xylem and phloem
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Xylem contains tracheids and vessels which are dead cells with lignified walls that transport water and minerals throughout the plant. Tracheids are elongated cells with thickened walls, while vessels are formed from rows of cells with dissolved walls to form continuous channels. Phloem contains sieve tubes, companion cells, bast fibers, and parenchyma. Sieve tubes are long thin-walled cells joined end to end to transport food, while companion cells are associated with sieve tubes and remain connected via pores. Bast fibers are dead sclerenchyma fibers in phloem, while parenchyma is ordinary plant tissue.
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Xylem And Phloem
The document summarizes the key components and functions of xylem and phloem tissue in plants. Xylem tissue conducts water and minerals throughout the plant and is composed of tracheids and vessels. Phloem tissue conducts sugars and transports them from leaves to other plant parts. Phloem consists of sieve tubes made of elongated living cells called sieve elements connected end to end to form columns. Each sieve element has an associated companion cell that provides energy and nutrients to keep the sieve element alive via plasmodesmata.
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Complex tissue
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(a)Tracheids: elongate, tube like cell, tapering, rounded or oval ends, hard lignified walls.
(b)Vessels members: long, cylindrical, tube-like structures with lignified walls.
(2)Fibres: thick walls, evolve from tracheids and provide mechanical strength. Two types,
(a)Fibre-tracheids: medium thickness walls, have reduced boardered pits.
(b)Libriform fibres: very thick walls, have reduced simple pits.
Parenchyma cells: living cells, in woody plants, store of food in starch form. Two types:
(a)Axial parenchyma: derived from fusiform initials, have tracheary elements and fibres.
(b)Ray parenchyma: derived from ray initials of cambium, xylem ray cells.
Developmentally, xylem have two types
(1)Primary xylem: derived from procambium, developing from embryo, non-woody plants.
(2)Secondary xylem: from vascular cambium, second stage of plant development, in woody plants.
PHLOEM.pptx
The phloem is a living tissue that transports organic nutrients throughout the plant. It is composed of sieve elements, companion cells, phloem parenchyma, and sometimes phloem fibers. Sieve elements include sieve tubes and sieve cells, which have perforated walls that allow nutrients to pass between cells. Companion cells are associated with and support the sieve elements. Phloem parenchyma stores nutrients and phloem fibers provide structure and strength. Together these components transport food from leaves to other plant parts.
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(a)Tracheids: elongate, tube like cell, tapering, rounded or oval ends, hard lignified walls.
(b)Vessels members: long, cylindrical, tube-like structures with lignified walls.
(2)Fibres: thick walls, evolve from tracheids and provide mechanical strength. Two types,
(a)Fibre-tracheids: medium thickness walls, have reduced boardered pits.
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Parenchyma cells: living cells, in woody plants, store of food in starch form. Two types:
(a)Axial parenchyma: derived from fusiform initials, have tracheary elements and fibres.
(b)Ray parenchyma: derived from ray initials of cambium, xylem ray cells.
Developmentally, xylem have two types
(1)Primary xylem: derived from procambium, developing from embryo, non-woody plants.
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Use Simplex method and solve the following problem:
Maximize p = x+y subject to x+y <= 2, 3x+y >= 4
Which of teh following is the last matrix table?
A.
x y s1 s2 | b
0 1 3/2 1/2 1
1 0 1/2 -1/2 1
0 0 1 0 2
B.
x y s1 s2 | b
0 1 3/2 1/2 1
1 0 -1/2 1/2 1
0 0 1 0 2
C.
x y s1 s2 | b
0 1 3/2 1/2 1
1 0 -1/2 -1/2 1
0 0 1 0 2
D.
x y s1 s2 | b
0 1 3/2 -1/2 1
1 0 -1/2 -1/2 1
0 0 1 0 2
x y s1 s2 | b
0 1 3/2 1/2 1
1 0 1/2 -1/2 1
0 0 1 0 2
B.
x y s1 s2 | b
0 1 3/2 1/2 1
1 0 -1/2 1/2 1
0 0 1 0 2
C.
x y s1 s2 | b
0 1 3/2 1/2 1
1 0 -1/2 -1/2 1
0 0 1 0 2
D.
x y s1 s2 | b
0 1 3/2 -1/2 1
1 0 -1/2 -1/2 1
0 0 1 0 2
Solution
The step by step solution of the problem is given below -
Tableau #1
x y s1 s2 p
1 1 1 0 0 2
3 1 0 -1 0 4
-1 -1 0 0 1 0
Tableau #2
x y s1 s2 p
0 2/3 1 1/3 0 2/3
1 1/3 0 -1/3 0 4/3
0 -2/3 0 -1/3 1 4/3
Tableau #3
x y s1 s2 p
0 1 3/2 1/2 0 1
1 0 -1/2 -1/2 0 1
0 0 1 0 1 2
So, the correct answer is option (c)..
plant Tissue
This document summarizes different types of plant tissue. It describes simple tissues like parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma. It also describes complex tissues like xylem and phloem. Xylem is responsible for water conduction and consists of vessels, tracheids, fibers and parenchyma. Phloem transports food and consists of sieve tubes, companion cells, fibers and parenchyma. The document outlines the key functions of xylem, which is to conduct water and minerals, and phloem, which facilitates two-way translocation of food in plants.
Plant Tissues for Grade 10 Life Sciences
The document discusses plant tissues and their structure and function. It defines meristematic tissue as actively dividing cells that have not differentiated. Meristematic tissue includes the apical and lateral meristems. Permanent tissues have differentiated, such as epidermis, ground tissues (parenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma) and vascular tissues (xylem and phloem). Xylem transports water and minerals upwards and provides structure. Phloem transports nutrients throughout the plant via sieve tubes and companion cells.
Plant Tissue.pptx
The document summarizes the key differences between three types of plant tissues: parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma.
Parenchyma cells are living cells found in soft plant parts with thin, uniformly thick cell walls. Collenchyma cells are also living and found in young stems and petioles, with unevenly thickened cell walls. Sclerenchyma cells are dead with thick, lignified cell walls found in woody and hardened parts.
The document also compares xylem and phloem tissues, noting that xylem transports water and minerals unidirectionally upward, while phloem transports sugars bidirectionally using sieve tubes and companion
Vascular bundle diversity
This PPT intends to present the vascular bundles in plants, its diversity, origin and function in mechanical and physiological roles in higher plants.
Xylem Part - 2.pptx
The structure of xylem contains four main components: tracheids, trachea or vessels, xylem fibers, and xylem parenchyma. Tracheids are elongated dead cells that transport water and form connections between cells through bordered pits. Trachea are long tube-like structures formed from joined cylindrical cells with perforated end walls, allowing water to flow freely. Xylem fibers provide mechanical support and come in two types. Xylem parenchyma are living cells involved in storage.
Plant tissues and its types (part II)
This document summarizes different types of plant tissues. It discusses permanent tissues, which stop growing but can sometimes become meristematic again. Within permanent tissues it focuses on three simple tissues: parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma. For each tissue, it describes their key characteristics, functions, and origins, including that parenchyma is a primitive tissue involved in various plant organs, collenchyma provides early support to growing organs, and sclerenchyma cells have thick lignified walls that provide mechanical support.
Phamacog
This document summarizes the vascular tissue system in plants. It describes how vascular bundles are distributed throughout the plant and contain three main tissues: xylem, phloem and cambium. The xylem conducts water and minerals from the roots to the leaves, and contains elements like tracheids, vessels, fibers and parenchyma. The phloem transports food materials throughout the plant and contains sieve tubes, companion cells and parenchyma. There are different types of vascular bundles including radial, conjoint, collateral and concentric bundles.
DOC-20220603-WA0028..pdf
Xylem is one of the conductive tissues in plants. It is composed of various cell types that function to transport water and minerals throughout the plant. Xylem tissue is divided into primary and secondary xylem. Primary xylem develops during primary growth and consists of protoxylem and metaxylem. Secondary xylem forms during secondary growth and provides structural support through thickened cell walls. It is composed of tracheids, vessels, fibres and parenchyma cells. Vascular rays extend radially to facilitate transport between the xylem and other tissues.
Plant Tissues and its Type Part II.pptx
This document discusses different types of plant tissues. It focuses on permanent tissues, which include parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma. Parenchyma is a living tissue composed of thin-walled cells involved in plant structure and storage. Collenchyma provides support to growing organs and has elongated cells with unevenly thickened primary walls. Sclerenchyma consists of thick-walled, often lignified cells that provide mechanical support and protection; it includes fibers, which are elongate dead cells, and sclereids, which are usually not elongate.
Plant Tissues
Tissue is a level of organization between cells and complete organisms. There are three main types of plant tissue: epidermis, ground tissue, and vascular tissue. Vascular tissue contains xylem and phloem, which transport fluids and nutrients internally. Tissues can also be categorized as meristematic or permanent. Examples of permanent tissues are parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma. Parenchyma provides structure and stores food, collenchyma provides strength and tensile support, and sclerenchyma provides rigidity. Xylem conducts water and minerals upward and contains tracheids, vessels, fibers and parenchyma. Phloem conducts sugars downward
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xylem and phloem
- 1. xylem and phloem Biology presentation 9-f Done by : Rohan & jimit
- 2. Nature of Xylem It has Xylem parenchyma as only living part. Others are tracheids, vessels, xylem fibres which all are dead.
- 3. Nature of Xylem a. Tracheids: Elongated cells with sloping walls enclosing a large empty cavity. The walls of trachieds are thickened by a complex chemical compound called lignin.
- 4. Nature of Xylem b. Vessels: Cylindrical tube-like structures formed by a row of cells placed end to end. The transverse wall between the cells partly or almost completely dissolve to form a continuous channel or water pipe. These also have lignified walls. Trachieds and vessels are Named according to the Manner in which lignin has been deposited. E.g. annular, Spiral, scalariform
- 5. Nature of Phloem It consists of sieve tubes, Companion cells, phloem parenchyma and which all are living parts. Bast fibres alone are composed of dead cells.
- 6. Nature of Phloem Sieve tubes: Thin-walled elongated cells placed end toend forming a slender tubular structure. Cytoplasm of one sieve element is continuous with other because of pores present at transverse end walls of cells. Nuclei is absent.
- 7. Nature of Phloem b. Companion cells: These are small in size, have dense cytoplasm and a large elongated nucleus and are associated with sieve tubes. It remains connected with companion cells by pores. These are absent in ferns and gymnosperms(fir, cycas, pine) c. Bast fibers: Sclerenchyma cells in phloem are Bast fibers. These alone are composed of dead cells. d. Phloem Parenchyma: It is ordinary parenchyma. It is absent in monocot stems.
- 9. Occurrence of xylem and phloem
- 10. functions of xylem and phloem
- 11. functions of xylem and phloem