1. The document discusses the classification, characteristics, and life cycle of the red algae Gelidium. It belongs to the division Rhodophycophyta, class Rhodophyceae, sub-class Florideae, and order Gelidiales.
2. Gelidium has a stiff, cartilaginous thallus that is often pinnately branched. It reproduces both sexually, through non-motile gametes, and asexually, through fragmentation and non-motile spores.
3. Red algae like Gelidium are used for medicines, food, and industrial products like agar and carrageenan. Some can also cause harmful algal blo
About 20,000 species.
Eukaryotic cell and contain all the membrane bound organelles.
Thallus is green due to the presence of green pigment chlorophyll.
Chlorophyll is contained in chloroplast.
Pyrenoids embedded in chloroplast.
Cytoplasm contains vacuoles.
Motile cell of primitive forms contains eye spot or stigma.
Reserve carbohydrates are in the form of starch.
Cell wall invariably contains cellulose.
Produce motile reproductive bodies generally with two or four flagella.
Most are aquatic but some are subarial.
Several species of ulvales and siphonales are marine.
Some strains of chlorella are thermophilic.
Species of chlamydomonas and some chlorococcales occur in snow.
Coloechaete nitellarum is endophytic.
Cephaleuros is parasitic – cause ‘red rust of tea’.
Live epizoically on or endozoically within the bodies of lower animals – chlorella is found in hydra; chlorella beneath the scales of fish; characium on the antennae of mosquito.
Green algae in assosciation with the fungi constitute lichens.
About 20,000 species.
Eukaryotic cell and contain all the membrane bound organelles.
Thallus is green due to the presence of green pigment chlorophyll.
Chlorophyll is contained in chloroplast.
Pyrenoids embedded in chloroplast.
Cytoplasm contains vacuoles.
Motile cell of primitive forms contains eye spot or stigma.
Reserve carbohydrates are in the form of starch.
Cell wall invariably contains cellulose.
Produce motile reproductive bodies generally with two or four flagella.
Most are aquatic but some are subarial.
Several species of ulvales and siphonales are marine.
Some strains of chlorella are thermophilic.
Species of chlamydomonas and some chlorococcales occur in snow.
Coloechaete nitellarum is endophytic.
Cephaleuros is parasitic – cause ‘red rust of tea’.
Live epizoically on or endozoically within the bodies of lower animals – chlorella is found in hydra; chlorella beneath the scales of fish; characium on the antennae of mosquito.
Green algae in assosciation with the fungi constitute lichens.
The plant body in algae is always a thallus. It is not differentiated in root, stem and leaves. Algae range in size from minute unicellular plants (less than 1 µ in diameter in some planktons) to very large highly differentiated multicellular forms e.g., some sea-weeds.
Their forms may be colonial (loose or integrated by inter-connections of protoplasmic strands), filamentous (branched or un-branched), septate (branched or un-branched), non-septate or branched, multinucleate siphonaceous tube where the nuclear divisions occur without usual septa formation.
Algae are chlorophyll bearing autotrophic bodies with thalloid plant body. Thallus may be unicellular to multicellular, microscopic or macroscopic in structure.
The topic discussed in the slides are the Thallophyta with more emphasis on the characteristic of the members of the Chlorophyceae, Phaeophyceae & Rhodophyceae. Their characteristic features, asexual & sexual reproduction and their economic importance have been discussed
The plant body in algae is always a thallus. It is not differentiated in root, stem and leaves. Algae range in size from minute unicellular plants (less than 1 µ in diameter in some planktons) to very large highly differentiated multicellular forms e.g., some sea-weeds.
Their forms may be colonial (loose or integrated by inter-connections of protoplasmic strands), filamentous (branched or un-branched), septate (branched or un-branched), non-septate or branched, multinucleate siphonaceous tube where the nuclear divisions occur without usual septa formation.
Algae are chlorophyll bearing autotrophic bodies with thalloid plant body. Thallus may be unicellular to multicellular, microscopic or macroscopic in structure.
The topic discussed in the slides are the Thallophyta with more emphasis on the characteristic of the members of the Chlorophyceae, Phaeophyceae & Rhodophyceae. Their characteristic features, asexual & sexual reproduction and their economic importance have been discussed
Detail description about important fungi that comes under chytridiomycota and zygomycota has been described, gives an idea about fungi and their life cycles under thus groups
Kingdom Plantae presented by Vrushali Gharat to Mr. Kailash vilegaveKailash Vilegave
Classification Of Kingdom Plantae, Classification Of Kingdom Plantae, Economic importance Algae.
Ulothrix
Reproduction
Mosses and Liverwort
life cycle of all plants.
ed algae or Rhodophyta – It is a distinctive type of species that are mostly found in the freshwater lakes and are the oldest type of eukaryotic algae.
They are red in colour due to the presence of a pigment called chlorophyll A, phycocyanin, and phycoerythrin.
They are the member of the tribe Amansieae (Rhodomelaceae, Ceramiales, Rhodophyta), in which only Aneurianna and Lenormandia Sonder have foliar blades.
They are the distinctive type of species, mostly found in the deep freshwater bodies.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
3. I. Florideophyceae
I. Nemaliales
II. Corallinales
I. Lithophyllum
II. Corallina
III. Gelidiales
I. Gelidium
IV. Gigartinales
I. Chondrus crispus
II. Used as a source of carageenan
V. Rhodymeniales
VI. Ceramiales
I. Polysiphonia
polysiphonia
4. Division : Rhodophycophyta
class : Rhodophyceae
sub-class : Florideae
order : Gelidiales
Family : Gelidiaceae
Genus : Gelidium
Species : cartilagineum
5. • Accessory pigments!
Phycobilins mask the
Chlorophyll a – thus they look
red.
• Due to these accessory
pigments, red algae can
photosynthesize in deep water
(at different light wave lengths).
6. Floridean starch is a type of a storage glucan found in red algae (also known as rhodophytes), in which it is
usually the primary sink for fixed carbon from photosynthesis. Floridean starch is stored as grains outside the
chloroplast
7.
8. • Thallus – cylindrical or flattened
• It is stiff and cartilaginous and often pinnately branched.
• In many species branch lets bend away from the main axis
• The thallus is based primarily upon the uniaxial type of construction.
• It possess the single apical cell at the apex of each branch.
• The apical cell forms a single axial filament of the adult portion.
• The axial filament, one or two posterior to the apical cell cut off four primary pericentral cells.
• And then each of these cells form a short branched lateral filament.
• The tips of these lateral filaments adhere to each other and form pesudoparenchymatous tissue that
makes the surface of the thallus.
11. • Red algae have double cell
walls.
• The outer layers contain
the polysaccharides
agarose and agaropectin
that can be extracted from
the cell walls by boiling as
agar.
• The internal walls are
mostly contain cellulose.
12. Vegetative Reproduction is by
fragmentation
Asexually by non-motile spores
Sexually by non-motile gametes
e.g., Polysiphonia,
Porphyra,
Gracilaria,
Gelidium.
14. In majority of class it takes place by fragmentation.
In sexual reproduction of the gametophytes takes place by neutral spores,
mono spores and polyspores.
• neutral spores develop in ordinary cells of thallus.
• monospores develop in sporangia.
• polyspores are formed in larger number in the sporangium.
15. Continue…
• The asexual reproduction of the sporophytes takes place by
tetra spores formed in tetrads in the tetra sporangia (Tetra
sporangia produce tetra spores via meiosis)e.g., Polysiponia.
• Paraspore borne inside parasporangia in greater numbers.
• During the development of tetraspores reduction division
takes place.
• In the development of paraspores there is no reduction
division.
16. •The sexual reproduction is always in Oogamous. The
oogamy is a special type.
• Male structure is called the Spematangia developing non-
motile spermatia ( male gametes) in them.
• Female structure is called the procarp. It has a
carpogonium bearing a receptive structure is called
trichogyne.
•The egg develops in the basal swollen part of carpogonium.
17. • life cycle may be haplotonic, haplobiontic or diplobiontic.
• Florideophyceae
• Life cycle typically diplohaplontic, some are haplontic
• Many have a complex modification of a diplohaplontic life cycle
• Triphasic alternation of generations
• Gametophyte (may or may not be dioecous)
• Carposporphyte
• Tetrasporophyte
• The low efficiency of fertilization
20. Continue…
Medicines:
• Corallina is capable
of curing worm
infections.
• Polysiphonia has
antibacterial
properties. Agar is
laxative.
• Carrageenan can
coagulate blood
21. A number of red algae are
edible,
e.g., Porphyra (Laver),
Rhodymenia (Dulse),
Chondrus (Irish Moss).
Rhodymenia (also called
sheep’s weed) is also used
as fodder.
Porphyra is cultivated in
Japan for commercial
exploitation.
22.
23. • Some red tides are associated with
the production of natural toxins,
depletion of dissolves oxygen or
other harmful algal blooms.
• The most conspicuous effects of
these kind of red tides are the
associates wildlife moralities of
marine and coastal species of fish,
birds, marine mammals and other
organisms.