Plant tissue
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This document summarizes plant tissues and their classification. It describes two main types of plant tissues - meristematic and permanent tissues. Meristematic tissues are tissues composed of actively dividing cells found in growing regions of roots and stems. Permanent tissues are of two types - simple tissues including parenchyma, collenchyma and sclerenchyma, and complex tissues like phloem and xylem. It provides details about the location, structure and function of each of these different plant tissue types.
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This document discusses different types of plant and animal tissues. It begins by defining tissue as a group of similar cells that work together to perform a common function.
The document then separates tissues into plant and animal categories. It describes the main plant tissue types as meristematic and permanent. Meristematic tissue is responsible for plant growth, and occurs in three forms: apical, lateral, and intercalary. Permanent tissues include simple tissues like parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma, as well as complex tissues xylem and phloem.
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Schlerenchyma Cells
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Definition:
Schlerenchyma cells are specialized plant cells that exist to provide strength and support.
They are present in all kinds of plants including grasses,trees and flowering plants. Their cell wall consists of cellulose,lignin and hemicellulose.
There are two types of schlerenchyma. 1. Fibers 2.Schleroids
Long spindle shaped cells. They usually occur in strands. Within a stand ,the fibers overlap. Walls are not highly hydrated. Supporting elements in plant parts that are no elongating.
Function of Schlerenchyma
Schlerenchyma cells are strong,thick cells that provide most of the support in plant. Enable plant organs to withstand various strain, bending, weight and presssure without damage to the thin softer cells.
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Tissues are composed of groups of cells that perform specialized functions. There are four main types of tissues in animals: epithelial tissues cover and line body structures, connective tissues connect and support other tissues, muscular tissues allow for movement, and nervous tissues detect and respond to stimuli. The major animal tissues include epithelial (squamous, cuboidal, columnar), connective (blood, bone, cartilage), muscular (striated, smooth, cardiac), and nervous tissue. Each tissue type has characteristic structures and locations throughout the body.
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Plant cells and tissues are organized into three main organ groups - roots, stems, and leaves. These organs contain tissues that work together for common functions. Plant tissues are classified based on their structure and function. There are several main types of plant tissues including meristematic tissues for growth, parenchyma tissues for photosynthesis and storage, collenchyma and sclerenchyma tissues for structural support, xylem tissue for water and nutrient transport, and phloem tissue for food transport throughout the plant.
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Schlerenchyma cells are specialized plant cells that exist to provide strength and support.
They are present in all kinds of plants including grasses,trees and flowering plants. Their cell wall consists of cellulose,lignin and hemicellulose.
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Here are the answers to the exercise questions:
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Q3- Xylem components are- tracheids, vessels, xylem parenchyma, xylem fibers. Phloem components are- sieve tubes, companion cells, phloem parenchyma, phloem fibers.
Q4-
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b.
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slide1- introduction
slide2-Plant Tissue
Plant tissues are of two types :-
Meristematic tissue
Permanent tissue
slide3-Meristematic Tissue
Meristematic tissues continuously form a number of new cells and helps in growth and are generally made up live cells . Meristematic tissues are the group of cells that have the ability to divide. These tissues in a plant consist of small, densely packed cells that can keep dividing to form new cells. Meristems give rise to permanent tissues and have the following characteristics:
the cells are small,
the cells walls are thin,
cells have large nuclei,
vacuoles are absent or very small
there are no intercellular spaces.
Types of Meristematic Tissue
Apical Meristem:- Apical meristem is present on root apex, stem apex, leaf buds and flower buds. They are responsible for growth in length, i.e. primary growth.
Lateral Meristem: Lateral meristem is present along the side of the stem. They are responsible for growth in girth, i.e. secondary growth.
Intercalary Meristem: Intercalary meristem is present at the base of leaf or internodes. They are present on either side of the node.
slide4-Permanent Tissue [Plant Tissue]
Once the cells of meristematic tissue divide to a certain extent, they become specialized for a particular function. This process is called differentiation. Once differentiation is accomplished, the cells lose their capability to divide and the tissue becomes permanent tissue. Permanent tissues are of two types, simple permanent tissue and complex permanent tissue.
Permanent tissue gives support and are generally made up of dead cells . The cells of permanent tissues do not have the ability to divide. These cells are already differentiated in different tissue types and is now specialized to perform specific functions. They are subdivided into two groups, simple tissues consisting of cells which are more or less similar, e.g. epidermis, parenchyma, chlorenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma and complex tissues consisting of different kinds of cells, e.g. xylem and phloem.
slide5-Parenchyma tissue
The cells of parenchyma have thin cell wall. They are loosely packed; with lot of intercellular spaces between them. Parenchyma makes the largest portion of a plant body. Parenchyma mainly works are packing material in plant parts. The main function of parenchyma is to provide support and to store food.
It is loosely packed and inter cellular spaces are there .
In aquatic plants , air is filled in parenchyma tissue , so they are called Arenchyma .
Parenchyma in which chlorophyll is present is called chlorenchyma .
slide6- Collenchyma tissue
In collenchyma tissue , the cells are generally elongated and are circular , oval or polygonal in cross- section. Cell wall is evenly thickened with cellulose at the corners . It is present on internodes of the plant . It is closely packed and intercellular spaces are generally absent. It is a living cell and vacuo
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Here are the answers to the exercise questions:
Q1- Tissue is a group of cells having similar origin, structure and function.
Q2- Meristematic tissues are actively dividing tissues found in growing regions of plants. Permanent tissues are formed from meristematic tissues and do not divide further.
Q3- Xylem components are- tracheids, vessels, xylem parenchyma, xylem fibers. Phloem components are- sieve tubes, companion cells, phloem parenchyma, phloem fibers.
Q4-
a. Parenchyma tissue has loosely packed thin walled cells with intercellular spaces. Some contain chlorophyll.
b.
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This document summarizes the anatomy of flowering plants. It describes the main tissue types found in plants including meristematic tissue, parenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma, xylem and phloem. It also discusses the structure and locations of different tissue systems like epidermal tissue, ground tissue and vascular tissue. Modifications of epidermal cells like stomata and root hairs are also outlined. The organization of vascular bundles as open or closed, radial or conjoint is summarized.
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In biology, tissue is a cellular organizational level between cells and a complete organ. A tissue is an ensemble of similar cells and their extracellular matrix from the same origin that together carry out a specific function. Broadly tissues can be classified into two major groups : Plant tissue and Animal tissue.
A plant tissue can be defined as a cell or a group of cells dividing, to give rise to large number of cell, which is collectively referred as tissues. They are structurally and functionally similar to these cells. Plants do have a higher level of structure called plant tissue systems. A plant tissue system can be defined as a functional unit, which connects all organs of a plant. Like animal tissue system, plant tissue system is also grouped into various tissues based on their functions.
In this lesson you will learn about :
1) Tissues - "The Teams of Workers"
2) Types of Plant Tissues
3) Plant Tissue Systems
I hope this document is helpful to you. Please share the document with your friends if you think this will benefit them. Get ready for the next lesson. Thanks.
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Please see to it .
I hope it will help You...
Thanks.
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This document summarizes the key types of tissues found in plants and animals. In plants, there are two main types of tissues - meristematic tissues which continuously divide, and permanent tissues which have specialized structures and functions. Meristematic tissues include apical, lateral, and intercalary meristem. Permanent tissues include simple tissues like parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma, and complex tissues like xylem and phloem. In animals, the main tissues are epithelial, connective, muscle and nerve tissues. Epithelial tissue covers the internal and external surfaces, and includes several cell types arranged in layers.
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This document discusses different types of permanent tissue in plants. It begins by defining permanent tissue as mature meristematic tissue that has lost the ability to divide. Permanent tissue is classified as simple tissue, complex tissue, or secretory tissue. Simple permanent tissue includes parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma. Parenchyma is living tissue that can be photosynthetic, structural, or storage-related. Collenchyma provides support and is located beneath the epidermis. Sclerenchyma includes dead fibers for support and sclereids for hardness. The document outlines characteristics and functions of each tissue type.
Cell structure & functions for class 9 by Susanta Kumar Panda
Cell Structure and Functions ppt presentation for Class 9 Students prepared by Susanta Kumar Panda, Sambalpur
Tissues
slide1- introduction
slide2-Plant Tissue
Plant tissues are of two types :-
Meristematic tissue
Permanent tissue
slide3-Meristematic Tissue
Meristematic tissues continuously form a number of new cells and helps in growth and are generally made up live cells . Meristematic tissues are the group of cells that have the ability to divide. These tissues in a plant consist of small, densely packed cells that can keep dividing to form new cells. Meristems give rise to permanent tissues and have the following characteristics:
the cells are small,
the cells walls are thin,
cells have large nuclei,
vacuoles are absent or very small
there are no intercellular spaces.
Types of Meristematic Tissue
Apical Meristem:- Apical meristem is present on root apex, stem apex, leaf buds and flower buds. They are responsible for growth in length, i.e. primary growth.
Lateral Meristem: Lateral meristem is present along the side of the stem. They are responsible for growth in girth, i.e. secondary growth.
Intercalary Meristem: Intercalary meristem is present at the base of leaf or internodes. They are present on either side of the node.
slide4-Permanent Tissue [Plant Tissue]
Once the cells of meristematic tissue divide to a certain extent, they become specialized for a particular function. This process is called differentiation. Once differentiation is accomplished, the cells lose their capability to divide and the tissue becomes permanent tissue. Permanent tissues are of two types, simple permanent tissue and complex permanent tissue.
Permanent tissue gives support and are generally made up of dead cells . The cells of permanent tissues do not have the ability to divide. These cells are already differentiated in different tissue types and is now specialized to perform specific functions. They are subdivided into two groups, simple tissues consisting of cells which are more or less similar, e.g. epidermis, parenchyma, chlorenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma and complex tissues consisting of different kinds of cells, e.g. xylem and phloem.
slide5-Parenchyma tissue
The cells of parenchyma have thin cell wall. They are loosely packed; with lot of intercellular spaces between them. Parenchyma makes the largest portion of a plant body. Parenchyma mainly works are packing material in plant parts. The main function of parenchyma is to provide support and to store food.
It is loosely packed and inter cellular spaces are there .
In aquatic plants , air is filled in parenchyma tissue , so they are called Arenchyma .
Parenchyma in which chlorophyll is present is called chlorenchyma .
slide6- Collenchyma tissue
In collenchyma tissue , the cells are generally elongated and are circular , oval or polygonal in cross- section. Cell wall is evenly thickened with cellulose at the corners . It is present on internodes of the plant . It is closely packed and intercellular spaces are generally absent. It is a living cell and vacuo
Primary structure Monocot Root
Primary structure in primary plant body in monocot roots.
Maize root is type example in this presentation.
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The document discusses plant anatomy and the different types of tissues that make up plant structures. It describes three main tissue systems - dermal tissue, ground tissue, and vascular tissue. Dermal tissue provides protection, ground tissue includes parenchyma cells, and vascular tissue contains xylem and phloem conducting elements. Tissues are further divided into meristematic and permanent tissues. Meristematic tissues include apical and lateral meristems that allow for growth, while permanent tissues like parenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma, xylem and phloem have specialized functions.
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Plant tissues include meristematic tissues, which are responsible for growth, and permanent tissues like parenchyma, collenchyma and sclerenchyma tissues that provide structure and support. Complex plant tissues include xylem and phloem tissues that transport water/minerals and food respectively.
Animal tissues include four main types - epithelial tissues that provide protection, connective tissues that connect and support other tissues, muscular tissues that allow movement, and nervous tissues that coordinate the body's activities and reactions. The document provides examples and functions of different types of
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Plastids are double membrane organelles found in plant and algae cells. They are responsible for manufacturing and storing food and often contain pigments used in photosynthesis. There are several types of plastids that serve different functions: chloroplasts contain chlorophyll and are found in plant leaves to perform photosynthesis; chromoplasts contain colored pigments and are found in flowers and fruits; leucoplasts are non-pigmented and act as storage units for starches, lipids, and proteins in plant roots and other non-photosynthetic tissues.
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Cell structure & functions for class 9 by Susanta Kumar Panda
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Symfony CMF als Content Management Framework mit der Integration des SeoBundles
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Farming 2
An experiment in sustainable farming was launched in rural India to address the issues of farmer suicides, destitution of families, and burden on women and children. The Magan Sanghralaya Samiti started a natural farming movement in Wardha district of Maharashtra to provide an alternative to problems caused by genetically modified seeds, such as increased pest infestation and dying trees. The movement aims to give voice to farmers whose concerns have gone unheard.
आम्ले आम्लारी आणि क्षार
The document is a copyright notice repeated over 18 pages belonging to the Jnana Prabodhini Educational Resource Centre. It does not contain any other substantive information beyond asserting the copyright ownership of the organization on each page.
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RESTing on HTTP - FrOSCon 10 - 2015-08-23
This is my presentation on the 10th birthday of FrOSCon. Held in german, so the notes are too, but the slides ar in english.
Will try to add the code examples and responses as comments later on.
Request:
GET /api/v1/speakers/29 HTTP/1.1
Host: froscon-example.dev
Content-Type: application/json
Response:
200 OK
{
"id": 29,
"first_name": "Marco",
"last_name": "Pivetta",
"_links": {
"self": {
"href": "/api/v1/speakers/29"
},
"session": {
"href": "/api/v1/sessions/29"
}
}
}
Request:
POST /api/v1/speakers HTTP/1.1
Host: froscon-example.dev
Content-Type: application/json
{
"firstName": "Andreas",
"lastName": "Heigel",
"twitterHandle": "@heiglandreas"
}
Response:
201 Created
{
"id": 39,
"twitter_handle": "@heiglandreas",
"first_name": "Andreas",
"last_name": "Heigel",
"_links": {
"self": {
"href": "/api/v1/speakers/39"
}
}
}
Request:
PUT /api/v1/speakers/39 HTTP/1.1
Host: froscon-example.dev
Content-Type: application/json
{
"twitter_handle": "@heiglandreas",
"first_name": "Andrea",
"last_name": "Heigel"
}
Response:
200 OK
{
"id": 39,
"twitter_handle": "@heiglandreas",
"first_name": "Andrea",
"last_name": "Heigel",
"_links": {
"self": {
"href": "/api/v1/speakers/39"
}
}
}
Request:
PATCH /api/v1/speakers HTTP/1.1
Host: froscon-example.dev
Content-Type: application/json
{
"twitter_handle": "@heiglandreas",
"first_name": "Andreas"
}
Response:
200 OK
{
"id": 39,
"twitter_handle": "@heiglandreas",
"first_name": "Andreas",
"last_name": "Heigel",
"_links": {
"self": {
"href": "/api/v1/speakers/39"
}
}
}
Request:
DELETE /api/v1/speakers/39 HTTP/1.1
Host: froscon-example.dev
Response
204 No Content
Location /api/v1/speakers
The desert g
The Great Indian Desert, also known as the Thar Desert, is located in northwestern India. It is one of the largest subtropical deserts in the world, covering an area of over 200,000 square kilometers across the Indian states of Rajasthan, Haryana, Punjab, and Gujarat. The desert is mostly an undulating sandy plain covered with crescent-shaped sand dunes, and it has an arid climate with low vegetation due to low annual precipitation of less than 250 millimeters.
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Tissues
This document discusses different types of plant and animal tissues. It describes in detail the various types of plant tissues including meristematic tissues, permanent tissues (simple and complex), and their functions. The simple permanent tissues discussed are parenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma. The complex permanent tissues discussed are xylem and phloem. It also describes the various types of animal tissues like epithelial tissue, connective tissue, muscular tissue and nervous tissue. Epithelial tissue is described in more detail covering the different types like squamous, cuboidal and columnar epithelium.
ANATOMY OF THE STEM.pptx
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The xylem and phloem and sieve tubes and cambium.
Plant anatomy and physiology.pptx
This document provides an overview of the course "Plant Anatomy and Physiology". It discusses the study of plant anatomy and physiology, the general structure and types of plant cells, plant tissues including meristematic, epidermal, ground and vascular tissues, and the anatomy of roots and stems in gymnosperms. The key systems in plants including epidermal, ground and vascular tissue systems are also summarized.
TISSUES Class - 9th
PowerPoint Presentation on the topic - 'Tissues'. For Class - 9th.
Created By - 'Neha Rohtagi'
I hope that you will found this presentation useful and it will help you out for your concept understanding.
Thank You!
tissue .pptx
- The document discusses plant and animal tissues. It describes the four levels of tissue organization from cells to organisms.
- Plant tissues include meristematic tissues, permanent tissues like parenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma, and complex tissues like xylem and phloem.
- Animal tissues include epithelial tissues, connective tissues, and muscle tissues. Epithelial tissues cover the body and include squamous, cuboidal, columnar, and ciliated cells. Connective tissues connect and support organs.
Ch6 tissues
Tissues are groups of cells that perform specific functions. There are two main types of tissues - plant tissues and animal tissues. Plant tissues include meristematic tissue, which contains undifferentiated cells, and permanent tissue, which contains non-dividing cells. Permanent tissue is further divided into simple tissues like parenchyma, collenchyma and sclerenchyma, and complex tissues like xylem and phloem. Animal tissues include epithelial tissue, which covers surfaces, and connective tissue, which connects and supports. Epithelial tissue is classified into squamous, cuboidal, columnar, ciliated and glandular tissue. Connective tissue includes fluid tissues like blood and lymph, skeletal
Ergastic Substances
This document discusses cell inclusions and sclerenchyma cells. It describes how cell inclusions are non-living substances present in cells that can be organic or inorganic reserves, excretions, or minerals. Common reserves include starch, glycogen, fat droplets, and aleurone grains. Sclerenchyma cells have thick, lignified secondary cell walls that provide structure and support. There are two types: fibers which are long and needle-shaped, and sclereids which are irregularly shaped and found in fruits and seeds. Both fiber and sclereid cell walls strengthen plant tissues.
Plant Tissue.pptx
The document summarizes the key differences between three types of plant tissues: parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma.
Parenchyma cells are living cells found in soft plant parts with thin, uniformly thick cell walls. Collenchyma cells are also living and found in young stems and petioles, with unevenly thickened cell walls. Sclerenchyma cells are dead with thick, lignified cell walls found in woody and hardened parts.
The document also compares xylem and phloem tissues, noting that xylem transports water and minerals unidirectionally upward, while phloem transports sugars bidirectionally using sieve tubes and companion
Part ii
Plant tissues are divided into meristematic and permanent tissues. Permanent tissues lack the ability to divide and include simple tissues like parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma, as well as complex tissues like xylem and phloem. Animal tissues include epithelial, connective, muscular, and nervous tissues. Amoeba is a unicellular organism that uses pseudopodia for movement and food capture, while Brassica is a multicellular plant with vegetative and reproductive parts like roots, stems, leaves, and flowers. The digestive system of frogs includes a coiled alimentary canal and accessory glands, while the respiratory system uses pulmonary, cutaneous and bucc
Tissues class 9 pdf notes-Chapter 6-NCERT Solutions
In Class 9 Biology, tissues are an essential topic. Let's go through some key points about tissues:
Definition:
A tissue is a group of cells that have a similar structure and work together to perform a specific function.
Types of Tissues:
1. Epithelial Tissue:
Location: Covers body surfaces, lines cavities and organs.
Functions: Protection, secretion, absorption, and sensation.
Types: Simple epithelium (single layer), stratified epithelium (multiple layers), and pseudostratified epithelium.
2. Connective Tissue:
Location: Found throughout the body.
Functions: Support, bind together, and protect tissues and organs.
Types: Loose connective tissue, dense connective tissue, cartilage, bone, blood, and adipose tissue.
3. Muscular Tissue:
Location: Attached to bones (skeletal), walls of internal organs (smooth), and heart (cardiac).
Functions: Movement and locomotion (skeletal), involuntary movements of organs (smooth), and pumping of blood (cardiac).
4. Nervous Tissue:
Location: Brain, spinal cord, and nerves.
Functions: Transmit and receive impulses, coordinate and regulate body activities.
Composed of neurons and neuroglial cells.
Plant Tissues:
1. Meristematic Tissue:
Location: Found at the growing tips of roots and stems.
Functions: Responsible for plant growth and development.
2. Permanent Tissue:
Simple Permanent Tissue: Parenchyma (storage), Collenchyma (support), and Sclerenchyma (mechanical support).
Complex Permanent Tissue: Xylem (water transport) and Phloem (food transport).
Differences Between Plant and Animal Tissues:
Plant tissues have cell walls, while animal tissues do not.
Plant tissues have chloroplasts for photosynthesis, which animal tissues lack.
Plant tissues often have intercellular spaces, allowing gas exchange, while animal tissues generally do not.
Cell Organelles in Tissues:
Cells in tissues contain various organelles, such as the nucleus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, and Golgi apparatus, each contributing to specific cellular functions.
For more detail, visit. www.vavaclasses.com
Sem iii(h)4
This PPT explores the different type of plant tissue systems and their good coordination for the sake of structural and functional integrity along with other attributes.
Science project work
There are four basic types of tissues in animals: epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous tissue. Epithelial tissue forms protective layers and boundaries. Connective tissue provides structure, storage, and connection between other tissues. Muscle tissue allows for movement. Nervous tissue transmits signals rapidly through neurons. The document further describes the characteristics, types, and functions of each tissue in more detail.
Plant tissue konmei mukholee slide
Plant tissues can be divided into meristematic tissue, permanent tissue, and epidermis. Meristematic tissue includes apical, lateral and intercalary meristems that allow for growth. Permanent tissues are divided into simple tissues like parenchyma, collenchyma and sclerenchyma, and complex tissues like xylem and phloem that transport water and nutrients. Parenchyma is the most common ground tissue while sclerenchyma provides structure. Xylem transports water and minerals upward and phloem transports food downward. The epidermis forms the outer protective layer of leaves, stems and roots.
Tissues - slideshare.pptx
introduction to tissues-human body is made up of 4 basic tissues- connective tissues, epithelium tissue, nervous tissue, muscular tissue--biological tissues is a collection of interconnected cells that perform a similar function and an embryological origin with similar structure , types of tissues , microscopic diagram, diagrams of tissues, epithelial tissue and types, connective tissue , its components and types
Types of tissues with characteristic's and distribution regions
Tissues
1. Tissues are groups of cells that perform specific functions. There are four main types of animal tissues: epithelial, connective, muscular and nervous tissue. In plants, there are meristematic tissues which actively divide and permanent tissues which do not divide. Permanent tissues are further divided into simple parenchyma, collenchyma and sclerenchyma, and complex vascular tissues xylem and phloem. Tissues provide structure and fulfill functions like protection, support, storage, and transport within animals and plants.
Equisetum
This document summarizes the external and internal morphology of Equisetum (horsetail). It describes that Equisetum has underground stems called rhizomes that produce both sterile and fertile aerial branches. The sterile branches are green and photosynthetic while the fertile branches are short-lived and bear spores. The stems have scale-like leaves arranged in whorls and fibrous roots occur at rhizome nodes. Internally, the stem has ridges and grooves with photosynthetic tissue under ridges and air canals under grooves. Vascular bundles alternate with the canals and a pith cavity is in the center.
IX_BIOLOGY_6_1,PPT.pdfcvhjhhhhhhhhhhhggg
This document provides information about plant tissues. It discusses the main types of plant tissues as meristematic and permanent tissues. Meristematic tissues are dividing tissues found in growing regions that help the plant grow. Permanent tissues do not divide and include simple tissues like parenchyma, collenchyma and sclerenchyma, as well as complex tissues like xylem and phloem that transport water and nutrients. Xylem transports water and minerals upward while phloem transports food in all directions. The document also describes different cell types, functions, and locations of tissues in plants.
Cell structure anmd function
This document provides information about cell structure and function in a science class for 8th grade students. It defines key terms like cell, unicellular and multicellular organisms. It describes some of the first observations of cells under a microscope. The summary also outlines the basic components of cells, including the plasma membrane, nucleus, cytoplasm, and cell wall in plant cells. It provides examples of unicellular organisms like yeast and bacteria, as well as multicellular organisms like plants and animals. Finally, it describes the functions of the main cell structures like the plasma membrane, nucleus, and cell wall.
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Food and Nutrition
1. All living things require food for growth and repair, though plants can produce their own food through photosynthesis while animals and some other organisms obtain food from other living things.
2. Food provides organisms with nutrients like carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals, and water which are broken down and absorbed for energy, growth and cell repair.
3. Digestion and absorption of food occurs through different processes depending on whether an organism is unicellular like an amoeba or multicellular like humans and animals, but all involve the breakdown of food into simpler compounds that can be used by the cells of the body.
Measurement Estimation
The document discusses measurement accuracy. Some measurements like vegetables and distances can be estimated, while others like gold, medicines, and machine parts need to be accurate. The required level of accuracy depends on the purpose of measurement. Advances in technology now allow for more accurate measurement of things like time, distance, mass, and chemical compositions. However, mistakes can still occur due to limitations of instruments or observer negligence. Laws and regulations aim to prevent inaccurate measurements from cheating customers.
Food and preservation of food
The document discusses food preservation and adulteration. It explains that food preservation aims to make food available throughout the year by storing it in ways that maintain quality. Common preservation methods include drying grains, boiling liquids, refrigerating or freezing perishables, and using salts, spices, oils or sugars to preserve items like pickles. Adulteration involves mixing high quality food with lower quality ingredients, which can harm health. Governments regulate food to prevent adulteration.
Reproduction in Living Things
1. Reproduction is a natural process that allows living things to produce offspring of the same type in order to perpetuate their species.
2. Living things can reproduce sexually, with male and female gametes, or asexually without sex organs through various vegetative, spore-forming, budding, or fragmentation methods.
3. Sexual reproduction in plants involves pollen transfer for fertilization to produce seeds containing embryos that grow into new plants, while animals sexually reproduce through internal fertilization leading to offspring that receive nourishment initially through eggs or live birth.
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The document discusses the organization of living things from the cellular level to the ecosystem level. It explains that living things are organized in a hierarchical manner, from cells to tissues to organs to organ systems to organisms and finally populations within an ecosystem. At each level, the parts work together interdependently to carry out functions necessary for life. The ecosystem level represents the broadest level of organization, where living things interact with each other and their non-living environment.
Effects of Heat
Heat causes materials to change between solid, liquid and gas states. Solids expand and become fluids when heated, liquids boil and become gases, and gases expand. Materials change states at specific temperatures. State changes can also be caused by removing heat. The temperature at which a material changes state is unique to that material. Heat causes all materials to expand and contract with temperature change.
Motion and Types of motion
This document discusses different types of motion. It defines speed as the distance traveled in a specific time. There are several types of motion including linear motion, oscillation motion, rotary motion, irregular motion, and circular motion. Linear motion involves traveling in a straight line at a constant or varying speed. Oscillation motion refers to movement from one end point to another and back again. Rotary motion is when an object passes through the same point while rotating.
Electric Charge
Static electric charge develops when objects are rubbed together, such as a plastic comb rubbed through hair. This causes an imbalance of electric particles between the two objects. Glass develops a positive charge when rubbed with silk, while ebonite becomes negatively charged when rubbed with wool. Like charges repel each other, while unlike charges attract. The electroscope can detect electric charge by the separation of its gold leaves when a charged object touches it.
Circulation of Blood
The document summarizes the human circulatory system. It has three main parts: blood vessels, heart, and blood. The heart pumps blood through arteries and veins to circulate oxygen and nutrients to tissues through networks of capillaries. It then returns deoxygenated blood back to the heart. The circulatory system allows for the transportation of substances around the body through continuous circulation facilitated by the heart's regular pumping action.
Transmission of Heat
Heat can be transferred through three methods: conduction, convection, and radiation. Conduction involves the transfer of heat between particles in direct contact through vibrations. Convection occurs through the circulation of hotter and colder parts of a fluid. Radiation transfers heat through electromagnetic waves and does not require a medium. Thermos flasks and containers help retain the temperature of foods and drinks by trapping air between layers of glass or plastic that act as insulators to prevent heat transfer by conduction, convection, or radiation.
Propagation of Sound
This document is comprised of 15 pages that are each copyrighted by the Jnana Prabodhini Educational Resource Centre. No other substantive information is provided.
Propagation of Light
1. Light travels in a straight line and can be reflected. When light hits a non-transparent object, it changes direction rather than passing through. The reflected light then reaches our eyes, allowing us to see objects.
2. Experiments can demonstrate the linear propagation of light using a laser, tubes, cardboard with holes, or observing dust particles in a beam of light. Light will only pass through holes that are aligned.
3. Shadows are formed when a light source is blocked by an object. A point light source will create a dark umbra shadow, while an extended source makes both a dark umbra and a faint penumbra shadow. Solar and lunar eclipses occur through the formation of shadows
Natural Resources
The document discusses natural resources and their classification. It defines natural resources as things through which man's basic needs are met, including air, water, soil, minerals, plants and animals. Renewable resources like plants and animals can reproduce and regrow when destroyed. Non-renewable resources like air, water and soil cannot be reproduced and their supplies are limited. The document emphasizes the importance of conserving both renewable and non-renewable natural resources and provides suggestions for reducing pollution and practicing sustainable use.
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Plant tissue
- 2. • Unicellular organisms - Single cell performs all basic functions. e.g. Amoeba
- 3. Multi-cellular organisms – Most of the cells are specialize to carry our a few functions. e. g. Human beings
- 4. In human • Muscles – movement • Nerve cells – carry messages • Blood – transport – food, oxygen, hormone, waste materials
- 5. • In multicellular organism - DIVISION OF LABOUR
- 6. • TISSUE – A group of cells similar in structure that work together to perform a particular function.
- 7. PLANT TISSUE • I) Meristematic tissue • II) Permanent tissue
- 8. Meristematic tissue Permanent tissue Cells devide repeatedly Cells are derived from meristematic tissue & normally do not devide Undifferentiated Fully differentiate Small Variable in shape and size Intercellular spaces generally absent Intercellular spaces are present Vacuole absent Large vacuoles in mature cells
- 9. Name Location Function Apical meristems Growing tips (Apex) of roots and stems Elongation Lateral meristems (Cambium) Beneath the bark, in vascular bundles of dicot stems Increase in diameter Intercalary meristems Base of the leaves / internode Increase of length
- 11. Classification of Plant Tissues Plant Tissue Meristmatic Permanent Apical Lateral Intercalary Simple Complex Parenchyma Collenchyma Sclerenchyma Phloem Xylem Mature cells incapable of cell division Below bark, Cambium, in dicot roots and stems Internodes of stem Cells are capable of cell division and have toipotency Tips of root and stem
- 12. II) PARMANENT TISSUE • i) Simple permanent tissue • ii) Complex permanent tissue
- 13. Simple permanent tissue Parenchyma Collenchyma Sclerenchyma Location Soft parts of plat – Cortex of root, ground tissues in stem, mesophyll of leaves Below the epidermis of dicot stem and petiole (Absent in monocot) In stem around vascular bundle, roots, veins of leaves, hard covering of seeds and nuts
- 14. Nature • Cells are isodiametric i.e. equally expanded on all sides • They may be oval, round, polygonal or elongated • Nucleus is present and hence living • The cell walls are thin and made of cellulose Cytoplasm is dense with a single large vacuole Intercellular spaces may be present May contain chlorophyll. Parenchyma which contain chlorophyll are called chlorenchyma. • The cells are elongated and are circular, oval or polygonal in cross-section Cell wall is unevenly thickened with cellulose at the corners against the intercellular spaces Nucleus is present and hence the tissue is living • Vacuoles are small Intercellular spaces are generally absent • If they contain chlorophyll they are known as chlorenchyma • The cells are long, narrow, thick and lignified, usually pointed at both ends • The cell wall is evenly thickened with lignin and sometimes is so thick that the cell cavity or lumen is absent Nucleus is absent and hence the tissue is made up of dead cells They have simple, often oblique pits in the walls • The middle lamella i.e. the wall between adjacent cells is conspicuous
- 15. Function Store and assimilate food Give mechanical strength by maintaining turgidity Prepare food if chlorophyll is present Store waste products like tanin, gum, crystals and resins Provide mechanical support to the stem Allows easy bending in various parts of the plant without actually breaking it Gives mechanical support to the plant by giving rigidity, flexibility and elasticity to the plant body.