Phase separation occurs in a pressure vessel called a separator that is used to separate well fluids produced from oil and gas wells into gaseous and liquid components. Separators employ mechanisms like gravity settling, centrifugal force, and baffling to separate the phases. Separator design and performance is dependent on factors like flow rates, fluid properties, presence of impurities, and foaming tendencies. Common types of separators include test separators, production separators, and low temperature separators that are used for primary separation, secondary separation, and removal of specific phases like free water.
Separators are used to separate oil, water and gases from crude extracted from well. This presentation describes different types of separators and their parts and functioning.
Presentations about Oil & Gas separators, fundamentals and how they work in the industry developed by Hector Nguema having Petroskills course as a reference
Additional oil recovery by gas recycling BY Muhammad Fahad Ansari 12IEEM14fahadansari131
The document discusses additional oil recovery through gas recycling in gas condensate reservoirs. It begins by introducing gas recycling as a method for re-injecting produced gas back into the reservoir to maintain pressure and allow condensate to vaporize. It then provides overviews of other miscible gas injection methods including miscible hydrocarbon displacement, carbon dioxide injection, and inert gas injection. The document also classifies gas reservoirs and discusses pressure maintenance in condensate reservoirs through external and dispersed gas injection operations. Key parameters for calculating gas pressure maintenance performance like displacement, conformance and areal sweep efficiencies are also summarized.
Three-phase separators are used to separate oil, gas, and water. Factors like operating pressure, temperature, and fluid composition affect separation. Optimum separation points can be found through computer simulation. Operators aim to maximize liquid recovery while meeting pipeline requirements. Low-temperature separation improves recovery by lowering the operating temperature of separators.
This document provides an overview of oil and gas separation and separator design. It discusses the purpose of separating oil, gas, and water streams and describes key principles of single-stage and multi-stage separation. It also outlines different types of separators, including horizontal and vertical separators. Horizontal separators use gravity to separate liquids from gases and include sections for inlet diversion, liquid collection, gas settling, and mist extraction. Vertical separators operate similarly with inlet diversion and counter-flow of liquids and gases.
The document outlines the design of a gas and oil separator for an oil field. It discusses the key functional sections of separators including inlet diverters to separate gas and liquid, a liquid collection section, a gravity settling section, and mist extractor section. It also describes different types of separators such as vertical, horizontal, and spherical separators. The functions of oil and gas separators are given as removing oil from gas, removing gas from oil, isolating water from oil, and maintaining optimum pressure. Components inside the separator vessel like inlet diverters and wave breakers are also explained.
The document discusses the functions and types of casing strings used in oil and gas wells. It describes the different casing strings like conductor casing, surface casing, intermediate casing, and production casing. It also covers casing design criteria like classifications based on outside diameter, length, connections, weight, and grade. The mechanical properties of casing are discussed in relation to withstanding tensile, burst, and collapse loads during drilling and production operations.
Phase separation occurs in a pressure vessel called a separator that is used to separate well fluids produced from oil and gas wells into gaseous and liquid components. Separators employ mechanisms like gravity settling, centrifugal force, and baffling to separate the phases. Separator design and performance is dependent on factors like flow rates, fluid properties, presence of impurities, and foaming tendencies. Common types of separators include test separators, production separators, and low temperature separators that are used for primary separation, secondary separation, and removal of specific phases like free water.
Separators are used to separate oil, water and gases from crude extracted from well. This presentation describes different types of separators and their parts and functioning.
Presentations about Oil & Gas separators, fundamentals and how they work in the industry developed by Hector Nguema having Petroskills course as a reference
Additional oil recovery by gas recycling BY Muhammad Fahad Ansari 12IEEM14fahadansari131
The document discusses additional oil recovery through gas recycling in gas condensate reservoirs. It begins by introducing gas recycling as a method for re-injecting produced gas back into the reservoir to maintain pressure and allow condensate to vaporize. It then provides overviews of other miscible gas injection methods including miscible hydrocarbon displacement, carbon dioxide injection, and inert gas injection. The document also classifies gas reservoirs and discusses pressure maintenance in condensate reservoirs through external and dispersed gas injection operations. Key parameters for calculating gas pressure maintenance performance like displacement, conformance and areal sweep efficiencies are also summarized.
Three-phase separators are used to separate oil, gas, and water. Factors like operating pressure, temperature, and fluid composition affect separation. Optimum separation points can be found through computer simulation. Operators aim to maximize liquid recovery while meeting pipeline requirements. Low-temperature separation improves recovery by lowering the operating temperature of separators.
This document provides an overview of oil and gas separation and separator design. It discusses the purpose of separating oil, gas, and water streams and describes key principles of single-stage and multi-stage separation. It also outlines different types of separators, including horizontal and vertical separators. Horizontal separators use gravity to separate liquids from gases and include sections for inlet diversion, liquid collection, gas settling, and mist extraction. Vertical separators operate similarly with inlet diversion and counter-flow of liquids and gases.
The document outlines the design of a gas and oil separator for an oil field. It discusses the key functional sections of separators including inlet diverters to separate gas and liquid, a liquid collection section, a gravity settling section, and mist extractor section. It also describes different types of separators such as vertical, horizontal, and spherical separators. The functions of oil and gas separators are given as removing oil from gas, removing gas from oil, isolating water from oil, and maintaining optimum pressure. Components inside the separator vessel like inlet diverters and wave breakers are also explained.
The document discusses the functions and types of casing strings used in oil and gas wells. It describes the different casing strings like conductor casing, surface casing, intermediate casing, and production casing. It also covers casing design criteria like classifications based on outside diameter, length, connections, weight, and grade. The mechanical properties of casing are discussed in relation to withstanding tensile, burst, and collapse loads during drilling and production operations.
Our lubricator assembly is designed to enable safe wellhead servicing operations at pressures between 2,000 psi and 15,000 psi. The lubricator assembly consists of a lubricator, a valve retainer plug or blowout preventer (optional), and other tools. It allows installation and retrieval of valve retainer plugs and blowout preventers through a wellhead under pressure. Well-organized engineering and field testing have helped our lubricator assembly products lead the industry in China and gain international customers.
1. Hydraulics is important for drilling operations to remove cuttings, balance pore and fracture pressures, and prevent wellbore collapse. It becomes more critical for HPHT and extended reach wells with small pressure margins.
2. Key components of the circulating system include the drill pipe, annulus, casing, open hole, drill collars, mud pump, mud pit, and drill bit. Pressure losses occur through these components and must be calculated and balanced against pore and fracture pressures.
3. Proper mud weight and viscosity are needed to provide adequate hydrostatic pressure and hole cleaning while avoiding fracturing. The equivalent circulating density accounts for both mud weight and pressure losses.
CMG provides three reservoir simulation software packages: IMEX, GEM, and STARS. IMEX is a black oil simulator used for conventional reservoirs. GEM is a compositional simulator that can model complex fluid behavior, including processes where inter-phase mass transfer is important. STARS is an advanced simulator used for thermal modeling and complex reactions. It is the industry standard for modeling chemical EOR processes, including polymer flooding, low salinity flooding, and microbial EOR. CMG has extensive experience using STARS to model H2S bacterial souring through history matching and forecasting. Reservoir engineers can choose the appropriate CMG simulator based on the reservoir fluids and recovery process being modeled.
The document discusses Christmas trees and wellheads used in oil and gas extraction. It defines a Christmas tree as an assembly of valves, spools, and fittings used to control the flow of oil, gas, and other fluids from a well. A wellhead provides structural support and pressure containment for casing strings. It interfaces with the reservoir and provides a path for well fluids. The document describes the components and functions of Christmas trees and wellheads, and notes they work together to bring oil and gas to the surface from underground reservoirs.
General Overview of Deepwater Riser Design, the content is: Introduction, Riser Types, Main Selection Factors, Design Procedure, Dynamic Example of Riser Modeling and Summary
GUIDELINES FOR EFFECTIVE HOLE CLEANING IN DIRECTIONAL WELLSMohan Doshi
This document provides guidelines for effective hole cleaning when drilling wells. It discusses that hole cleaning, which is removing drilled material from the borehole, is an important but often overlooked part of the drilling process. For high angle and deviated wells, cuttings follow a complex path down the hole and can accumulate on the low side of the borehole if not properly removed. The key factors that influence effective hole cleaning are discussed, including maintaining adequate flow rates and annular velocities, optimizing drilling fluid properties, and using drill pipe rotation to help move cuttings. High density sweeps are also recommended to help clean cuttings from deviated wellbores.
This document discusses well stimulation techniques used to increase oil and gas production. It describes two main types of well stimulation: acidizing and hydraulic fracturing. Acidizing involves injecting acid to dissolve rock and increase permeability. There are two types of acidizing - matrix acidizing below fracture pressure to remove damage, and fracture acidizing above pressure to create open channels. Hydraulic fracturing uses pressurized fluid to crack rock, with proppant like sand injected to hold the fractures open and increase conductivity. Both techniques aim to extend fractures and improve hydrocarbon flow into the wellbore.
This document discusses the design of drillstrings and bottom hole assemblies (BHAs). It covers the components of drillstrings including drill pipe, drill collars, heavy weight drill pipe, and stabilizers. It also discusses BHA configurations and the purpose and components of BHAs. The document provides information on selecting drill collars and drill pipe grades. It covers criteria for drillstring design including collapse pressure, tension loading, and dogleg severity analysis.
The document discusses the components and process of a glycol dehydration system used to remove water from natural gas. It describes the major system components including contactors, filters, heat exchangers, pumps, reboilers, and still columns. It also discusses various process variables that impact the dehydration process such as gas and glycol temperatures, glycol circulation rate, and reboiler pressure and temperature. The overall goal of the system is to use glycol like diethylene, triethylene, or tetraethylene glycol to absorb water from the natural gas in a contactor and then regenerate the lean glycol in a reboiler and still column.
1. The document discusses different types of stuck pipe that can occur while drilling, including differential pressure pipe sticking and mechanical pipe sticking.
2. Differential pressure pipe sticking occurs when part of the drillstring embeds in the mudcake on the formation wall. Mechanical pipe sticking can be caused by cuttings accumulation, borehole instability, or key seating.
3. Methods to prevent or mitigate stuck pipe include maintaining low fluid loss and drilled solids levels, using smooth mudcake systems, and rotating drillstring. Common techniques for freeing stuck pipe include reducing hydrostatic pressure, oil spotting, or increasing mud weight.
Casing Seat depth and Basic casing design lecture 4.pdfssuserfec9d8
1. The maximum gas kick pressure from the total depth as the internal pressure.
2. Formation pore pressure at the casing shoe as the external pressure.
3. The casing must be designed to withstand the difference between the maximum internal gas kick pressure and external pore pressure, known as the resultant pressure.
The document discusses the components and functions of a drill string. It describes the main components as the kelly, drill pipe, drill collars, and drilling bit. It explains the drill string provides functions like imposing weight on the bit, transmitting rotation, providing a fluid conduit, and allowing tools to be run in the hole. It also discusses calculating the neutral point where there is no compression or tension in the pipe, using factors like weight on bit, pipe weight, mud density, and differential pressure. The document concludes by covering selection considerations for drill pipes based on tension loading, collapse resistance, and torsional strength needed for deviated holes.
This document discusses directional drilling techniques and their applications. It begins by defining directional drilling as deflecting a wellbore in a specified direction to reach a target below the surface. It then lists several applications of directional drilling including drilling multiple wells from a single location, drilling in inaccessible locations, avoiding geological problems, sidetracking, relief well drilling, and horizontal drilling. The document also discusses directional drilling applications in mining, construction, and geothermal engineering. It provides details on well profiles, azimuth and quadrants, horizontal well types, and directional drilling assemblies for building angle and holding angle.
This document discusses gas lift, a method of artificial lift used in oil production. It describes how gas lift works by injecting gas into the wellbore to reduce fluid density and allow the well to flow. The key components of a gas lift system include the gasline, tubing, packer, and gas lift valves. Continuous and intermittent gas lift methods are examined. Advantages include flexibility and ability to handle high production rates, while disadvantages include needing a gas source and potential high installation costs. Troubleshooting techniques and factors that influence gas lift design are also overviewed.
The document provides an introduction and overview of offshore oil drilling operations. It discusses the reasons for offshore drilling given increasing global oil demand. It then reviews the history of offshore drilling from early platforms constructed in the late 1800s to modern large rigs. The document outlines the main steps in offshore drilling including exploration, leasing land, installing casing, cementing, connecting blowout preventers, and drilling. It also describes how wells are evaluated to determine if oil reserves are producible. Mobile drilling platforms commonly used are also identified.
The document discusses various drilling problems that can occur such as pipe sticking, loss of circulation, hole deviation, and more. It describes the causes and solutions for different types of pipe sticking problems including differential pressure sticking and mechanical sticking due to cuttings accumulation, borehole instability, or key seating. The document also covers loss of circulation issues and explains common lost circulation zones and causes. Planning and understanding potential problems is key to successfully reaching the target zone.
Qualification of separation performance in gas\liquid separationDodiya Nikunj
1) The document discusses methods for quantifying the performance of gas/liquid separators by measuring factors like entrainment levels, droplet size distributions, and velocity profiles.
2) Key aspects that can be quantified include the amount and size of entrained droplets or bubbles, continuous phase velocities, and droplet/bubble separation performance based on geometry.
3) Quantifying these factors leads to a more accurate representation of separator design and performance compared to traditional techniques.
This document provides an overview of fundamental reservoir fluid properties and concepts. It discusses sampling and analyzing reservoir fluids, classifying hydrocarbons and their phase behaviors. Key fluid properties like gas, liquid, and formation water characteristics are examined. Common hydrocarbon types and compositions in crude oil and natural gas are also outlined. Fundamental reservoir engineering concepts involving hydrocarbon reserves calculations and fluid flow are reviewed.
The document provides an overview of wellhead components and their functions. It discusses the key parts of a wellhead including casing head housing, casing head spool, tubing head spool, flanges, seals, and hangers. The document also outlines API specification 6A for wellheads and the objectives of the course which are to familiarize students with wellhead components, selection criteria, API standards, and installation/use considerations.
The document discusses cement used in oil and gas wells. It covers cement composition, classes of cement, additives for controlling density, acceleration, retardation and viscosity. It also discusses cementing operations, equipment and performing a good cementing job. Key factors include casing centralization, pipe movement, drilling fluid viscosity, hole condition and achieving proper displacement velocity.
This document discusses separator design and sizing. It describes different separator configurations including horizontal and vertical separators. It also discusses the use of demisters to remove liquid mist. The document outlines how to size separators using parameters like flow rates, pressures, temperatures and physical properties. It presents methods for sizing separators using computer simulations, hand calculations and industry standards. Sample calculations are shown for various separator cases with and without demisters. Design specifications like diameter, length and L/D ratios are compared between the different methods. The summary reiterates the key steps and outcomes of separator sizing.
Our lubricator assembly is designed to enable safe wellhead servicing operations at pressures between 2,000 psi and 15,000 psi. The lubricator assembly consists of a lubricator, a valve retainer plug or blowout preventer (optional), and other tools. It allows installation and retrieval of valve retainer plugs and blowout preventers through a wellhead under pressure. Well-organized engineering and field testing have helped our lubricator assembly products lead the industry in China and gain international customers.
1. Hydraulics is important for drilling operations to remove cuttings, balance pore and fracture pressures, and prevent wellbore collapse. It becomes more critical for HPHT and extended reach wells with small pressure margins.
2. Key components of the circulating system include the drill pipe, annulus, casing, open hole, drill collars, mud pump, mud pit, and drill bit. Pressure losses occur through these components and must be calculated and balanced against pore and fracture pressures.
3. Proper mud weight and viscosity are needed to provide adequate hydrostatic pressure and hole cleaning while avoiding fracturing. The equivalent circulating density accounts for both mud weight and pressure losses.
CMG provides three reservoir simulation software packages: IMEX, GEM, and STARS. IMEX is a black oil simulator used for conventional reservoirs. GEM is a compositional simulator that can model complex fluid behavior, including processes where inter-phase mass transfer is important. STARS is an advanced simulator used for thermal modeling and complex reactions. It is the industry standard for modeling chemical EOR processes, including polymer flooding, low salinity flooding, and microbial EOR. CMG has extensive experience using STARS to model H2S bacterial souring through history matching and forecasting. Reservoir engineers can choose the appropriate CMG simulator based on the reservoir fluids and recovery process being modeled.
The document discusses Christmas trees and wellheads used in oil and gas extraction. It defines a Christmas tree as an assembly of valves, spools, and fittings used to control the flow of oil, gas, and other fluids from a well. A wellhead provides structural support and pressure containment for casing strings. It interfaces with the reservoir and provides a path for well fluids. The document describes the components and functions of Christmas trees and wellheads, and notes they work together to bring oil and gas to the surface from underground reservoirs.
General Overview of Deepwater Riser Design, the content is: Introduction, Riser Types, Main Selection Factors, Design Procedure, Dynamic Example of Riser Modeling and Summary
GUIDELINES FOR EFFECTIVE HOLE CLEANING IN DIRECTIONAL WELLSMohan Doshi
This document provides guidelines for effective hole cleaning when drilling wells. It discusses that hole cleaning, which is removing drilled material from the borehole, is an important but often overlooked part of the drilling process. For high angle and deviated wells, cuttings follow a complex path down the hole and can accumulate on the low side of the borehole if not properly removed. The key factors that influence effective hole cleaning are discussed, including maintaining adequate flow rates and annular velocities, optimizing drilling fluid properties, and using drill pipe rotation to help move cuttings. High density sweeps are also recommended to help clean cuttings from deviated wellbores.
This document discusses well stimulation techniques used to increase oil and gas production. It describes two main types of well stimulation: acidizing and hydraulic fracturing. Acidizing involves injecting acid to dissolve rock and increase permeability. There are two types of acidizing - matrix acidizing below fracture pressure to remove damage, and fracture acidizing above pressure to create open channels. Hydraulic fracturing uses pressurized fluid to crack rock, with proppant like sand injected to hold the fractures open and increase conductivity. Both techniques aim to extend fractures and improve hydrocarbon flow into the wellbore.
This document discusses the design of drillstrings and bottom hole assemblies (BHAs). It covers the components of drillstrings including drill pipe, drill collars, heavy weight drill pipe, and stabilizers. It also discusses BHA configurations and the purpose and components of BHAs. The document provides information on selecting drill collars and drill pipe grades. It covers criteria for drillstring design including collapse pressure, tension loading, and dogleg severity analysis.
The document discusses the components and process of a glycol dehydration system used to remove water from natural gas. It describes the major system components including contactors, filters, heat exchangers, pumps, reboilers, and still columns. It also discusses various process variables that impact the dehydration process such as gas and glycol temperatures, glycol circulation rate, and reboiler pressure and temperature. The overall goal of the system is to use glycol like diethylene, triethylene, or tetraethylene glycol to absorb water from the natural gas in a contactor and then regenerate the lean glycol in a reboiler and still column.
1. The document discusses different types of stuck pipe that can occur while drilling, including differential pressure pipe sticking and mechanical pipe sticking.
2. Differential pressure pipe sticking occurs when part of the drillstring embeds in the mudcake on the formation wall. Mechanical pipe sticking can be caused by cuttings accumulation, borehole instability, or key seating.
3. Methods to prevent or mitigate stuck pipe include maintaining low fluid loss and drilled solids levels, using smooth mudcake systems, and rotating drillstring. Common techniques for freeing stuck pipe include reducing hydrostatic pressure, oil spotting, or increasing mud weight.
Casing Seat depth and Basic casing design lecture 4.pdfssuserfec9d8
1. The maximum gas kick pressure from the total depth as the internal pressure.
2. Formation pore pressure at the casing shoe as the external pressure.
3. The casing must be designed to withstand the difference between the maximum internal gas kick pressure and external pore pressure, known as the resultant pressure.
The document discusses the components and functions of a drill string. It describes the main components as the kelly, drill pipe, drill collars, and drilling bit. It explains the drill string provides functions like imposing weight on the bit, transmitting rotation, providing a fluid conduit, and allowing tools to be run in the hole. It also discusses calculating the neutral point where there is no compression or tension in the pipe, using factors like weight on bit, pipe weight, mud density, and differential pressure. The document concludes by covering selection considerations for drill pipes based on tension loading, collapse resistance, and torsional strength needed for deviated holes.
This document discusses directional drilling techniques and their applications. It begins by defining directional drilling as deflecting a wellbore in a specified direction to reach a target below the surface. It then lists several applications of directional drilling including drilling multiple wells from a single location, drilling in inaccessible locations, avoiding geological problems, sidetracking, relief well drilling, and horizontal drilling. The document also discusses directional drilling applications in mining, construction, and geothermal engineering. It provides details on well profiles, azimuth and quadrants, horizontal well types, and directional drilling assemblies for building angle and holding angle.
This document discusses gas lift, a method of artificial lift used in oil production. It describes how gas lift works by injecting gas into the wellbore to reduce fluid density and allow the well to flow. The key components of a gas lift system include the gasline, tubing, packer, and gas lift valves. Continuous and intermittent gas lift methods are examined. Advantages include flexibility and ability to handle high production rates, while disadvantages include needing a gas source and potential high installation costs. Troubleshooting techniques and factors that influence gas lift design are also overviewed.
The document provides an introduction and overview of offshore oil drilling operations. It discusses the reasons for offshore drilling given increasing global oil demand. It then reviews the history of offshore drilling from early platforms constructed in the late 1800s to modern large rigs. The document outlines the main steps in offshore drilling including exploration, leasing land, installing casing, cementing, connecting blowout preventers, and drilling. It also describes how wells are evaluated to determine if oil reserves are producible. Mobile drilling platforms commonly used are also identified.
The document discusses various drilling problems that can occur such as pipe sticking, loss of circulation, hole deviation, and more. It describes the causes and solutions for different types of pipe sticking problems including differential pressure sticking and mechanical sticking due to cuttings accumulation, borehole instability, or key seating. The document also covers loss of circulation issues and explains common lost circulation zones and causes. Planning and understanding potential problems is key to successfully reaching the target zone.
Qualification of separation performance in gas\liquid separationDodiya Nikunj
1) The document discusses methods for quantifying the performance of gas/liquid separators by measuring factors like entrainment levels, droplet size distributions, and velocity profiles.
2) Key aspects that can be quantified include the amount and size of entrained droplets or bubbles, continuous phase velocities, and droplet/bubble separation performance based on geometry.
3) Quantifying these factors leads to a more accurate representation of separator design and performance compared to traditional techniques.
This document provides an overview of fundamental reservoir fluid properties and concepts. It discusses sampling and analyzing reservoir fluids, classifying hydrocarbons and their phase behaviors. Key fluid properties like gas, liquid, and formation water characteristics are examined. Common hydrocarbon types and compositions in crude oil and natural gas are also outlined. Fundamental reservoir engineering concepts involving hydrocarbon reserves calculations and fluid flow are reviewed.
The document provides an overview of wellhead components and their functions. It discusses the key parts of a wellhead including casing head housing, casing head spool, tubing head spool, flanges, seals, and hangers. The document also outlines API specification 6A for wellheads and the objectives of the course which are to familiarize students with wellhead components, selection criteria, API standards, and installation/use considerations.
The document discusses cement used in oil and gas wells. It covers cement composition, classes of cement, additives for controlling density, acceleration, retardation and viscosity. It also discusses cementing operations, equipment and performing a good cementing job. Key factors include casing centralization, pipe movement, drilling fluid viscosity, hole condition and achieving proper displacement velocity.
This document discusses separator design and sizing. It describes different separator configurations including horizontal and vertical separators. It also discusses the use of demisters to remove liquid mist. The document outlines how to size separators using parameters like flow rates, pressures, temperatures and physical properties. It presents methods for sizing separators using computer simulations, hand calculations and industry standards. Sample calculations are shown for various separator cases with and without demisters. Design specifications like diameter, length and L/D ratios are compared between the different methods. The summary reiterates the key steps and outcomes of separator sizing.
This document provides a preface and overview for a textbook on petroleum production engineering. It discusses how modern computer technologies have revolutionized the petroleum industry and motivated the authors to write this textbook. The textbook is intended to provide production engineers with guidelines for designing, analyzing, and optimizing petroleum production systems using computer-assisted approaches. It covers topics like well performance, artificial lift methods, and production enhancement techniques across 18 chapters in 4 parts. The preface provides details on the intended audience, topics covered, and goals of presenting engineering principles through examples and companion computer programs.
The document discusses oil and gas production and surface facilities. It begins with an introduction to the upstream, midstream, and downstream sectors of the oil and gas industry. It then covers well types at the production phase, including oil, gas, and water injection wells. It describes key wellhead components like the casing head, tubing head, Christmas tree, and safety control subsurface safety valve. It provides details on various artificial lift methods and their relative advantages and disadvantages. It concludes with descriptions of hook-up and flow line components used to transport oil and gas from wells.
Three phase separators separate gas, oil, and water. They consist of three zones: an inlet zone, a liquid-liquid settling zone, and a gas-liquid separation zone. Key factors that affect separator efficiency include the inlet flow pattern and devices, feed pipe geometry, entrainment, and internals. Separators can be horizontal or vertical, with horizontal separators often used for foamy streams and liquid-liquid separation, while vertical separators handle large liquid slugs. Proper sizing considers flow rates, residence times, velocities, and droplet sizes to achieve efficient phase separation with minimum carryover.
Brief resume of Introduction and operating valves course by Petroskills. For more information please contact me and will be pleasure to answer all your questions.
Centrifugal pumps are machines which use centrifugal force to move liquids. In this program, you will learn the principles, parts, and general operation of these pumps, what pump efficiency is, and how head and pressure are calculated.
How to evaluate Oil and Gas Company’s Performance & Stock InvestmentHamdy Rashed
1) Reserves measurements impact financial statements such as DD&A, revenue, costs and impairment. Disclosure of reserves is important for internal and external users but there are differences between GAAPs.
2) Various ratios such as reserve replacement, reserve life and finding cost are used to evaluate performance and efficiency. Reserves also impact stock price and investment decisions.
3) Fair value of assets and stocks consider disclosures like standardized measure of discounted future cash flows from proved reserves under different GAAPs. Various ratios also help investors compare companies.
The document discusses tubing performance in oil wells. It explains that tubing performance describes the outflow of hydrocarbons from the bottom of the well to the surface. Key factors that influence tubing performance include flowing tubing pressure, tubing length and diameter, fluid composition, and friction. Common terms used in tubing performance are intake pressure curve (IPC), tubing performance curve (TPC), and choke performance curve (CPC). The document provides examples of how varying these parameters can impact flowing bottomhole pressure and flow rates. It also discusses tubing sizing exercises and multiphase flow patterns in wells.
In Combustion Gas Turbines you will learn the operating principles of the compressor, the combustion chamber, and turbine section. You will also learn about the construction of the compressor, combustion chamber, and turbine section; the blading arrangement; and the use of the turbine as a driver and hot-gas generator. Also covered is turbine auxiliary equipment such as starting devices, governors, and overspeed mechanisms, and their functions. In Combustion Gas Turbines presentation you will learn about the functions of casing seals, bearings and lubrication in a combustion gas turbine. The slides also covers the control and operation of combustion gas turbines, including start-up, operating, and shutdown procedures, and the control of vibration, critical speed, and turbine imbalance. Finally, you will learn about temperature control, the use of turning gears, and turbine control using the automated control panel. Through this understanding of turbine principles, construction, and control, you will be better able to secure efficient and safe turbine operation.
This PowerPoint shows an introduction to positive displacement compressors. You will have a brief introduction about the operating principles of reciprocating compressors, the different types of rotary compressors, and techniques for controlling compressor output most important variables.You will learn as well the construction, principal parts, and operation of reciprocating compressors
Fired heaters are used to provide heat through the combustion of fuel. They involve combustion fundamentals like the reaction of methane and oxygen. Fired heaters have a furnace design and use draft systems and air preheaters. They employ different types of burners like those used in hot oil heaters and regeneration gas heaters. The start-up process involves inspection, purging, lighting pilots and burners, and adjusting temperatures and flows. Operation requires monitoring air adjustment, temperatures, and addressing potential issues like deposits, failures, or flame-outs. Control strategies manage variables like temperatures, fuels, and flows.
Positive displacement pumps are reciprocating and rotary pumps that move liquid by the positive displacement of liquid volume. In this presentation, you will learn the operating principles and performance characteristics of positive displacement pumps, what determines their capacity, pressure, horsepower and efficiency, and how NPSH is calculated. You will also learn the basic types of reciprocating and rotary pumps, including piston pumps, plunger pumps, diaphragm pumps, direct-acting steam and air pumps, and rotary lobe, vane, gear and screw pumps, and how these pumps differ from each other in design and performance.
Crude oil production systems involve exploration, drilling, and surface production operations to extract crude oil and separate it from other fluids and gases. Surface production operations include separating the well effluent into gas, oil, and water streams using separators. The separated streams undergo further treatment, which may include dehydration to remove water, emulsion breaking, stabilization to control vapor pressure, and removal of impurities. Produced water is typically reinjected, while associated gas may be reinjected, used for power generation, or flared if not needed onsite. Wastes are also handled through treatment and disposal or reuse to protect the environment.
Safety is the most important factor in designing a process system. Some undesired conditions might happen leading to damage in a system. Control systems might be installed to prevent such conditions, but a second safety device is also needed. One kind of safety device which is commonly used in the processing industry is the relief valve. A relief valve is a type of valve to control or limit the pressure in a system by allowing the pressurised fluid to flow out from the system.
The six main steps to build an oil platform are:
1. Long steel tubes are welded together to form the frame or "jacket" which is towed out to the field and secured onto the seabed.
2. The topsides structure is constructed separately with equipment and then floated over and lowered onto the secured jacket.
3. After construction of the multi-decked topsides is completed by connecting all pipework and equipment, it is loaded onto a barge for transport.
How to determine the value of oil and gas propertiesHamdy Rashed
A lot of us may wonder why the oil and gas companies buy or sell the interests of other oil and gas
companies in specific properties at that price? Why it should not be more or less? How the value of
oil and gas properties are determined? Many Explorationists, geologists, Finance Manager,
management accountants or students have the same questions. Therefore, We discussed in this
paper the factors that impact the sale price of properties and how they are contributed to assess the
value of those properties. We classified the properties into three categories; exploration properties,
development properties and production properties and the Internal auditor’s role in reviewing the
valuation of such properties.
The document provides guidance on accounting for costs incurred on oil and gas exploration, development and production activities. It discusses two methods - successful efforts and full cost - for accounting for acquisition, exploration and development costs. Under successful efforts, unsuccessful exploration costs are charged to expense while under full cost, even unsuccessful costs are capitalized. The document also provides guidance on accounting for other costs like support equipment, abandonment costs, impairment of assets and interests in joint ventures. Extensive disclosures around reserves and costs are also required to be made as per the guidance.
OIL AND GAS SURFACE WELLHEAD AND CHRISTMAS TREEPZoneSlide
"OIL AND GAS SURFACE WELLHEAD AND CHRISTMAS TREE"
- Component Illustration Handbook
The purpose of this handbook is to simplify a complex oil and gas surface well equipment system, the “Oil & Gas Wellhead and Christmas Tree” and its components.
The Handbook is a good source for training and easy referencing to oil & gas industry workers (regular engineers and new employees), research industry, training institutions, government agencies, Professors and Students of oil industry related disciplines. Oil & Gas vendors/contractors and any non-technical person would find the book very useful.
This handbook, clearly, illustrates (pictorially) and describes each of the components that constitutes the intricate “Wellhead and Christmas Tree”. Also stating their functions.
All models found in the book are, exclusively, designed by me – the Author; as such, the Author owns the copyright to the eBook – “All rights reserved.”
“This book is a must for the worldwide oil & gas industry.”
After drilling is completed, wells undergo completion procedures to prepare them for production. This involves setting production casing and cementing it through the target zone. Tubing is run inside the casing with a packer to isolate the production zone. A Christmas tree is installed to control flow. Completion types include open hole, liners, and perforated casing. Perforating creates holes through casing into the formation. Some formations require stimulation like acidizing to improve permeability or fracturing to create conductive fractures held open by proppant. This increases flow into the wellbore.
Fractional distillation uses differences in boiling points to separate mixtures of miscible liquids into their component parts. It works by heating a liquid mixture so its vapors rise up a fractionating column, where they condense on trays and run back down, with the most volatile vapors reaching the top. Only the vapors that remain gaseous to the top exit through a condenser to be collected as a distilled liquid. Fractional distillation is used to purify organic compounds and separate substances like acetone and water and is effective though it can be energy intensive and contribute to pollution.
- Distillation is a process that separates mixtures based on differences in boiling points. It involves heating a liquid mixture to form vapors, condensing the vapors back to liquid, and collecting the purified liquid fractions.
- There are several types of distillation including simple, steam, fractional, and vacuum distillation which vary based on conditions and mixtures separated.
- A laboratory experiment demonstrates simple distillation to separate ethanol and water using common distillation equipment like a round bottom flask, condenser, and receiver flask. The mixture is heated to form vapors that condense and drip into the collection flask.
Fractional distillation is used to separate mixtures of miscible liquids like alcohol and water. It works by heating the mixture so the more volatile liquid evaporates first and rises up the fractionating column. This liquid condenses in the upper part of the column and is collected as the first fraction. When the temperature reaches the boiling point of the second liquid, it too is separated into another container. In this experiment, alcohol distilled over first as the most volatile component, followed by a mixture, with water distilling over last at 100°C. Fractional distillation has industrial applications like separating components in crude oil.
Techniques of separation PPT for class 9 Yash Jangra
Filtration can be used to separate an insoluble substance from a soluble substance. It uses a porous barrier such as filter paper to separate solids from liquids, allowing the liquid to pass through while retaining the solid. Chromatography separates components of a mixture based on how strongly they interact with and move across a stationary material like chromatography paper. Distillation separates mixtures based on differences in boiling points, heating the mixture until it vaporizes then cooling the vapors to condense them.
This document provides information on distillation and evaporation processes. It discusses different types of distillation such as azeotropic distillation, steam distillation, and fractional distillation. It also describes various evaporator designs including horizontal tube evaporators, vertical tube evaporators, and climbing film evaporators. Factors affecting evaporation rates are also mentioned. The document contains diagrams to illustrate distillation equipment and evaporator components.
Distillation is a process that separates liquid mixtures by boiling and condensing their components with different boiling points. There are several types including simple, fractional, vacuum, and azeotropic distillation. Distillation systems generally include a heating source, distillation flask, condenser, and receiving flask. Common applications include separating crude oil fractions in industry and obtaining herbal extracts or alcoholic beverages through distillation.
Separation techniques are those techniques that can be used to separate two different states of matter such as liquids and solids.
Separation is an important asset to purify component of interest from a mixture.
Separation techniques are used to separate mixtures into individual components. Some common separation techniques include distillation, crystallization, chromatography, filtration, centrifugation, and magnetic separation. Distillation uses boiling point differences to separate liquid mixtures through heating and condensation. Crystallization separates dissolved solids from liquids by controlling temperature during solvent evaporation. Chromatography separates mixtures based on how components interact with stationary and mobile phases.
Drying involves the removal of solvents like water or other liquids from a formulation using heat. It is done to stabilize moisture sensitive materials, aid preservation, and prepare granules for tablets and capsules. Common drying methods include hot air oven dryers, vacuum oven dryers, fluidized bed dryers, freeze dryers, drum dryers, and spray dryers. Hot air oven dryers operate by circulating hot air over solid materials spread on trays while vacuum oven dryers dry materials that are heat sensitive under low pressure. Spray dryers dry dilute solutions by spraying the liquid into a hot air stream where each droplet dries quickly.
Ms. Samta Shah presented on evaporation, its applications in pharmaceutical industries, and various evaporation equipment. Some key points:
1. Evaporation is the process of vaporizing liquid to obtain a concentrated product using heat. It occurs below the boiling point so no boiling occurs.
2. Various evaporation equipment were discussed, including evaporating pans, vertical tube evaporators, and forced circulation evaporators. Each have different designs, principles, advantages, and uses.
3. Factors influencing evaporation include temperature, surface area, vapor pressure, agitation, and properties of the material being evaporated. Higher temperature, surface area, and vapor pressure increase evaporation rate.
Science chemistry @ Separation and purifying methods.ppt ooihuiying
This document summarizes various experimental techniques for separating mixtures, including:
1. Solid-solid separation techniques like filtration, crystallization/evaporation, and dissolving/filtration.
2. Solid-liquid separation techniques like sublimation, dissolving/filtration, and simple distillation.
3. Liquid-liquid separation techniques like using a separating funnel and fractional distillation.
It also briefly discusses paper chromatography for separating mixtures based on solubility in a solvent.
purification-of-organic-compounds.ppt class 11 science chemistryayushsingh95661
The document describes several techniques used to purify organic compounds, including filtration, centrifugation, crystallization, solvent extraction, distillation, fractional distillation, sublimation, and chromatography. Filtration separates insoluble solids from liquids, centrifugation uses high speeds to separate solids from liquids, and crystallization forms purified compounds from solutions. Solvent extraction, distillation, and fractional distillation separate mixtures based on differences in solubility or boiling points. Sublimation changes solids directly to vapor without passing through liquid form. Chromatography separates mixtures based on how components partition between a mobile and stationary phase.
This document discusses distillation systems and processes. It begins by defining distillation as a process that separates liquid or vapor mixtures into purified components by applying and removing heat. It then describes the basic concepts of vapor pressure and how boiling occurs when vapor pressure equals atmospheric pressure. Various types of distillation systems and processes are outlined, including simple, fractional, steam, vacuum, extractive, and azeotropic distillation. Key aspects like batch vs continuous operation and different column internals are also summarized.
This document discusses three separation techniques: distillation, chromatography, and filtration. Distillation uses boiling and condensation to separate liquid mixtures based on differences in boiling points. Filtration separates solids from fluids using a filter medium that allows only the fluid to pass through. Chromatography separates mixtures by distributing components between a stationary and mobile phase.
Here from this presentation we will be getting an ample knowledge to know about Refrigerants, Classification of Refrigerants, different types of Refrigerants, different properties regarding refrigerants, different types of temperatures and all
Mechanism of Distillation,simple distillation steam &fractional distillation...M Swetha
Distillation is a technique used to separate liquids based on their boiling points. It involves heating a liquid mixture so that the more volatile components vaporize and pass into a condenser where they condense. Simple distillation can separate two liquids with a boiling point difference of at least 70°C, while fractional distillation uses a column with multiple plates to separate very similar boiling points. Vacuum distillation uses reduced pressure to lower the boiling point of components. Steam distillation is used for heat-sensitive materials and allows distillation at lower temperatures.
Distillation is a physical separation process that separates mixtures based on differences in boiling points. There are several types of distillation including simple distillation, fractional distillation, steam distillation, and vacuum distillation. Simple distillation is used when components differ in boiling point by at least 70°C while fractional distillation uses a fractionating column to separate components that have similar boiling points within 25°C. Steam distillation allows purification of heat sensitive compounds by boiling them at a lower temperature using steam.
1. The document describes a lab experiment to isolate limonene from orange peels through steam distillation. Peels are blended with water and distilled to obtain an "essential oil" containing limonene, which is then extracted and characterized using gas chromatography.
2. Key steps include grinding orange peels, distilling the peels to obtain limonene, extracting limonene using liquid-liquid extraction, and analyzing the isolated limonene using gas chromatography to determine its boiling point.
3. Steam distillation is used because it allows isolation of limonene at a lower temperature than normal distillation, preventing decomposition of the thermally sensitive terpene compounds like limonene.
The document discusses crude oil refining processes. It begins by explaining that crude oil is initially separated into fractions through distillation, but the distilled fractions require further processing to meet market needs. Additional complexity arises from environmental regulations requiring cleaner products. The document then provides details on various refining processes like distillation, solvent extraction, and cracking used to convert crude oil fractions into useful products like gasoline and diesel.
what is producer gas?
Typical components of producer gas
Tar classification
Types of Biomass
GENERAL METHOD BIOMASS PRODUCER GAS CLEANING SYSTEM
Classification of mechanical/physical gas cleaning systems.
ADVANCE CLEANNING SYSTEM
how to clean producer gas from the system
Introduction- e - waste – definition - sources of e-waste– hazardous substances in e-waste - effects of e-waste on environment and human health- need for e-waste management– e-waste handling rules - waste minimization techniques for managing e-waste – recycling of e-waste - disposal treatment methods of e- waste – mechanism of extraction of precious metal from leaching solution-global Scenario of E-waste – E-waste in India- case studies.
Adaptive synchronous sliding control for a robot manipulator based on neural ...IJECEIAES
Robot manipulators have become important equipment in production lines, medical fields, and transportation. Improving the quality of trajectory tracking for
robot hands is always an attractive topic in the research community. This is a
challenging problem because robot manipulators are complex nonlinear systems
and are often subject to fluctuations in loads and external disturbances. This
article proposes an adaptive synchronous sliding control scheme to improve trajectory tracking performance for a robot manipulator. The proposed controller
ensures that the positions of the joints track the desired trajectory, synchronize
the errors, and significantly reduces chattering. First, the synchronous tracking
errors and synchronous sliding surfaces are presented. Second, the synchronous
tracking error dynamics are determined. Third, a robust adaptive control law is
designed,the unknown components of the model are estimated online by the neural network, and the parameters of the switching elements are selected by fuzzy
logic. The built algorithm ensures that the tracking and approximation errors
are ultimately uniformly bounded (UUB). Finally, the effectiveness of the constructed algorithm is demonstrated through simulation and experimental results.
Simulation and experimental results show that the proposed controller is effective with small synchronous tracking errors, and the chattering phenomenon is
significantly reduced.
Literature Review Basics and Understanding Reference Management.pptxDr Ramhari Poudyal
Three-day training on academic research focuses on analytical tools at United Technical College, supported by the University Grant Commission, Nepal. 24-26 May 2024
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024)ClaraZara1
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024) will provide an excellent international forum for sharing knowledge and results in theory, methodology and applications of on Machine Learning & Applications.
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
1. Oil and Gas Separators
Petroskills course
Hector Nguema Ondo Perez
2. Type of wells:
Introduction to separation
Type of wells
1- Introduction to separators
2- Type of separators
3-Valves in separators
Table of contents
3. Introduction to separation
Emulsions, Hydrates & Paraffins
Emulsions: At least one substance is finely
dispersed throughout another.
Paraffins: sticky, plastic substance that may
form plugs in equipment.
• Heating fluids to melt the paraffin.
• Injecting chemical solvents.
• Mechanically scraping it from surfaces
Hydrates: Solid formed when mixtures of water vapor and high-pressure gas are cooled.
Unless a source of heat is provided or inhibitors are administrated, temperature must be held above
the temperature at which hydrates form
• Liquid desiccants: Glycol
• Solid desiccants: Silica Gel, Sovabeds…
4. Introduction to separation
Fluid Separations
Variables that control fluid separation :
• Fluid Pressure
• Fluid Composition
• Fluid Temperature
Low-Temperature separation
Flash separation Differential Separation
5. Types of separators
Vertical separator
Type of extractors
Three phase separatorPrimary mist extractor
Two phase separator
Crude Oil Well: Gas produced can be free (carried along in the production stream) or, gas can be in solution (dissolved in well fluids). As well fluids reach ground level, pressure decreases and the capacity of the liquid to hold gas in solution decreases, so the gas separates out of the oil. Gas that is produced from a crude oil well is called casing-head gas or associated gas.
Dry Gas Well: Gas produced alone or with water is called non-associated gas. Dry gas wells and gas condensate wells produce non-associated gas.
Gas Condensate Well: A condensate hydrocarbon is a very light hydrocarbon that changes from liquid to vapor at near atmospheric conditions. As condensate hydrocarbons move from the high-pressure reservoir to a surface line that is near atmospheric pressure, they vaporize. As pressure on condensate hydrocarbons increases, they condense.
Emulsion: At least one substance is finely dispersed throughout another, usually in the form of droplets. Emulsifying agent form a film around the droplets of water in oil, which must be broken before the two can separate. When the film around the individual droplets of water is broken, the drops coalesce into larger drops, which gradually become heavy enough to settle out of the oil.
Paraffins:cools as it flows from the producing formation to the storage or pipeline facility, it can be prevented by:
Heat: A portable high-pressure steam generating unit or hot oil can be used to melt paraffin, which then returns to the fluid stream
Inhibitors: Using paraffin inhibitors causes paraffin to remain in solution
Scraping: Rubber or soluble balls can be pumped through lines or tubing. The balls push paraffin from the lines.
Pressure: High pressure causes some paraffins to remain in solution, so increasing process pressure is another way of preventing paraffin buildup
Pressure: As well fluids reach the surface, pressure on them is decreased, and the fluid's ability to hold gas in solution is decreased. Light fluids begin to separate naturally when the pressure is lowered. Very often, pressure is fixed according to sales-line pressure, so pressure is usually not under the lease operator's control
Composition: Gravity alone will eventually cause heavy components to settle out and light components to rise. The lease operator has little control over fluid composition.
Temperature: Solution gas released as free gas is held by the surface tension of the oil. To release free gas, the oil temperature is increased. Surface tension is reduced when well fluids are warmed because gases begin to separate as temperature rises.
Low Temperature Separators: as the velocity increases, volume increases, pressure & temperature decreases
Flash Separation Flash separation occurs as a result of a pressure drop in tubing and lines
Differential Separation Differential separation is the separation of gas that occurs in a separator. Differential separation is more complete than flash separation. In a separator, there is enough time and space for heavy vapors to condense. So, differential separation yields a comparatively high proportion of liquid hydrocarbons
As fluid strikes the baffles, the surface tension holding free gas in the oil is broken. Inertia is resistance to change in direction. The heavier a fluid is, the greater its resistance or inertia.
The gas-oil mixture funnels through a narrow opening in the mist extractor cone. Because the stream is restricted in the cone, it moves faster than when it entered the cone. The fluid is forced to flow around the curved vanes in the mist extractor. Dense oil particles fly against the vanes and cling to the separator's sides. Oil droplets fall from the vanes onto the top of the cone and run down the separator's sides, flowing into the drain at the edge of the cone. The light gas continues rising through the separator to the secondary mist extractor
-Secondary Mist is made of wire mesh. The gas flows around the wires, but the oil droplets impinge on the wires. -The mist extractor in this separator is designed to remove large quantities of residual liquid mist from gases. The stream of gas and liquids flows through and impinges against (hits) several layers of vanes. -Coalescing pack mist extractors remove liquid from gas streams. The rings in the coalescing pack change the direction of flow. Gases are whirled as they curve around each ring. The heavy liquid traveling with the gas impinges on the rings, collects and falls. Coalescing packs are effective, but they tend to foul because the rings are close together.
Because free water does not settle out in the time it takes for the oil and gas to separate, three-phase separators require a longer retention time than two-phase separators
When well fluids first enter the separator they strike the angle baffle. Forward motion is temporarily stopped and heavy liquids fall immediately to the bottom of the separator. Gases and oil spray continue through the defoaming element, or primary mist extractor. There, the baffles change the direction of flow.
A vertical separator has a smaller bottom area than either the horizontal or spherical separator, which makes it easier to clean. And, because of its height, the vertical separator can handle more sand and mud than the other separators. So, a vertical separator is more practical on a crude oil well if it is likely to produce sand or mud. The depth of a vertical separator also provides the space to handle liquid surges more easily than a horizontal separator.
Metering separators contain inlets and mist extractors similar to vertical separators. In addition, they have separate chambers used to meter, or measure, the fluids a well produces. This drawing represents the lower portion of a metering separator. This separator has three chambers. In the upper chamber, oil and water are separated. Then they flow through separate lines into metering chambers in the bottom. The float travel controls the volume of liquid entering and leaving the metering chamber with each dump. When the float is at its low position, the liquid level control pilot opens the inlet valve to the metering chamber, and closes the outlet valve. As it reaches its upper position, the float triggers the liquid level control pilot, closing the inlet valve and opening the outlet valve. The liquid is discharged from the metering chamber. Each time the outlet valve is opened, the same volume of fluid is discharged from the metering chamber. A counter attached to the liquid level control pilot registers each time the outlet valve opens. The pressure equalizing line provides an outlet for the gas in the metering chamber so that pressure cannot prevent liquid from entering the metering chamber.
Liquid stabilization systems remove most non-condensable vapors from the liquid while holding condensed vapors, making fluids more stable.
Stable liquid hydrocarbons lose few condensable vapors in the stock tank, making the stock tank more stable. They also cause little turbulence in the tank and have usually been differentially separated. At high temperatures, light liquid components begin to vaporize. Even when they have been differentially separated, stock tank liquids can lose condensable vapors at high temperatures. As the liquid loses hydrocarbons, the volume and API gravity decreases, resulting in a lower sales price.
This liquid level control operates a dump valve in the oil outlet. As production increases, liquid level rises and the dump valve opens. When the float moves down, the valve lever moves up and the valve closes. When the liquid and the float rise to the desired level, the valve opens.
backpressure regulator. Pressure applied under the diaphragm causes the weight to rise and the valve to open. With no upstream pressure under the diaphragm, the weight falls and the valve closes. Some disadvantages of backpressure regulators are:
If the weight begins moving up and down, its momentum can cause it to overshoot. Weight-loaded backpressure valves are best suited for steady production streams. Backpressure valve linkage is exposed to the atmosphere, which can cause the pivots to become rusty or dirty. Rusty or dirty pivots prevent the valve from moving freely. The pivots can work loose, preventing the valve from operating properly
These are spring-loaded self-acting valves.In both valves, the spring pushes against the diaphragm to close the valve. Separator pressure is applied below diaphragm A and above diaphragm B. The valves open as pressure in the separator increases.The amount of backpressure maintained is adjusted by increasing or decreasing spring tension against the diaphragm. For spring-loaded valves to operate smoothly, valve stems must be clean and free to move. The valves will not operate if the packing is too tight.Valves are self- or direct-acting when the controlled pressure is used to operate the valve.
The slotted T through which the pivot moves can be adjusted by rotating the T on the control pivot. Changing the position of the T in relation to the nozzle adjusts the pressure maintained in the separator. The nozzle is stationary, so rotating the T to the left moves the flapper closer to the nozzle. By increasing or decreasing the distance between the flapper and nozzle with the control adjustment, nozzle tube pressure changes just as it does when the bourdon tube straightens and coils. When the flapper is close to the nozzle, it takes less pressure in the bourdon tube to open the valve than if the flapper were far from the nozzle.
Raising the pivot decreases bandwidth or operating range. Lowering the pivot increases bandwidth. Raising the pivot results in relatively fast valve action while lowering the pivot results in relatively slow action.
Gas flowing into the nozzle must be clean and dry. This regulator includes a filter to clean gas before it enters the nozzle. If the gas-water content is high, it should be dried upstream of the regulator