This document summarizes the different types of plant tissues. It describes two main categories of plant tissues - meristematic and permanent tissues. Permanent tissues are further divided into simple and complex tissues. Simple tissues include epidermis, parenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma and cork. Complex tissues include xylem and phloem. Each tissue type is then defined and their structure and functions are explained.
Structure, Development & Function of CollenchymaFatima Ramay
Type of ground tissue, they are elongated cells with irregularly thick cell walls that provide support and structure.
Structure & Development:
Large central vacuole.
Prominent nucleus.
Living cells.
Flexible.
Irregularly thickened cell walls.
Thick primary cell wall made up of cellulose and pectin.
Secondary wall deposition starts in them.
Located beneath the epidermis in the stem and roots of dicot.
Usually absent in monocot stem and root.
There are three main types of collenchyma:
Lamellar collenchyma (uniformly thickened cell walls).
Angular collenchyma (thickened at intercellular contact points).
Lacunar collenchyma (collenchyma with intercellular spaces).
Provides structural support.
Filling of vacant spaces in young shoots and leaves that is later used for lateral growth.
Provides elasticity to plant parts by allowing them to bend easily.
Helps in photosynthesis.
Storage of secretory products.
Exchange of respiratory gases.
Structure, Development & Function of CollenchymaFatima Ramay
Type of ground tissue, they are elongated cells with irregularly thick cell walls that provide support and structure.
Structure & Development:
Large central vacuole.
Prominent nucleus.
Living cells.
Flexible.
Irregularly thickened cell walls.
Thick primary cell wall made up of cellulose and pectin.
Secondary wall deposition starts in them.
Located beneath the epidermis in the stem and roots of dicot.
Usually absent in monocot stem and root.
There are three main types of collenchyma:
Lamellar collenchyma (uniformly thickened cell walls).
Angular collenchyma (thickened at intercellular contact points).
Lacunar collenchyma (collenchyma with intercellular spaces).
Provides structural support.
Filling of vacant spaces in young shoots and leaves that is later used for lateral growth.
Provides elasticity to plant parts by allowing them to bend easily.
Helps in photosynthesis.
Storage of secretory products.
Exchange of respiratory gases.
A group of cells which are similar in Origin and function but of more than One type in structure.
Water conducting tissue
Along with phloem make vascular tissue
Provide support to plants
1)Tracheary elements
These are nonliving cells, provide support and conduct water. Two types,
(a)Tracheids: elongate, tube like cell, tapering, rounded or oval ends, hard lignified walls.
(b)Vessels members: long, cylindrical, tube-like structures with lignified walls.
(2)Fibres: thick walls, evolve from tracheids and provide mechanical strength. Two types,
(a)Fibre-tracheids: medium thickness walls, have reduced boardered pits.
(b)Libriform fibres: very thick walls, have reduced simple pits.
Parenchyma cells: living cells, in woody plants, store of food in starch form. Two types:
(a)Axial parenchyma: derived from fusiform initials, have tracheary elements and fibres.
(b)Ray parenchyma: derived from ray initials of cambium, xylem ray cells.
Developmentally, xylem have two types
(1)Primary xylem: derived from procambium, developing from embryo, non-woody plants.
(2)Secondary xylem: from vascular cambium, second stage of plant development, in woody plants.
Plant tissue system -Basis for plant anatomyPavan Rathod
i have explained about "plant tissue" in previous slideshare (hope you visited).in this presentation i have explained about "plant tissue system" ,it made easy to learn and classified to get better knowledge on concept.
it includes,epidermal tissue,trichomes ,stomata ,Development of stomata, Classification of stomata: based on development ,Classification of stomata: based on structure, shape and arrangements of subsidiary cell ,Agenous stomata, mesogenous stomata, Perigenous stomata ,Anomocytic stomata ,Anisocytic stomata,Diacytic stomata ,Paracytic stomata, Actinocytic stomata ,Gramineous stomata, root hairs, vasuclar tissue,xylem, Xylem vessel ,Tracheids, xylem Parenchyma,xylem fiber,phloem,Sieve tube, Companion cells ,phloem Parenchyma ,phloem Fibres,ground tissue, Cortex, Pericycle, Pericycle ,Pith..etc.
Complex tissue types and it's elements .
Xylem and phloem primary and secondary growth and it's differences.
Xylem and phloem elements function and it's structure
A group of cells which are similar in Origin and function but of more than One type in structure.
Water conducting tissue
Along with phloem make vascular tissue
Provide support to plants
1)Tracheary elements
These are nonliving cells, provide support and conduct water. Two types,
(a)Tracheids: elongate, tube like cell, tapering, rounded or oval ends, hard lignified walls.
(b)Vessels members: long, cylindrical, tube-like structures with lignified walls.
(2)Fibres: thick walls, evolve from tracheids and provide mechanical strength. Two types,
(a)Fibre-tracheids: medium thickness walls, have reduced boardered pits.
(b)Libriform fibres: very thick walls, have reduced simple pits.
Parenchyma cells: living cells, in woody plants, store of food in starch form. Two types:
(a)Axial parenchyma: derived from fusiform initials, have tracheary elements and fibres.
(b)Ray parenchyma: derived from ray initials of cambium, xylem ray cells.
Developmentally, xylem have two types
(1)Primary xylem: derived from procambium, developing from embryo, non-woody plants.
(2)Secondary xylem: from vascular cambium, second stage of plant development, in woody plants.
Plant tissue system -Basis for plant anatomyPavan Rathod
i have explained about "plant tissue" in previous slideshare (hope you visited).in this presentation i have explained about "plant tissue system" ,it made easy to learn and classified to get better knowledge on concept.
it includes,epidermal tissue,trichomes ,stomata ,Development of stomata, Classification of stomata: based on development ,Classification of stomata: based on structure, shape and arrangements of subsidiary cell ,Agenous stomata, mesogenous stomata, Perigenous stomata ,Anomocytic stomata ,Anisocytic stomata,Diacytic stomata ,Paracytic stomata, Actinocytic stomata ,Gramineous stomata, root hairs, vasuclar tissue,xylem, Xylem vessel ,Tracheids, xylem Parenchyma,xylem fiber,phloem,Sieve tube, Companion cells ,phloem Parenchyma ,phloem Fibres,ground tissue, Cortex, Pericycle, Pericycle ,Pith..etc.
Complex tissue types and it's elements .
Xylem and phloem primary and secondary growth and it's differences.
Xylem and phloem elements function and it's structure
This PPT explores the different type of plant tissue systems and their good coordination for the sake of structural and functional integrity along with other attributes.
slide1- introduction
slide2-Plant Tissue
Plant tissues are of two types :-
Meristematic tissue
Permanent tissue
slide3-Meristematic Tissue
Meristematic tissues continuously form a number of new cells and helps in growth and are generally made up live cells . Meristematic tissues are the group of cells that have the ability to divide. These tissues in a plant consist of small, densely packed cells that can keep dividing to form new cells. Meristems give rise to permanent tissues and have the following characteristics:
the cells are small,
the cells walls are thin,
cells have large nuclei,
vacuoles are absent or very small
there are no intercellular spaces.
Types of Meristematic Tissue
Apical Meristem:- Apical meristem is present on root apex, stem apex, leaf buds and flower buds. They are responsible for growth in length, i.e. primary growth.
Lateral Meristem: Lateral meristem is present along the side of the stem. They are responsible for growth in girth, i.e. secondary growth.
Intercalary Meristem: Intercalary meristem is present at the base of leaf or internodes. They are present on either side of the node.
slide4-Permanent Tissue [Plant Tissue]
Once the cells of meristematic tissue divide to a certain extent, they become specialized for a particular function. This process is called differentiation. Once differentiation is accomplished, the cells lose their capability to divide and the tissue becomes permanent tissue. Permanent tissues are of two types, simple permanent tissue and complex permanent tissue.
Permanent tissue gives support and are generally made up of dead cells . The cells of permanent tissues do not have the ability to divide. These cells are already differentiated in different tissue types and is now specialized to perform specific functions. They are subdivided into two groups, simple tissues consisting of cells which are more or less similar, e.g. epidermis, parenchyma, chlorenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma and complex tissues consisting of different kinds of cells, e.g. xylem and phloem.
slide5-Parenchyma tissue
The cells of parenchyma have thin cell wall. They are loosely packed; with lot of intercellular spaces between them. Parenchyma makes the largest portion of a plant body. Parenchyma mainly works are packing material in plant parts. The main function of parenchyma is to provide support and to store food.
It is loosely packed and inter cellular spaces are there .
In aquatic plants , air is filled in parenchyma tissue , so they are called Arenchyma .
Parenchyma in which chlorophyll is present is called chlorenchyma .
slide6- Collenchyma tissue
In collenchyma tissue , the cells are generally elongated and are circular , oval or polygonal in cross- section. Cell wall is evenly thickened with cellulose at the corners . It is present on internodes of the plant . It is closely packed and intercellular spaces are generally absent. It is a living cell and vacuo
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1. Plant Tissues
DEFINITION- An aggregation of similar cells having same
functions is known as tissue.
Depending on origin, structure and physiology, plant tissues can
be classified as
1. Meristematic or embryonic tissue
2. Permanent tissue
a. Simple permanent tissues
b. complex permanent tissues
4. EPIDERMIS
Outermost cellular layer
Covers the whole plant structure
Covers roots, stem, leaves, flowers and fruit.
Living cells.
Closely packed, without intercellular spaces or
chloroplasts.
Outer wall thickened, covered by a waxy,
waterproof cuticle which are made up of cutin.
Stomata found in the epidermis of leaves and stem.
root hairs (trichomes) found in the epidermis of
leaves and stems.
5. 3
A stoma is an opening (pore)
Which is bounded by two bean shaped cells
called guard cells .
Guard cells are covered by various numbers of
subsidiary cells.
Stomata 5 types
1. Paracytic
2. Diacytic
3. Anisocytic
4. Anomocytic
5. Actinocytic
structure
8. Functions
Protect the underlying cells.
Cuticle prevents the loss of moisture from
leaves and stems.
The transparent epidermal cells allow sunlight (for
photosynthesis) to pass through to the chloroplasts in
the mesophyll tissue.
The stomata of leaves and stems allow gaseous
exchange to take place which is necessary for
photosynthesis and respiration.
Help in transpiration, water vapor may be given off
through the stomata.
Trichomes excrete water and volatile oils etc.
9. Parenchyma
Composed of living cells
Thin-walled, made with cellulose.
Found in all organs of higher plants.
Iso-diametric
Intercellular space is present.
Contain vacuolated protoplast.
Main function is manufacturing and
storage of food.
10. 7
The secondary thickening may give rise to various
types of parenchyma, such as
1. simple parenchyma.
2. Parenchyma with intercellular space.
3. lignified parenchyma
4. Reticulate parenchyma
11. Collenchyma
Supporting tissue
found underneath of epidermis of stem. leaf
Thick, soft, plastic and non-lignified cell wall.
Walls have lots of pectin, which holds water.
Also contains lots of cellulose in the cell wall.
Generally longer than parenchyma cells.
Cells have protoplast, chloroplasts are normally
absent.
Thick walled cells give mechanical support to
plant.
12. 9
Type of collenchyma
1. Angular - Walls thickened where cells meet in the
corners.
2. Lamellar or plate – thickened on tangential walls. Cells
appear to line up in rows just below epidermis.
3. Lacunar, i.e. with a hole - thickening around the spaces
between the cells. Hole may be closed later by pectin
substances.
13. Sclerenchyma
• Mature sclerenchyma cells are dead.
• Have secondary cell walls thickened with cellulose and
usually impregnated with lignin.
• The cell cavity or lumen is very small or it may
disappear completely.
• It is found in stems, roots and leaves.
Functions:
• sclerenchyma is an important supporting tissue in
plants, provide mechanical support plant.
• sclereids are responsible for the hardness of seeds and
the shell of walnut.
• fibres probably play a role in the transport of water in
the plant,
14. 11
There are two types of sclerenchyma cells, namely
sclereids and fibres.
Sclereids:
The cells are irregular in shape.
The cell walls are thick, hard and lignified which makes
the lumen very small.
Simple pits (canals) are found in the thickened cell
walls and link adjacent cells.
Sclereids are commonly found in fruit and seeds.
They are found in groups or single.
15. 12
Fibres:
The cells are needle-shaped with pointed tips, thick walls and
rather small lumen.
Secondary cell walls, impregnated with, are formed.
Simple pits are also present.
Fibres are abundant in the vascular tissue of angiosperms,
i.e. flowering plants.
They are also called as internal hairs.
They gradually loose protoplast and become dead.
They are pericyclic fibres, xylem fibres, phloem fibres etc.
16. CORK
Cork is a tissue found in many vascular plants as part of the
periderm.
The cork is a lateral meristem
A mature cork cell is non-living.
Cell walls are composed of a waxy substance that is highly
impermeable to gases and water called suberin.
cork cell may be filled with air or may contain traces of lignin,
tannins, or fatty acids.
May vary in thickness from one to the next.
Packed closely together.
17. 14
Cells are generally arranged in radial rows.
Separation among the cells is achieved by structures
arising from the cork cambium called lenticels.
These pore-like structures allow gases to be exchanged
between the plant stem and the outside environment.
The cork cambium provides the internal cells of the
plants with extra insulation and protection.
18. Xylem
• Xylem is one of the transport tissue in vascular
plants.
• The basic function of xylem is to transport
water, but it also transports some nutrients.
• Give mechanical support to the plant.
• Composed of tracheids, tracheae or vessel,
xylem parenchyma and xylem fibres.
• Tracheids are elongated cells with large cavities
and tapering end.
• tracheids are dead cells.
19. 15
• Cell wall is hard, lignified with bordered pits.
Vessel/trachea:
• They are long tube like bodies. Trachae is formed
from a row of cylindrical cells.
• The cell wall is hard & lignified with annular to
pitted.
• It should be noted that trachied is a single cell, but
a trachea or vessel is a tube like body formed from
a row of cells.
20. 20
• The initially formed xylem vessels are smaller
cavities & annular with spiral thickening called as
Protoxylem vessel.
• But lately formed vessels are reticulate with
pitted thickening called metaxylem vessel.
23. PHLOEM
• Phloem is the living tissue .
• The phloem is the innermost layer of the bark.
• The phloem is concerned mainly with the
transport of soluble organic material made
during photosynthesis.
• Phloem composed of Sieve tube, Companion
cell, phloem parenchyma also phloem fibres.
26. • Seive tube is living, having lining cytoplasm with a large
central vacuole.
• The nucleus disintegrates with the maturity of the tube.
• Cell wall is thin & made up of cellulose.
• Vacuole is rich in nitrogenous matter.
• A carbohydrate called callose is deposited on the seive
plate in the form of a pad called callous pad.
• Companion cells are closely associated with sieve tubes
& are connected with them by pores.