent disease are thought to be
contributors to the development of clinical
disease from T. theileri.

17.  Giardia lamblia
-the only pathogenic intestinal flagellates
affecting the small intestine of man especially the
children from 6-10 years old.
-it is known to cause epidemic, endemic or
traveler’s diarrhea through the world.

18. •It is pear-shaped
•bilaterally symmetrical
•about 15x8um
•convex dorsally & flat ventrally with 2 suction discs containing two
oval nuclei
• 2 longitudinal axostyles crossed by 2 parabasal bodies & 4 pairs of
flagella.

19. •ovoid
•about 12 x 8 µm
• has a well defined cyst wall.
•It has a granular cytoplasm containing 4 nuclei at one pole,
axostyles, parabasal bodies and remnants of flagella.

21. Trichomonas vaginalis-- exists only
as a trophozoite stage.