Here from this presentation we will be getting an ample knowledge to know about Refrigerants, Classification of Refrigerants, different types of Refrigerants, different properties regarding refrigerants, different types of temperatures and all
Refrigeration and Air Conditioning System ComponentsAjaypalsinh Barad
The ppt contains detailed study of all the components used in refrigeration and air conditioning system with neat sketches and description. It is well formed as per the syllabus of GTU
An expansion device in a refrigeration system normally serves two purposes :
The thermodynamic faction of expanding the liquid refrigerant from condenser pressure to evaporator pressure.
The control functions which may involve the supply of liquid to the evaporator at the rate at which it is evaporated. This determines the efficiency with which evaporator surface is utilized.
The ppt contains detailed study of refrigerants used in refrigeration and air conditioning system with description. It is well formed as per the syllabus of GTU.
Refrigeration and Air Conditioning System ComponentsAjaypalsinh Barad
The ppt contains detailed study of all the components used in refrigeration and air conditioning system with neat sketches and description. It is well formed as per the syllabus of GTU
An expansion device in a refrigeration system normally serves two purposes :
The thermodynamic faction of expanding the liquid refrigerant from condenser pressure to evaporator pressure.
The control functions which may involve the supply of liquid to the evaporator at the rate at which it is evaporated. This determines the efficiency with which evaporator surface is utilized.
The ppt contains detailed study of refrigerants used in refrigeration and air conditioning system with description. It is well formed as per the syllabus of GTU.
“Refrigerant is the media (fluid) used for heat transfer in a refrigerating system that absorbs heat during evaporation from the region of low temperature and pressure, and releases heat during condensation at a region of higher temperature and pressure.”
Storage of commodities at low temperature increases the shelf life. Proper understanding of storage system is necessary for desire cooling effect. Basic information regarding refrigeration is explained here. Design parameters are also give to be considered.
Experimental Performance Evaluation of R152a to replace R134a in Vapour Compr...IJMER
The performance of heat transfer is one of the most important research areas in the field
of thermal engineering. There are a large number of refrigerants, which are used to transfer heat from
low temperature reservoir to high temperature reservoir by using vapour compression refrigeration
system. There are various obstacles faced in working of different refrigerants due to their environmental
impact (CFC, HCFC), toxicity (NH3), flammability (HC) and high pressure (CO2); which makes them
more hazardous than other working fluids according to safety and environmental issues.
Experimentation is conducted to observe the performance of Hydro-fluorocarbon (HFC) refrigerants
(R134a and R152a) in vapour compression refrigeration. Value of average refrigerating effect for R152a
is about 57% more than that of R134a . Average pressure ratio for R152a was 18.92% higher than that of
R134a. In this result, R152a has emerged as the most energy efficient refrigerant among both the
investigated refrigerants being the one that exhibited the lowest power consumption per ton of
refrigeration with the average value of 13.23% less than that of R134a.The COP of R152a obtain is
higher than R134a by 3.769% .As a result, R152a could be used as a drop-in replacement for R134a in
vapour compression refrigeration system. R152a offers the best desirable environmental requirements;
zero Ozone Depleting Potential (ODP) and 120 Global Warming Potential (GWP).
Propulsive efficiency and specific fuel consumption of air-craft Sharath Kumar
here in this presentation we will be knowing about Propulsive efficiency and specific fuel consumption of air-craft, propeller propulsive efficiency, turbo jet efficiency, rocket and ramjet propulsive efficiency, fuel consumption calculations,
Relation between a small body in a large enclosureSharath Kumar
Here in this presentation we will be discussing about Relation between a small body in a large enclosure, planks law, properties on a surface, absurdity, reflexivity, radiosity, intensity of radiation and emitted radiation
Expressions for shape functions of linear element Sharath Kumar
Here in this presentation we will be knowing about Expressions for shape functions of linear element, their co-ordinates, differential equations, strain displacement relations, properties of stiffness matrix, applications.
Here in this presentation we will be dealing with Nurbs and the major difference between polygons and nurbs, modelling, technical specifications, basic control points, general equations of nurbs and nurb surfaces, nurb manpulating, knob removal
Here in this presentation we will discussing about Inductive Transducer and its working principle, a brief classification of Inductive Transducer and derivation of transducer applications
Here in this presentation we will be getting to know about Implicit Interpolation Analytical Curves related to Manufacturing and Designing, Design criteria, we'll be going through interpolating Curves and Equations, interpolating Matrices and Blending Functions
One Dimensional Transient Heat ConductionSharath Kumar
Here in this presentation we will be getting a brief introduction on One Dimensional Transient Heat Conduction on a plane wall, on semi-infinite solids, on a cylinder, on a slab and will be knowing about Lumped system analysis and applications of THC
Here in this presentation we will be knowing about introduction and applications of Measuring Systems which are used in or daily life and where they are to be used exactly
Effect of compressor suction pressure in Vapor Compression Refrigeration Syst...Sharath Kumar
here in this presentation we will be discussing about Effect of compressor suction pressure in Vapor Compression Refrigeration System under Suction Discharge and Evaporator
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
NO1 Uk best vashikaran specialist in delhi vashikaran baba near me online vas...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
Contact with Dawood Bhai Just call on +92322-6382012 and we'll help you. We'll solve all your problems within 12 to 24 hours and with 101% guarantee and with astrology systematic. If you want to take any personal or professional advice then also you can call us on +92322-6382012 , ONLINE LOVE PROBLEM & Other all types of Daily Life Problem's.Then CALL or WHATSAPP us on +92322-6382012 and Get all these problems solutions here by Amil Baba DAWOOD BANGALI
#vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore#blackmagicformarriage #aamilbaba #kalajadu #kalailam #taweez #wazifaexpert #jadumantar #vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore #blackmagicforlove #blackmagicformarriage #aamilbaba #kalajadu #kalailam #taweez #wazifaexpert #jadumantar #vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore #Amilbabainuk #amilbabainspain #amilbabaindubai #Amilbabainnorway #amilbabainkrachi #amilbabainlahore #amilbabaingujranwalan #amilbabainislamabad
TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL GENERAL FAMILIARIZATION COURSEDuvanRamosGarzon1
AIRCRAFT GENERAL
The Single Aisle is the most advanced family aircraft in service today, with fly-by-wire flight controls.
The A318, A319, A320 and A321 are twin-engine subsonic medium range aircraft.
The family offers a choice of engines
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Democratizing Fuzzing at Scale by Abhishek Aryaabh.arya
Presented at NUS: Fuzzing and Software Security Summer School 2024
This keynote talks about the democratization of fuzzing at scale, highlighting the collaboration between open source communities, academia, and industry to advance the field of fuzzing. It delves into the history of fuzzing, the development of scalable fuzzing platforms, and the empowerment of community-driven research. The talk will further discuss recent advancements leveraging AI/ML and offer insights into the future evolution of the fuzzing landscape.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Courier management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
It is now-a-days very important for the people to send or receive articles like imported furniture, electronic items, gifts, business goods and the like. People depend vastly on different transport systems which mostly use the manual way of receiving and delivering the articles. There is no way to track the articles till they are received and there is no way to let the customer know what happened in transit, once he booked some articles. In such a situation, we need a system which completely computerizes the cargo activities including time to time tracking of the articles sent. This need is fulfilled by Courier Management System software which is online software for the cargo management people that enables them to receive the goods from a source and send them to a required destination and track their status from time to time.
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
For more technical information, visit our website https://intellaparts.com
2. Introduction
A refrigerant is a substance or mixture, usually a fluid,
used in a heat pump and refrigeration cycle. In most cycles
it undergoes phase transitions from a liquid to a gas and
back again. Many working fluids have been used for such
purposes.
2
3. Classification of Refrigerants
3
Primary refrigerants.
Secondary refrigerants.
Primary Refrigerants.
These are the refrigerants which cool the substance or space directly by
absorbing latent heat.
It absorbs heat during evaporation in the evaporator and releases heat energy
during condensation in condenser.
It is also known as direct expansion system
E.g. Ammonia, Freon, SO2, Co2 etc.
These fluids provide refrigeration by undergoing a phase change process in the
evaporator.
4. Secondary Refrigerants
In refrigeration plant a secondary coolant is used as cooling medium
which absorb heat from refrigerated space and transfer to primary
refrigerant in evaporator. Secondary refrigerants are also known
under the name brines or antifreezes.
Classification Of Primary Refrigerants
Halo-carbon Refrigerant
Azeotrope Refrigerant
Inorganic Refrigerant
Hydro-carbon Refrigerant
4
5. Halocarbon Refrigerants
• Halocarbon Refrigerant are all synthetically produced and were developed as
the Freon
family of refrigerants.
• They are fluorocarbons of methane and ethane series.
• They contain 1 or more of these halogens (chlorine, bromine, fluorine)
• Non toxic, non-flammable, non-explosive, non- corrosive, non-irritant to human
body and eyes.
• Odorless, colorless
• Will not react with food product stored in the refrigerated space.
• Will not react with lubricating oil.
• Has excellent thermodynamic properties.
Examples:
• CFC’s : R11, R12, R113, R114, R115
• HCFC’s : R22, R123
• HFC’s : R134a, R404a, R407C, R410a
5
6. Azeotrope Refrigerants
• This group of refrigerants consist of mixture of different refrigerants which can not
separated under pressure and temperature and have fixed thermodynamic properties.
• A stable mixture of two or several refrigerants whose vapor and liquid phases retain
identical compositions over a wide range of temperatures.
• Azeotropic mixtures are designated by 500 series.
Examples :
R-500 :( 73.8% R12 and 26.2% R152)
R-502 : (8.8% R22 and 51.2% R115)
R-503 : (40.1% R23 and 59.9% R13)
6
7. Inorganic Refrigerants
Inorganic refrigerant were exclusively used before the introduction of halocarbon.
These refrigerant are still in use due to there inherent thermodynamic and
physical properties.
•Carbon Dioxide.
•Water.
•Ammonia.
•Air.
•Sulphur dioxide.
7
8. Ammonia (NH3) R-717
Used for commercial purposes. Mainly in cold stored and ice plants.
• The boiling temperature of NH3 at atmospheric pressure is -33 ºc
and melting point from solid is -78ºC The low boiling points
makes it possible to have refrigeration considerably below 0ºC
without using pressure below atmospheric in the evaporator.
• Its latent heat of vaporization at -15ºC is 1315 k/kg
• It is colorless gas with a sharp pungent smell
• Has good thermodynamic properties
• It is neutral to all metals, highly soluble in oil.
• Volatile and non toxic but in higher conc.
8
9. Hydrocarbons
• Most of the hydrocarbon refrigerant are successfully used in industrial and
commercial installation . They possess satisfactory thermodynamic properties
but are highly flammable and explosive.
• Growing use in very small commercial systems like car air-conditioning
system.
Examples:
• R170, Ethane, C2H6
• R290 , Propane C3H3
• R600, Butane, C4H10
• R600a, Isobutane, C4H10
• Blends of the above Gases
9
10. Secondary Refrigerants
The refrigerants are brine which is used as intermediate fluid between evaporator
and the substance or space to be cooled. They cool the substance and the space by
absorbing their sensible heat. Also called indirect expansion system.
• E.g. Brine solution made of calcium chloride or sodium chloride.
• Water cannot be used as secondary refrigerant because at 0 ºC itself it will
become ice and circulation is not possible.
• In brine solution CaCl2 is much preferred, it is very costly.
• Substances that take away heat from the medium to be cooled and give it to
the boiling refrigerant are called secondary refrigerants.
• They do not change their physical condition.
10
11. • Cheap and harmless, chemically neutral to metals and packing material should have a
low freezing point and large heat capacity.
• Choice of brine depends on temperature to which a material is to be cooled and
industrial process in which it is to be used.
• The calcium chloride brine has eutectic temperature of -55 ℃ at salt concentration of
30% by mass.
• The sodium chloride brine has eutectic temperature of -21.1 ℃ at salt concentration of
23% by mass.
11
12. Designation of refrigerants
• Since a large number of refrigerants have been developed over the years for a
wide variety of applications, a numbering system has been adopted to
designate various refrigerants.
• From the number one can get some useful information about the type of
refrigerant, its chemical composition, molecular weight etc. All the
refrigerants are designated by R followed by a unique number.
Those are of two types:
1. Fully Saturated Refrigerants.
2. Halogenated Compound Refrigerants.
12
13. Physical characteristics of refrigerants
• Boiling and condensing temperature and pressures.
• Freezing temperature.
• Critical temperature.
• Discharge temperature.
• Latent heat of vaporization.
• Specific heat.
• Density.
• Viscosity.
13
14. Thermodynamic properties of refrigerants
• Boiling and condensing temperature and pressures
• The boiling temp of refrigerant at atmospheric pressure should be low.
• The evaporator and condensing temperatures determine the pressures.
• The maximum condensing temperature is largely affected by climatic
condition.
• It is desirable to select a refrigerant whose saturation pressure (at min.
operating temperature) is a few pounds above atmospheric pressure.
• If the boiling temperature of the refrigerant is high at atmospheric pressure
then compressor has to operate at high vacuums.
• Both evaporator and condenser pressure should be positive and it should be
near to atmospheric pressure.
14
15. Thermodynamic properties of refrigerants
Freezing temperature:
• Should have low freezing temperature . Since the freezing temperature of most
of refrigerant is below -35 ºC.
Critical temperature:
• Should be well above the maximum condensing temperature
Discharge temperature:
• High discharge temperatures from the compressor should be avoided.
• It causes some refrigerant breakdowns as well as poor lubrication
effectiveness
15