Capillaries are thin vessels that have a lining (endothelial lining).pdf
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Capillaries are thin vessels that have a lining (endothelial lining) that is only one cell thick. The cells are held in place by the basement membrane (outer layer of capillaries). Since the capillaries are so thin, they facilitates the exchange of gases, nutrients, hormones, wastes between cells and blood. Arteries, veins and lymphatic vessels end in capillaries. The capillaries connect with each other to form a network. The capillaries are designed in such a way that they allow the transport of substances into and out of the vessel. There are structural differences to prevent or allow exchange of substances depending on where the capillaries are found. Water and ions are exchanged through the spaces between the cells (intercellular clefts) that make up the lining. There are areas where this is prevented by tight junctions that form impermeable barrier between cells. Large molecules like albumen are exchanged with the help of transport vesicles. There are 3 main types of capillaries based on pore structure. 1. Continuous- They do not have pores but posses intercellular clefts and areas with tight junctions. 2. Fenestrated- These have numerous pores of different sizes. They have a gylcocalyx layer that covers the inside of the capillaries. The gylcocalyx layer peeks out of the pores and is called the diaphragm (the intercellular clefts don\'t have the glycocalyx coming out of them). The diaphragm allows small molecules and prevents large molecules to pass through. But not all fenestrated capillaries have a glycocalyx layer. 3. Sinusodial (Discontinuous)- These have many intercellular clefts and pores and their basement membrane is incomplete.This type is the largest of the capillaries and the most permeable. They are found in the liver, spleen, bone marrow. Solution Capillaries are thin vessels that have a lining (endothelial lining) that is only one cell thick. The cells are held in place by the basement membrane (outer layer of capillaries). Since the capillaries are so thin, they facilitates the exchange of gases, nutrients, hormones, wastes between cells and blood. Arteries, veins and lymphatic vessels end in capillaries. The capillaries connect with each other to form a network. The capillaries are designed in such a way that they allow the transport of substances into and out of the vessel. There are structural differences to prevent or allow exchange of substances depending on where the capillaries are found. Water and ions are exchanged through the spaces between the cells (intercellular clefts) that make up the lining. There are areas where this is prevented by tight junctions that form impermeable barrier between cells. Large molecules like albumen are exchanged with the help of transport vesicles. There are 3 main types of capillaries based on pore structure. 1. Continuous- They do not have pores but posses intercellular clefts and areas with tight junctions. 2. Fenestrated- These have numerous pores of different sizes. They have a.
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a
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b
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c
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b
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2. In plants, the xylem transports water and dissolved minerals from the roots to the shoots, while the phloem transports photosynthates from source to sink tissues.
3. The xylem contains tracheids and vessels that transport materials passively. Their lignified walls and tapered shape allows for an uninterrupted flow. The phloem contains sieve tubes that transport organic compounds with help from companion cells.
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2. Cardiobacterium hominis is Gram negative bacillus that occurs as normal flora of mouth and
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inflammation of heart valves. It produces beta lactamases
Haemophilus parainfluenzae: Gram negative, pleomorphic, facultative anaerobes. The organism
is mostly assocaited with upper respiratory tract infections and mitral valve inflammation. The
organism is generally found in coinfection with Streptococcus.
Cardiobacterium hominis: It is a Gram negative bacillus of HACEK group. It is part of normal
flora of upper respiratory tract and mouth.
These organisms are generally harmless, and occur as secondary infection. When there is a
disturbance to the mucosal surface, they gain access and enter the tissues. They cause infections
at abnormal tissues of heart like damages valves, in particular. They initiate an inflammatory
response.
3. The organisms are normally present as flora in the host. The patient acquired these bacteria
due to the use of syringe drugs. Licking of the blood on the syringe, and sterilizing the syringe by
licking makes the organism enter the sytem.
Solution
1. The three bacteria that may be implicated in the given case are Staphylococcus aureus,
Haemophilus parainfluenzae, Cardiobacterium hominis . These organisms generally occur in the
saliva as normal flora. However, drug users who lick the blood on syringes ingest them and thus,
they can casue polymicrobial endocarditis.
2. Cardiobacterium hominis is Gram negative bacillus that occurs as normal flora of mouth and
upper respiratory tract. The bacterium is grouped into HACEK group. The organism can cause
inflammation of heart valves. It produces beta lactamases
Haemophilus parainfluenzae: Gram negative, pleomorphic, facultative anaerobes. The organism
is mostly assocaited with upper respiratory tract infections and mitral valve inflammation. The
organism is generally found in coinfection with Streptococcus.
Cardiobacterium hominis: It is a Gram negative bacillus of HACEK group. It is part of normal
flora of upper respiratory tract and mouth.
These organisms are generally harmless, and occur as secondary infection. When there is a
disturbance to the mucosal surface, they gain access and enter the tissues. They cause infections
at abnormal tissues of heart like damages valves, in particular. They initiate an inflammatory
response.
3. The organisms are normally present as flora in the host. The patient acquired these bacteria
due to the use of syringe drugs. Licking of the blood on the syringe, and sterilizing the syringe by
licking makes the organism enter the sytem..
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a. Resistance to abrasive forces in areas such as the epidermis, oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus,
anal canal, and vaginal canal.
b. Transport of substances across the epithelial sheet in areas where rapid exchange occurs, such
as with capillaries and alveoli, and where secretion and absorption occurs, such as with the
gastrointestinal tract.
c. Trapping and removal of particulates that have been inhaled into the respiratory passages (e.g.
trachea and bronchi).
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Epithelial cells are composed of one or more layers of closely packed cells and will have little or
no extracellular matrix between them. These cells forms covering on body surface or lining of
body cavities and majority of glands.
a
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These cells are found forming lining of the oral cavity (mouth), the esophagus, part of the
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On the apical surface of these cells, we can find cilia. Like this they form houses goblet cells and
these cells are specialized to secrete mucin, this will help in hydrating the mucus, and thus they
can trap foreign particles and is moved by the beating cilia. These type of cells are found air
passageways of the respiratory system (part of the pharynx, the nasal cavity, larynx, trachea, and
bronchi)
a
nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium
These cells always remain alive way to the tissue\'s apical surface and will be maintained moist
with secretions such as saliva or mucus.
Keratin is absent here and no this layer will not be tough and non-keratinized. Here the
flattened nuclei you can see throughout the tissues as all cells are alive.
These cells are found forming lining of the oral cavity (mouth), the esophagus, part of the
pharynx (throat), the vagina, and the anus.
b
Simple Squamous Epithelium.
Epithelial tissue
This presentation has a short introduction about the different types of tissues (epithelium, connective, muscular, nervous), but focuses mainly on epithelial tissues - its characteristics, functions, and types.
This also contains the different surface modifications of epithelial tissues - apical, lateral and basal.
Lastly, glands are also discussed here. Endocrine and exocrine glands are differentiated based on characteristics and functions.
TRANSPORTATION
1. Specialized transport systems are necessary in multicellular organisms to transport materials over long distances as cells may be too widely separated for diffusion and osmosis alone.
2. In plants, the xylem transports water and dissolved minerals from the roots to the shoots, while the phloem transports photosynthates from source to sink tissues.
3. The xylem contains tracheids and vessels that transport materials passively. Their lignified walls and tapered shape allows for an uninterrupted flow. The phloem contains sieve tubes that transport organic compounds with help from companion cells.
Cell notes
1. Cells are the basic units of structure and function that make up all living things.
2. All cells come from preexisting cells through cell division.
3. Cells have membrane bound organelles that carry out specific functions and transport materials throughout the cell.
Cell notes
1. Cells are the basic units of structure and function that make up all living things.
2. All cells come from preexisting cells through cell division.
3. Cells have membrane bound organelles that carry out specific functions and transport materials throughout the cell.
Basic Tissues 1.pptx
This document provides information on the four basic tissue types found in the human body: epithelial, connective, muscular, and nervous tissue. It focuses specifically on epithelial tissue, describing its characteristics, classification, and major types. Epithelial tissue is classified based on cell layers, cell shape, and surface modifications. The major epithelial tissue types are simple and stratified squamous, cuboidal, columnar, transitional, and glandular epithelium. Glands are further classified based on their structure, secretory mechanism, and secretory products.
Similar to Capillaries are thin vessels that have a lining (endothelial lining).pdf (20)
Urinary.pptx knowledge about tracts and inauguration of the day
Urinary.pptx knowledge about tracts and inauguration of the day
Biopresentationinternalstructuresofleaves 130811070327-phpapp02
Biopresentationinternalstructuresofleaves 130811070327-phpapp02
6. What types of epithelia would be suited for the following functio.pdf
6. What types of epithelia would be suited for the following functio.pdf
More from info382133
1.) Main characteristics of Haloarchaea are as followsHalophiles .pdf
Halophiles cope with high salt concentrations in their environment by accumulating salts within their cytoplasm to achieve osmotic balance. They produce compatible solutes like glycerol and amino acids to do so without disrupting pH or metabolism. Rhodopsins are light-activated proton pumps in microbes that use retinal and include bacteriorhodopsin and halorhodopsin. They help transport ions across cell membranes using light energy.
1. The three bacteria that may be implicated in the given case are S.pdf
1. The three bacteria that may be implicated in the given case are Staphylococcus aureus,
Haemophilus parainfluenzae, Cardiobacterium hominis . These organisms generally occur in the
saliva as normal flora. However, drug users who lick the blood on syringes ingest them and thus,
they can casue polymicrobial endocarditis.
2. Cardiobacterium hominis is Gram negative bacillus that occurs as normal flora of mouth and
upper respiratory tract. The bacterium is grouped into HACEK group. The organism can cause
inflammation of heart valves. It produces beta lactamases
Haemophilus parainfluenzae: Gram negative, pleomorphic, facultative anaerobes. The organism
is mostly assocaited with upper respiratory tract infections and mitral valve inflammation. The
organism is generally found in coinfection with Streptococcus.
Cardiobacterium hominis: It is a Gram negative bacillus of HACEK group. It is part of normal
flora of upper respiratory tract and mouth.
These organisms are generally harmless, and occur as secondary infection. When there is a
disturbance to the mucosal surface, they gain access and enter the tissues. They cause infections
at abnormal tissues of heart like damages valves, in particular. They initiate an inflammatory
response.
3. The organisms are normally present as flora in the host. The patient acquired these bacteria
due to the use of syringe drugs. Licking of the blood on the syringe, and sterilizing the syringe by
licking makes the organism enter the sytem.
Solution
1. The three bacteria that may be implicated in the given case are Staphylococcus aureus,
Haemophilus parainfluenzae, Cardiobacterium hominis . These organisms generally occur in the
saliva as normal flora. However, drug users who lick the blood on syringes ingest them and thus,
they can casue polymicrobial endocarditis.
2. Cardiobacterium hominis is Gram negative bacillus that occurs as normal flora of mouth and
upper respiratory tract. The bacterium is grouped into HACEK group. The organism can cause
inflammation of heart valves. It produces beta lactamases
Haemophilus parainfluenzae: Gram negative, pleomorphic, facultative anaerobes. The organism
is mostly assocaited with upper respiratory tract infections and mitral valve inflammation. The
organism is generally found in coinfection with Streptococcus.
Cardiobacterium hominis: It is a Gram negative bacillus of HACEK group. It is part of normal
flora of upper respiratory tract and mouth.
These organisms are generally harmless, and occur as secondary infection. When there is a
disturbance to the mucosal surface, they gain access and enter the tissues. They cause infections
at abnormal tissues of heart like damages valves, in particular. They initiate an inflammatory
response.
3. The organisms are normally present as flora in the host. The patient acquired these bacteria
due to the use of syringe drugs. Licking of the blood on the syringe, and sterilizing the syringe by
licking makes the organism enter the sytem..
1. Pros and Cons of IP CCTVNew threats are introduced to the secu.pdf
1. Pros and Cons of IP CCTV:
New threats are introduced to the security world as systems migrate from traditional analogue to
IP network-enabled systems particularly in video surveillance. Internet Protocol (IP) provide an
open platform for integration at the data level of multiple security and life safety devices and
applications.
Pros:
Lower initial cost: Harnissing the IT infrastructure reduces installation costs in cabling,
associated containment and power outlets.
Wide-spread compatibility
Provides flexibility and scalability
Higher security and resilience
The tight software integraion between systems make them more intelligent and reduces security
gaps, speed up the response time.
Cons:
It revolves arond network security and hackers threat.
The risk increases if camera is accesses from the mobile or phone.
Threat to the security industry and thus security from the IT sector.
2.
3. User education about security:
It is one of the hardest security layers for administrators to implement.Some of the tips are:
4. There are many problems associated with the boimetrics like fingerprints, iris patterns, face
scan, voice recognization. Make sure that the biometric data is a sensitive data compared to
others and is encrypted in transit from the biometrics device to the directory or database housing
the authentication credentials. Some biometrics readers are on USB keys or tokens that connect
to the computer. These devices should provide encryption.
Either at rest or in transit, the key to protecting biometric data is encryption and then secure
storage in a directory service such as AD or LDAP.
5. Organizations need to take pro-active steps to define the accetable use of portable storage
devices like USB flash drives within the environment and then put the tools and technology in
place to help monitor and enforce the policy and protect the network and data from the risk
caused by USB flash drives. Many organizations have an acceptable use policy defined, which
users must agree to. The Acceptable Use Policy (AUP) essentially defines how users are allowed
to use the internet, e-mail, telephones and other cmmunications and network resources.
The Group policy is an effective tool for computer on the network and enforcing the security
policies.
Solution
1. Pros and Cons of IP CCTV:
New threats are introduced to the security world as systems migrate from traditional analogue to
IP network-enabled systems particularly in video surveillance. Internet Protocol (IP) provide an
open platform for integration at the data level of multiple security and life safety devices and
applications.
Pros:
Lower initial cost: Harnissing the IT infrastructure reduces installation costs in cabling,
associated containment and power outlets.
Wide-spread compatibility
Provides flexibility and scalability
Higher security and resilience
The tight software integraion between systems make them more intelligent and reduces security
gaps, speed up the response time.
Cons:
It revolves.
1. Activation of Vit. D involves Kidney and Liver and liver is part .pdf
1. Activation of Vit. D involves Kidney and Liver and liver is part of Digestive system. Answer
is Digestive system
2. Calcium homeostasis and phosphate homeostasis are intimately tied to each other for two
reasons. First, calcium and phosphate are the principal components of hydroxyapatite crystals
[Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2)], which by far constitute the major portion of the mineral phase of bone.
Second, they are regulated by the same hormones, primarily parathyroid hormone (PTH) and
1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (calcitriol) and, to a lesser extent, the hormone calcitonin. These
hormones act on three organ systems-the bone, the kidneys, and the gastrointestinal (GI) tract-to
control the levels of these two ions in plasma. Answer is Endocrine system
3. Answer is Muscular system
4. Nonspecific defenses include mechanical barriers such as skin, saliva, the lacrimal apparatus,
and mucous membranes, as well as the outward flow of urine, vaginal secretions, and blood
(from wounds). Phagocytosis, fever, inflammation, and molecular strategies. Answer is
Integumentary System
5. Answer is the Circulatory system, Renal artery perfusion pressure directly regulates sodium
excretion-a process known as pressure natriuresis-and influences the activity of various
vasoactive systems such as the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system.
6. Erythropoietin is a glycoprotein hormone produced in the kidney that acts on erythroid
progenitor cells in the bone marrow. Answer is Skeleton system
7. When the animal is in a situation of crisis or stress blood flow to the kidneys is reduced for the
sake of other organs such as the brain, heart and skeletal muscles. The sympathetic nervous
system and a heightened level of adrenalin in the plasma cause the contraction of both the
afferant and efferant arterioles. Answer is Nervous System
Solution
1. Activation of Vit. D involves Kidney and Liver and liver is part of Digestive system. Answer
is Digestive system
2. Calcium homeostasis and phosphate homeostasis are intimately tied to each other for two
reasons. First, calcium and phosphate are the principal components of hydroxyapatite crystals
[Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2)], which by far constitute the major portion of the mineral phase of bone.
Second, they are regulated by the same hormones, primarily parathyroid hormone (PTH) and
1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (calcitriol) and, to a lesser extent, the hormone calcitonin. These
hormones act on three organ systems-the bone, the kidneys, and the gastrointestinal (GI) tract-to
control the levels of these two ions in plasma. Answer is Endocrine system
3. Answer is Muscular system
4. Nonspecific defenses include mechanical barriers such as skin, saliva, the lacrimal apparatus,
and mucous membranes, as well as the outward flow of urine, vaginal secretions, and blood
(from wounds). Phagocytosis, fever, inflammation, and molecular strategies. Answer is
Integumentary System
5. Answer is the Circulatory system, Renal artery perfusion pressure directly regulates sodium
.
Rf = (distance the spot traveled)L there are fou.pdf
Rf = (distance the spot traveled)/L there are four spots, so from the left to the right:
Rf = 0.15 Rf = 0.40 Rf = 0.62 Rf = 0.87
Solution
Rf = (distance the spot traveled)/L there are four spots, so from the left to the right:
Rf = 0.15 Rf = 0.40 Rf = 0.62 Rf = 0.87.
No. Since sodium chloride is an ionic compound, i.pdf
No. Since sodium chloride is an ionic compound, it will be formula units, not
molecules. Molecules indicate equal sharing of electrons, whereas in sodium chloride it is a
complex of ions.
Solution
No. Since sodium chloride is an ionic compound, it will be formula units, not
molecules. Molecules indicate equal sharing of electrons, whereas in sodium chloride it is a
complex of ions..
Nacl is highly ionic in nature. where as CaO is s.pdf
Nacl is highly ionic in nature. where as CaO is slightly covalent
Solution
Nacl is highly ionic in nature. where as CaO is slightly covalent.
it is reduced as it accepts e- and goes from 0 to.pdf
it is reduced as it accepts e- and goes from 0 to -1 oxidation state
Solution
it is reduced as it accepts e- and goes from 0 to -1 oxidation state.
Iodine test is used to see if a compound has star.pdf
Iodine test is used to see if a compound has starch. Amylose has starch.
Solution
Iodine test is used to see if a compound has starch. Amylose has starch..
I have no clue! .pdf
This very short document does not provide any information to summarize in 3 sentences or less. The document simply states "I have no clue!" twice without offering any additional context or details.
C only III is major product .pdf
The document discusses a chemical reaction that produces one major product. The sole major product of the reaction is referred to as "C only III". No other products are mentioned as being significant.
Borane-THF is flammable and highly reactive with .pdf
Borane-THF is flammable and highly reactive with water ie why the student might
have had an explosion on his hands if you had not intervened.
Solution
Borane-THF is flammable and highly reactive with water ie why the student might
have had an explosion on his hands if you had not intervened..
Ubiquity Internet is available everywhere namely at home, at work v.pdf
Ubiquity: Internet is available everywhere namely at home, at work via mobile phones,
computers and other devices at any time.
Customization: Technology has allowed the personalized messages to the individuals and
sometimes to the groups probabily when an order is placed or for some other purpose.
Universal Standards: Actually these are one set technology known as internet standards.
Information Density: Here technology may decrease the information cost and at the same time
quality will be raised to the higher levels.
Solution
Ubiquity: Internet is available everywhere namely at home, at work via mobile phones,
computers and other devices at any time.
Customization: Technology has allowed the personalized messages to the individuals and
sometimes to the groups probabily when an order is placed or for some other purpose.
Universal Standards: Actually these are one set technology known as internet standards.
Information Density: Here technology may decrease the information cost and at the same time
quality will be raised to the higher levels..
Water is the most used resource in our day to day life . When the wa.pdf
Water is the most used resource in our day to day life . When the water that is used for other than
driniking purposes such as house hold activities and industries etc where water used is termed as
waste water.In waste water we have different types of physical and chemical compunds which
are both toxic and harmfull to both our health and atmosphere. So this chemicals are treated by
using various technologies and reducing the risk factor .
THere are so many waste water treatment technologies that effectively reduce emerging
pollutants and ground water contaminents
1) Activated sludge process
2) Advanced oxidation process
3) Aerated lagoon
4) Aerobic granulation etc
We can see that process are aerobic in nature and some are anerobic which means in presence of
oxygen or in absence of nitrogen.
Ground water is also contaminated due to suspended solids and chemicals present in water .
Untreated waste water from septic tank which has toxic materials forms underground storage
tanks in landfills and contaminate ground water
We use ex-situ technology and in situ technology for prevention of ground water contamination.
Solution
Water is the most used resource in our day to day life . When the water that is used for other than
driniking purposes such as house hold activities and industries etc where water used is termed as
waste water.In waste water we have different types of physical and chemical compunds which
are both toxic and harmfull to both our health and atmosphere. So this chemicals are treated by
using various technologies and reducing the risk factor .
THere are so many waste water treatment technologies that effectively reduce emerging
pollutants and ground water contaminents
1) Activated sludge process
2) Advanced oxidation process
3) Aerated lagoon
4) Aerobic granulation etc
We can see that process are aerobic in nature and some are anerobic which means in presence of
oxygen or in absence of nitrogen.
Ground water is also contaminated due to suspended solids and chemicals present in water .
Untreated waste water from septic tank which has toxic materials forms underground storage
tanks in landfills and contaminate ground water
We use ex-situ technology and in situ technology for prevention of ground water contamination..
The initiation of the sporulation of the bacteria is a complex cellu.pdf
The initiation of the sporulation of the bacteria is a complex cellular event controlled by an
extensive network of regulatory proteins.
They serve to ensure that a cell begin on this differentiation process only when appropriate
conditions are met.
The major signal transduction pathway for the initiation of sporulation is phosphorelay ,which
responds to the environmental,cell cycle, and metabolic signals and phosphorylates the spo0A
transcription factor activating its function.
Signal input into phosphorelay occurs through activation of kinases to phosphorylate a second
messenger protein,spo0F.
Spo0F-P serves as a substrate for phosphoprotein phosphotransferase spo0B, which
phosphorylates spo0A.
The pathway is regulated by the transcriptional control of is component proteins and by
regulating phosphate flux through the pathway.
Thus two-component regulatory system control sporulation process in Bacillus subtilis.
Solution
The initiation of the sporulation of the bacteria is a complex cellular event controlled by an
extensive network of regulatory proteins.
They serve to ensure that a cell begin on this differentiation process only when appropriate
conditions are met.
The major signal transduction pathway for the initiation of sporulation is phosphorelay ,which
responds to the environmental,cell cycle, and metabolic signals and phosphorylates the spo0A
transcription factor activating its function.
Signal input into phosphorelay occurs through activation of kinases to phosphorylate a second
messenger protein,spo0F.
Spo0F-P serves as a substrate for phosphoprotein phosphotransferase spo0B, which
phosphorylates spo0A.
The pathway is regulated by the transcriptional control of is component proteins and by
regulating phosphate flux through the pathway.
Thus two-component regulatory system control sporulation process in Bacillus subtilis..
The emissivity of a given surface is the measure of its ability to e.pdf
The emissivity of a given surface is the measure of its ability to emit radiation energy in
comparison to a blackbody at the same temperature. The emissivity of a surface varies between
zero and one. This is a property that measures how much a surface behaves as a blackbody. The
emissivity of a real surface varies as a function of the surface temperature, the wavelength, and
the direction of the emitted radiation.
Reflectivity is the amount of radiant energy reflected off a surface and it is related to surface
material.
these characteristics impact visual augmentation systems. because by detecting thermal radiation
emitted by a body position of that body can be located. similarly reflectivity effect is used in
visual glint phenomenon.
these two techniques are used in euipment used by army to detect and locate position of enemy
Solution
The emissivity of a given surface is the measure of its ability to emit radiation energy in
comparison to a blackbody at the same temperature. The emissivity of a surface varies between
zero and one. This is a property that measures how much a surface behaves as a blackbody. The
emissivity of a real surface varies as a function of the surface temperature, the wavelength, and
the direction of the emitted radiation.
Reflectivity is the amount of radiant energy reflected off a surface and it is related to surface
material.
these characteristics impact visual augmentation systems. because by detecting thermal radiation
emitted by a body position of that body can be located. similarly reflectivity effect is used in
visual glint phenomenon.
these two techniques are used in euipment used by army to detect and locate position of enemy.
Power set={SolutionPower set={.pdf
This document does not contain enough information to summarize in 3 sentences or less. The document consists of an opening bracket with the text "Power set={" and "Solution" but does not include any other details, context, or body of information that could be meaningfully summarized.
ANSWER Accounting concepts and conventions In dr.pdf
ANSWER Accounting concepts and conventions In drawing up accounting
statements, whether they are external \"financial accounts\" or internally-focused \"management
accounts\", a clear objective has to be that the accounts fairly reflect the true \"substance\" of the
business and the results of its operation. The theory of accounting has, therefore, developed the
concept of a \"true and fair view\". The true and fair view is applied in ensuring and assessing
whether accounts do indeed portray accurately the business\' activities. To support the
application of the \"true and fair view\", accounting has adopted certain concepts and
conventions which help to ensure that accounting information is presented accurately and
consistently. Accounting Conventions The most commonly encountered convention is the
\"historical cost convention\". This requires transactions to be recorded at the price ruling at the
time, and for assets to be valued at their original cost. Under the \"historical cost convention\",
therefore, no account is taken of changing prices in the economy. The other conventions you
will encounter in a set of accounts can be summarised as follows: Monetary measurement
Accountants do not account for items unless they can be quantified in monetary terms. Items that
are not accounted for (unless someone is prepared to pay something for them) include things like
workforce skill, morale, market leadership, brand recognition, quality of management etc.
Separate Entity This convention seeks to ensure that private transactions and matters relating to
the owners of a business are segregated from transactions that relate to the business. Realisation
With this convention, accounts recognise transactions (and any profits arising from them) at the
point of sale or transfer of legal ownership - rather than just when cash actually changes hands.
For example, a company that makes a sale to a customer can recognise that sale when the
transaction is legal - at the point of contract. The actual payment due from the customer may not
arise until several weeks (or months) later - if the customer has been granted some credit terms.
Materiality An important convention. As we can see from the application of accounting
standards and accounting policies, the preparation of accounts involves a high degree of
judgement. Where decisions are required about the appropriateness of a particular accounting
judgement, the \"materiality\" convention suggests that this should only be an issue if the
judgement is \"significant\" or \"material\" to a user of the accounts. The concept of
\"materiality\" is an important issue for auditors of financial accounts. Accounting Concepts
Four important accounting concepts underpin the preparation of any set of accounts: Going
Concern Accountants assume, unless there is evidence to the contrary, that a company is not
going broke. This has important implications for the valuation of assets and liabilities.
Consistency Transactions and val.
As ions are charged species a strong interactions.pdf
As ions are charged species a strong interactions(attractions) are possible between
the oppositely charged ions. Where as london dispersion forces(vanderwaal forces) are weak
forces as they are induced dipole-dipole attractions, these are temporary and weak attractions. ex:
between Na+& Cl- strong ionic attractions are present. between 2 molecules of water london
forces involve. and hence NaCl has high mp & bp than H2O
Solution
As ions are charged species a strong interactions(attractions) are possible between
the oppositely charged ions. Where as london dispersion forces(vanderwaal forces) are weak
forces as they are induced dipole-dipole attractions, these are temporary and weak attractions. ex:
between Na+& Cl- strong ionic attractions are present. between 2 molecules of water london
forces involve. and hence NaCl has high mp & bp than H2O.
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1.) Main characteristics of Haloarchaea are as followsHalophiles .pdf
1.) Main characteristics of Haloarchaea are as followsHalophiles .pdf
1. The three bacteria that may be implicated in the given case are S.pdf
1. The three bacteria that may be implicated in the given case are S.pdf
1. Pros and Cons of IP CCTVNew threats are introduced to the secu.pdf
1. Pros and Cons of IP CCTVNew threats are introduced to the secu.pdf
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1. Activation of Vit. D involves Kidney and Liver and liver is part .pdf
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Rf = (distance the spot traveled)L there are fou.pdf
No. Since sodium chloride is an ionic compound, i.pdf
No. Since sodium chloride is an ionic compound, i.pdf
Nacl is highly ionic in nature. where as CaO is s.pdf
Nacl is highly ionic in nature. where as CaO is s.pdf
it is reduced as it accepts e- and goes from 0 to.pdf
it is reduced as it accepts e- and goes from 0 to.pdf
Iodine test is used to see if a compound has star.pdf
Iodine test is used to see if a compound has star.pdf
Borane-THF is flammable and highly reactive with .pdf
Borane-THF is flammable and highly reactive with .pdf
Ubiquity Internet is available everywhere namely at home, at work v.pdf
Ubiquity Internet is available everywhere namely at home, at work v.pdf
Water is the most used resource in our day to day life . When the wa.pdf
Water is the most used resource in our day to day life . When the wa.pdf
The initiation of the sporulation of the bacteria is a complex cellu.pdf
The initiation of the sporulation of the bacteria is a complex cellu.pdf
The emissivity of a given surface is the measure of its ability to e.pdf
The emissivity of a given surface is the measure of its ability to e.pdf
ANSWER Accounting concepts and conventions In dr.pdf
ANSWER Accounting concepts and conventions In dr.pdf
As ions are charged species a strong interactions.pdf
As ions are charged species a strong interactions.pdf
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Capillaries are thin vessels that have a lining (endothelial lining).pdf
- 1. Capillaries are thin vessels that have a lining (endothelial lining) that is only one cell thick. The cells are held in place by the basement membrane (outer layer of capillaries). Since the capillaries are so thin, they facilitates the exchange of gases, nutrients, hormones, wastes between cells and blood. Arteries, veins and lymphatic vessels end in capillaries. The capillaries connect with each other to form a network. The capillaries are designed in such a way that they allow the transport of substances into and out of the vessel. There are structural differences to prevent or allow exchange of substances depending on where the capillaries are found. Water and ions are exchanged through the spaces between the cells (intercellular clefts) that make up the lining. There are areas where this is prevented by tight junctions that form impermeable barrier between cells. Large molecules like albumen are exchanged with the help of transport vesicles. There are 3 main types of capillaries based on pore structure. 1. Continuous- They do not have pores but posses intercellular clefts and areas with tight junctions. 2. Fenestrated- These have numerous pores of different sizes. They have a gylcocalyx layer that covers the inside of the capillaries. The gylcocalyx layer peeks out of the pores and is called the diaphragm (the intercellular clefts don't have the glycocalyx coming out of them). The diaphragm allows small molecules and prevents large molecules to pass through. But not all fenestrated capillaries have a glycocalyx layer. 3. Sinusodial (Discontinuous)- These have many intercellular clefts and pores and their basement membrane is incomplete.This type is the largest of the capillaries and the most permeable. They are found in the liver, spleen, bone marrow. Solution Capillaries are thin vessels that have a lining (endothelial lining) that is only one cell thick. The cells are held in place by the basement membrane (outer layer of capillaries). Since the capillaries are so thin, they facilitates the exchange of gases, nutrients, hormones, wastes between cells and blood. Arteries, veins and lymphatic vessels end in capillaries. The capillaries connect with each other to form a network. The capillaries are designed in such a way that they allow the transport of substances into and out of the vessel. There are structural differences to prevent or allow exchange of substances depending on where the capillaries are found. Water and ions are exchanged through the spaces between the cells (intercellular clefts) that make up the lining. There are areas where this is prevented by tight junctions that form impermeable barrier between cells. Large molecules like albumen are exchanged with the help of transport
- 2. vesicles. There are 3 main types of capillaries based on pore structure. 1. Continuous- They do not have pores but posses intercellular clefts and areas with tight junctions. 2. Fenestrated- These have numerous pores of different sizes. They have a gylcocalyx layer that covers the inside of the capillaries. The gylcocalyx layer peeks out of the pores and is called the diaphragm (the intercellular clefts don't have the glycocalyx coming out of them). The diaphragm allows small molecules and prevents large molecules to pass through. But not all fenestrated capillaries have a glycocalyx layer. 3. Sinusodial (Discontinuous)- These have many intercellular clefts and pores and their basement membrane is incomplete.This type is the largest of the capillaries and the most permeable. They are found in the liver, spleen, bone marrow.