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Reservoir simulation study

CMG provides three reservoir simulation software packages: IMEX, GEM, and STARS. IMEX is a black oil simulator used for conventional reservoirs. GEM is a compositional simulator that can model complex fluid behavior, including processes where inter-phase mass transfer is important. STARS is an advanced simulator used for thermal modeling and complex reactions. It is the industry standard for modeling chemical EOR processes, including polymer flooding, low salinity flooding, and microbial EOR. CMG has extensive experience using STARS to model H2S bacterial souring through history matching and forecasting. Reservoir engineers can choose the appropriate CMG simulator based on the reservoir fluids and recovery process being modeled.

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Sigve Hamilton Aspelund Reservoir simulation study
Business research
Other:
Summary 1) CMG STARS: • H2S souring • Injectivity & fracture modelling • Thermal or chemical processes • IOR/EOR • Polymer flooding/ chemical placement • Heavy oils and light oil 2) CMG GEM: • CO2 EOR • Compositional features • Fracture modelling and injectivity • Gas processes • CBM 3) CMG IMEX: • Blackoil simulator • Injectivity & Fracture modelling
Current H2S analysis
Basic model
Injectivity model in excel Onsite and laboratory flooding Fracture lengths, using the Perkins and Gonzales 2-D fracture propagation model Injectivity, with and without thermal fracturing
Reservoir modelling
Examples of reservoir simulation programmes CMG (WinProp & Builder) Tempest More tNavigator Tecplot
ESSS-Souring simulation
ESSS-Souring Inputs
What we want for future: Reservoir simulation software Commercial reservoir simulation software: CMG Suite Computer Modelling Group IMEX: Black oil simulator GEM: Compositional simulator STARS: Thermal compositional simulator
STARS - Advanced Processes & Thermal Reservoir Simulator STARS is the undisputed industry standard in thermal reservoir simulation and advanced recovery processes. Reservoir engineers use STARS to simulate changes to the reservoir based upon fluid behaviour, steam or air injection, electrical heating or chemical flooding. Chemical Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) - STARS simulates the wellbore treatment procedures required to evaluate the effectiveness of chemical additives used in chemical EOR processes. Globally, STARS is also the most widely used foam simulator as it is the only commercial simulator to mechanistically model the complex physical processes involved in foam flooding.
STARS Uses  Chemical EOR  Emulsions, Gels, Foams  ASP. SP, ASG  MEOR / Reservoir Souring  Low salinity  BrightWater®  Thermal EOR  Hot water  Steam flood & cycling  SAGD & ES-SAGD  Combustion (LTO & HTO)  ISC of Oil Shale  Naturally Fractured Reservoirs  Dual Porosity (DP), Dual Permeability (DK), SubDomain (SD), MINC  Cold Heavy Oil Recovery (CHOPS)  Natural Gas Hydrates  Complex Thermal Wellbore Configurations  Discretized Wells (transient, segregated flow of steam and bitumen in single tubing horizontal wells)  FlexWells (transient, segregated flow of steam and bitumen in multiple tubing, undulating wells)  Coupled Geomechanics  GEOMECH
STARS: Souring modelling (3D) Reactions: Oxidation of sulfide with nitrate Reduction of sulfate with acetate and precipitation of sulfide with ferrous oxide Model sulfide production and nitrate-dependent oxidation in an upflow, packed bed bioreactor and to transfer the resulting model to a field wide nitrate injection.
STARS: Souring modelling (3D) Predicted H2S distribution in generic field model before and after nitrate injection
What STARS are used for:
What STARS are used for: • Microbial • Surfactant • Reactivity • Pressure dependent properties • Solves energy equations • Material balance • Reservoir performance forcasting • Well location • Downhole heating • Cold production simulation • Production and injection profiles • Tracer transport • Process steam injection • Geochemistry • Coal gasification simulation • Cold heavy oil production • Heat transfer • Steam • Heavy oil thermal recovery • Well chemical tracer test • Interwell tracer test • ASP flooding • STARS can be used for heavy and light oil
GEM - Compositional & Unconventional Reservoir Simulator GEM can model primary, secondary, and tertiary recovery processes, and accurately model complex heterogeneous faulted structures, horizontal and multilateral wells, and geomechanical deformation. GEM is used extensively for modelling gas and liquids rich shales, coal bed methane (CBM & E-CBM) and CO2 processes. About: GEM is a general compositional reservoir simulator for modelling processes such as gas condensates, volatile oils, gas cycling, WAG processes, and many other multi-component reservoir scenarios. It can also model gas injection processes such as miscible floods, and vaporizing or condensing gas drives GEM accurately simulates structurally complex and varying fluid combinations beyond conventional black oil simulators, as well as K- value compositional simulators, including processes in which the effects of inter- phase mass transfer (i.e. changing fluid phase composition) are important. GEM will effectively model laboratory scale projects, pilot areas, elements of symmetry, or full-scale field studies.
GEM Uses  Secondary Recovery  Miscible gas injection (CO2, N2, Sour Gas)  Gas condensate production with cycling  GOGD using in naturally fractured reservoirs  VAPEX heavy oil recovery (isothermal and thermal)  CBM & Shale Gas Production  Multi-component desorption/adsorption, diffusion & coal swelling/shrinkage  CO2 & Acid Gas Sequestration  Oil reservoirs, Saline aquifers & Coal beds  Geochemical reactions  Asphaltene modelling during primary and secondary recovery  Precipitation, Flocculation, Deposition & Plugging  Naturally Fractured Reservoirs  Dual Porosity (DP), Dual Permeability (DK), SubDomain (SD), MINC & SD-DK  Hydraulically fractured wells with non-Darcy flow & Compaction  Single Plane Fracs (Vertical & Horizontal Wells)  Complex Fracture Networks (Shale Gas Wells)  Thermal Option  Coupled Surface Facilities  GAP & FORGAS  Coupled Geomechanics  GEOMECH 20
IMEX: Three phase black oil simulator IMEX is one of the world’s fastest conventional black oil reservoir simulators. IMEX is used to obtain history-matches and forecasts of primary, secondary and EOR or IOR processes where changing fluid composition and reservoir temperature Are not important factors for accurate modelling of hydrocarbon recovery processes.
IMEX Uses  Primary recovery  Black Oil & Volatile Oil  Dry & Wet Gas  Gas Condensate  Secondary recovery  Waterflooding  Polymer Flooding  Dry Gas Injection  GOGD in naturally fractured reservoirs  WAG  Pseudo-miscible Displacement  Gas Storage  Naturally Fractured Reservoirs  Dual Porosity (DP), Dual Permeability (DK), SubDomain (SD), MINC & SD-DK  Hydraulically fractured wells with non-Darcy flow & Compaction  Single Plane Fracs (Vertical & Horizontal Wells)  Complex Fracture Networks (Shale Gas Wells)  Coupled Surface Facilities Modelling  GAP, FORGAS, METTE & Avocet IAM 22
What IMEX is used for: • Black oil simulator: 20 • Injectivity: 2 • Fracture modelling: 2 • History match: 2 • Forecast • Conventional oil in carbonate NFR • Polymer injection • Water flooding • Water injection • Polymer flooding • Dry gas injection • Pseudo-miscible gas injection • Production strategy by water injection and drilling new wells • Pressure dependent • Shale gas • Natural fractured formation • Improved oil recovery simulation • Non-miscible oil recovery process
What GEM is used for: • Compositional features: 16 • CO2 EOR: 6 • CBM: 5 (Coal Bed Methane) • Shale: 3 • Gas processes: 2 • EOS: 2 • Gas injection: 2 • Volatile oils: 2 • Fracture modelling • History match • Tight oil/ gas applications • Geochemical functionality • Gas depletion in NFR • Shale gas modelling • Change in composition of phases • Miscible flooding • Carbon capture & storage • Fracturated reservoirs • Non-isothermal systems • Recovery processes
What GEM is used for: • Geomechanical deformation • Gas condensates • Gas cycling • Non-thermal • WAG (Water Alternating GAS) • Gas injection processes • Simulating laboratory core flood • Sensitivity analysis • Creation of field scale pattern • Production history match • CO2-WAG process • Optimization • Asphaltene deposition • Condensate • Complex heterogenous faulted structures • Light oils
Enhanced oil recovery (EOR) processes
Commersial Aspelund Consulting Energy Offshore Development International & National can offer the client geochemical reservoir simulation studies based on the software CGM STARS. The software is recognized as a marked leader within geochemical reservoir simulation. Examples of applications that Oil plus can support the industry is: Chemical EOR: Reservoir souring Microbial EOR Low salinity water flooding Brightwater polymer flooding Solids transport and deposition: Fines migration Asphaltene preciptation, flocculation, deposition and plugging Wax precipitation The business case (for all studies) are £100 per hour or $155
Top comments on CMG “The well capabilities in all of our three simulators are very similar. Differences occur when a capability doesn’t apply to that simulator (e.g. steam injection is not relevant for IMEX, a black-oil, isothermal simulator). Additionally the grid capabilities are very similar. Therefore, injectivity modeling and hydraulic fracture model can be carried out in all three simulators. The choice of simulator to use is determined by the reservoir fluids and the fluids injected. E.g. water or dry gas injection can be modeled in IMEX, but GEM would be need for volatile oil or condensate reservoirs, or CO2 injection in depleted oil or saline aquifers for sequestration. For most thermal applications you would need to run STARS. Production from hydraulic fractured reservoirs is usually modeled in IMEX or GEM depending on whether or not multicomponent effects, such as adsorption, are important. Papers SPE 132093, SPE 122530 are a couple of references you can look at the describe modeling of fractured shale reservoirs using CMG software. General Manager European Region CMG”
Top comments on CMG “ 1) IMEX (Black Oil simulator used for conventional reservoirs and non-complex fluid phase behaviour) 2) GEM (Fully Compositional Equation-of-State based simulator used for complex fluid behaviour reservoirs- also used in shale, CBM , and tight oil/gas applications as well as CO2 EOR or sequestration. Has some reaction and thermal capabilities) 3) STARS (Advanced- component and K-Value based simulator used for thermal modelling and processes requiring complex reactions).”
Top comments on CMG “IMEX: Used it for black oil model for slightly compressible oil in a sandstone reservoir set to simulate a production history to forecast future production and making production strategy by water injection and drilling of new wells in leftover oil pockets. Used it for geomodeling which will be a separate area for large discussion. GEM: Used it simulating laboratory core flood experiment for miscible CO2 injection / sensitivity analysis / history match, creation of field scale pattern / production history match, Simulation of CO2 - WAG process, CO2 flood prediction / optimization etc. / Assosiate modeled fluid phase behavior using WINPROP prior to these work. Associate at RGIPT.”
Top comments on CMG “IMEX is a black oil simulator and models simple oil, water, gas systems. It derives its PVT properties from tables dependent only on pressure. GEM is a fully compositional simulator and can model individual hydrocarbon components. It derives its phase PVT properties from a cubic equation of state which can be pressure, temperature and composition dependent. SOLVE STARS package includes access to GEM or IMEX as well as STARS. The cost for SOLVE STARS is the same as STARS. General Manager CMG.”
Top comments on CMG STARS “We have worked with many companies such as Baker Hughes, Enerplus, Suncor, various Universities (such as the Univ. of Calgary) and research companies (such as Alberta Innovates Technology Futures) on souring and microbial souring. We recently conducted a history match to an actual bacterial souring process with H2S production data for an operator and are currently working on another project for a Steam-Generated sour gas application here in Alberta. Reservoir engineer CMG.” “CMG has worked extensively in the area of H2S bacterial souring and STARS has the capability to model it. It’s capabilities have been validated with real field data by some companies and have been published. He conducted a study sponsored by DOE NETL on H2S production in Bakken. Tested a possibility of production of the H2S as a result of the fracturing into overlaying formation (Lodgepole), which is notoriously sour. CMG worked great for this task. Petroleum Engineer at Kansas Geological Survey.”
Statistics (Old modelling projects): 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Year 1996-2012: 66 projects. Average 4,1 projects per year
Finances vs numbers of projects per year
CMG users location (Market) STARS is commonly use for EOR. Thermal or non thermal. Market: Oman, Kuwait, Abu Dhabi, Qatar, Sudan, Canada, Northern America, North Sea CO2 injection. Petroleum engineer Saudi Aramco.
H2S market
H2S projects
Oil recovery projects
EOR/ IOR
Global EOR potential
CO2 EOR (Alternative potential with GEM)
Conclusion Choose options in following order: 1) Chemical EOR: 3 D CMG STARS H2S study 2) Thermal EOR study with CMG STARS 3) Secondary recovery: GEM CO2 EOR study 4) 3 D Injectivity/ fracturing modelling study in CGM software depending on reservoir fluids 5) 2D Injectivity model based on Perkins and Gonzales SPE paper 6) 2D Souring model Injectivity modeling and hydraulic fracture model can be carried out in all three simulators. The choice of simulator to use is determined by the reservoir fluids and the fluids injected
Conclusion: CMG: 1. Cost. The CMG packages are usually cheaper than competitors. They also offer leasing packages that are reasonable value. 2. Customer service. Because they are quite a small company, their customer service and technical support is quite good. 3. Usability. The pre and post-processors are easy to use and easy to learn. We find junior engineers much prefer to use the CMG packages over anything else.
Glossary: ASP: Alkaline-Surfactant-Polymer SP: Surfactant-Polymer ASG: Alkali-Surfactant-Gas MEOR: Microbial-Enhanced-Oil-Recovery SAGD & ES-SAGD: Steam-Assisted-Gravity-Drainage & Expaning-Solvent SAGD Combustion (LTO & HTO): High/ Low-Temperature-Oxidation ISC of Oil Shale: In-Situ-Conversation Process (ICP) MINC: Multiple interacting continua method CBM: Coal-Bed-Methane GOGD: Gas-Oil-Gravity-Drainage VAPEX (Vapor extraction) heavy oil recovery CO2 gas injection EOR: Enhanced Oil Recovery ECBM: Enhanced Coal Bed Methane recovery K-Value
Strengths - Thermal 45 Thermal Processes Combustion (THAICAPRI) Cyclic steam injection SAGD Electrical Heating ES-SAGD Thermal Continuous steam injection Leader in EOR & Unconventional Reservoir markets
Our Strengths - Chemical 46 Chemical Processes Foam Injection Low salinity water injection ASP CO2 injection with Asphaltene Precipitation & Plugging Leader in EOR & Unconventional Reservoir markets Gel Injection
Strengths - Unconventionals 47 Enhanced Recovery in Unconventional Reservoirs CO2 Huff’n’PuffCBM / ECBM Shale Gas/Oil Tight Gas Microseismic Data Imported to simulator Leader in EOR & Unconventional Reservoir markets
Competitor: Bayphase
Compititor: Maxoil
Knowledge reservoir
Reservoir simulation companies Weatherford is using Eclipse for reservoir simulation Gemini is using Merlin for reservoir simulation Belltree: Reservoir Simulation We can give you accurate, informative and timely simulation results thanks to working closely with major software developers and using cutting-edge software such as ECLIPSE, IMEX & GEM. We are also work extensively with supporting software such as WINPROP, MBAL-PROSPER-GAP & PANSYSTEM Avasthi consulting: Conducting black oil, PVT/ phase behavior/ complex reservoir fluid characterization/ compositional, naturally fractured, heavy oil and thermal reservoir simulation studies, using commonly used commercial reservoir simulators (such as ECLIPSE, VIP, CMG, MORE, etc.)
Additional comments:
CMOST: Applications
Older reservoir modelling projects Project Company Country Date 71 Santos Australia Sep 96 94 Sponsors UK May 98 111 AMEC Azerbaijan Jun 99 172 Sponsors UK Sep 03 192 Lasmo Libya Des 99 199 Anadarko Algeria Feb 00 208 Ranger oil UK Oct 00 212 Bitech Russia Nov 00 250 ChevronTexaco UK May 02 255 Ranger oil UK Mar 02 304 Badr petroleum Egypt Mar 02 305 Shell Malaysia Jan 02 317 Chevron Kuwait Jan 02
Older reservoir modelling projects Project Company Country Date 349 Chevron Angola Oct 02 368 Chevron Thailand Oct 02 369 ExxonMobil USA Des 03 377 Schlumberger Netherlands Des 02 393 KFUMP Saudi Arabia Nov 03 397 Chevron Angola Apr 03 400 Occidental Qatar Des 04 402 Chevron Nigeria Jun 03 410 Schlumberger Russia Jun 04 416 Saudi Aramco Saudi Arabia Jul 03 418 Parsons group Oman Jul 04 431 Sponsors UK Jan 06 431 Petrobraz Brazil May 05
Older reservoir modelling projects Project Company Country Date 443 Schlumberger Australia Jul 04 487 Chevron USA Jan 05 500 CNR UK Apr 03 509 Chevron Canada Jul 05 530 Chevron Brazil Jun 06 536 Chevron UK Aug 05 549 Exxon Mobil Equatorial Guinea Jul 05 561 Chevron USA Nov 05 562 Chevron Angola Oct 05 563 Chevron Angola Nov 05 564 Chevron Angola Sep 06 580 PDO Oman Feb 06 600 Sponsors UK Nov 08
Older reservoir modelling projects Project Company Country Date 611 Paladin Norway Jan 06 614 CNLOPB Canada Apr 06 621 Chevron Nigeria Aug 06 636 Tullow oil UK Jan 07 638 Chevron Angola Sept 06 687 ADCO Abu Dhabi Aug 08 715 HMDC Canada May 08 715 HMDC Canada Sep 07 763 Vermilion France Jan 08 796 ExxonMobil USA Aug 08 811 Premier Vietnam Jun 08 811 Premier Vietnam Feb 09 830 ExxonMobil West Africa Jan 09
Older reservoir modelling projects Project Company Country Date 847 Nexen UK Jul 09 848 PVEP Algeria Jun 10 885 Farfield energy UK Des 09 890 ENI Angola Jul 10 890 ENI Angola Des 09 890 ENI Angola Mar 10 970 Core Labs Malaysia Okt 10 918 Farfield energy UK May 10 923 Star energy UK Jul 10 931 PDO Oman Des 11 931 PDO Oman Feb 11 936 PDO Oman Okt 11 937 Farfield energy UK Jul 10
Older reservoir modelling projects Project Company Country Date 959 Star energy Ireland Apr 11 996 Amerada Hess UK Sep 12
CMG STARS users Title Company Country Research Associate Heriot-Watt University UK Operations Support Engineer Expro UK Reservoir engineer Independent consultant Canada Reservoir Engineer Husky Energy Canada Research Scientist The Dow Chemical Company USA Reservoir Simulation Engineer CMG Canada Reservoir Engineer Husky Energy Canada Reservoir Engineer Alberta Energy Regulator Canada Directional Drilling Field Engineer Halliburton USA Principal EOR Advisor Osum Oil Sands Corp Canada Reservoir Engineer ExxonMobil USA Innovation Engineer-Reservoir Husky Energy Canada Production Technologist Shell USA
CMG STARS users Title Company Country Senior reservoir Engineer Wintershall Germany Reservoir Engineer Oxy USA Petroleum Engineer University of Alberta Canada Chief Scientist IOR/EOR Eni Italy Manager CMG Venezuela Wireline Field Engineer Schlumberger Colombia Reservoir Engineer Petrobras Brazil Graduate Student Penn State University USA Research Director International research institute of Stavanger Norway GeoScience/Res Eng analyst Suncor Energy Canada Reservoir Simulation and EOR professional Nexen Canada Vice President-Consulting CMG Canada Senior Reservoir Specialist Statoil Canada
CMG STARS users Title Company Country Senior Reservoir Engineer ConocoPhillips USA Reservoir Engineer PDVSA Venezuela Reservoir Engineer Schlumberger Australia Reservoir Engineer BP Canada Senior Reservoir Engineer Encana Canada Reservoir Specialist Weatherford Canada Reservoir Engineer BP Alaska Reservoir Engineer Schlumberger Venezuela Reservoir Engineer Nexen Canada Reservoir Engineer Occidental USA Reservoir Engineer ConocoPhillips Canada Operation Assistant WellCem Saudi Arabia Reservoir Engineer Shell India
CMG STARS users Title Company Country Senior Reservoir Engineer Halliburton Algeria Petroleum Engineer Kansas Geological Survey USA Senior Reservoir Engineer ConocoPhillips USA Principal Reservoir Engineer BG Group UK Senior Geotechnical IT Analyst Chevron UK Senior Reservoir Engineer NewAge UK Senior Reservoir Engineer Senergy UK Senior Reservoir Engineer Oxy USA Senior reservoir engineer Alliance Oil Company Russia Senior Reservoir Engineer Oxy Canada Reservoir Engineer Cairn India Principal Petrophysicist AGR Petroleum Norway Completions Engineer Suncor Canada
CMG STARS users Title Company Country Senior Reservoir Engineer Brion Energy Canada Senior Reservoir Engineer Suncor Canada Senior Reservoir Engineer Statoil Norway Sr. Reservoir Engineer Encana Canada Senior Reservoir Engineer Alliance Oil Russia Manager, Reservoir Engineering Nexen Canada Reservoir engineer Repsol Spain Senior Reservoir Engineer OMV-Petrom USA Decision Analyst Chevron USA Reservoir Research Engineer Total USA Senior Reservoir Engineer ConocoPhillips USA PROACT Engineer Schlumberger USA Sr Reservoir Engineer Gazprom Venezuela
CMG STARS users
Comments on geochemical reservoir simulation: Compositional features is GEM. Reservoir engineer Hess. CMG used to be dominant but Eclipse is getting better. Reservoir engineer RWEdea. Eclipse300 is good but the cost of the license is high. GEM is very good and perhaps better than Eclipse300. GEM is reasonably priced and it is recommended. Engineering Software Development J. Tingas Petroleum Engineering Regarding thermal simulator, STARS have better reputation than the others. (From online discussion)
Comments on geochemical reservoir simulation: Professor use CMG software for EOR. STARS is good for chemical processes and GEM is good for gas processes. Director, CIPR, Uni Research and professor University of Bergen CMG can simulate low salinity water flooding better as compare to Eclipse (for field application). Operations Support Engineer at Expro. Petroleum engineer used STARS for simulating a thermal process (SAGD). Petroleum Engineer at University of Regina. STARS is the industry standard for advanced process modelling and anything with reactions, including thermal applications and complex mechanisms such as souring, low salinity geochemical reactions, ASP, and even microbial. Reservoir engineer used STARS to model surfactant, polymers and emulsion injections. He has modelled souring with REVEAL simulator. Reservoir Engineer at Petrobras
Comments on geochemical reservoir simulation: IRIS have done a lot of various simulations in STARS. Thermal, CO2 flooding in fractured reservoir including reactivity, lowsal, chemical placement, pressure dependent reservoir properties. Fairly reliable and rich in features. Research Director at International research institute of Stavanger. If you are looking to simulate black oil or injectivity/ fracture modelling in CMG's suite of software he think you will be using IMEX. STARS solves the energy equations in addition to the material balance. Reservoir engineer ConocoPhillips The newer edition of IMEX has nice fracture modelling capabilities. Operation manager at Geogreen.
Comments on geochemical reservoir simulation: Reservoir engineer have worked with CMG STARS for reservoir performance forcasting, well location, water flooding, polymer flooding, downhole heating (by an electric resistant cable). CMG STARS is the right choice, over ECLIPSE (Screening at Petrocedeño) ECLIPSE is highly recommended to model block to block communication and migration, also the well modelling because its finite element framework and neural networks. CMG STARS is better accurate to model EOR and IOR process because its equation solving engine is better suited to model easily thermal and chemical scenarios. Reservoir engineer PDVSA Petrocedeño.
Comments on geochemical reservoir simulation: Operation assistant have been working with CMG software in cold production simulation and Thermal Recovery simulation for heavy and extra heavy oil reservoirs using IMEX / STARS. - Simulation of thermal recovery process such a SAGD, HASD (Horisontal Assisted Steam Drive), CSS (Cyclic Steam Stimulation). - History matching of production scenarios and simulation forecasting to improved oil recovery factor. - Reservoir management and monitoring plan to identify the risks associated to the reservoir properties and behavior of the thermal processes. - Optimizing the most effective parameters of each thermal recovery process. - Generation of the production and injection profiles of the thermal wells to the successful design of the surface facilities. Operation Assistant at WellCem.
Comments on geochemical reservoir simulation: CMG is one the most strong reservoir simulation code among the third party reservoir simulation software companies. CO2 foam EOR and chemical EOR applications. The code is well equipped with physics needed for foam and chemical EOR applications. It has most of reaction capabilities you need to implement any geochemical aspects. CMG's support service is excellent. Research Scientist (O&G) at The Dow Chemical Company.
Comments on geochemical reservoir simulation: Most of his experience is with thermal recovery (SAGD and CSS). He has also worked with chemical Flooding using STARS. Reservoir engineer has been working with STARS doing thermal reservoir simulations which usually do not include geochemistry.
Comments on geochemical reservoir simulation: In STARS he worked with ion exchange, sulphate mineral scaling reactions. He find the concept of reaction rates a realised in STARS a bit confusing. For a full field scale risk studies we use Eclipse in combination with MULTISCALE and some other in-house apps. Researcher use Reveal mostly for mineral scale modelling on a near wellbore scale. REVEAL uses more advanced and fully thermodynamic calculator and database from PHREEQC, but not perfect for large models. H2S souring is a big issue.
Comments on geochemical reservoir simulation: STARS is thermal compositional flow reservoir simulator. Capability to be coupled to a external geomechanics model. It could be use with simple porosity and warren and root model; double porosity, double permeability; Multiple interaction continua; and vertical refinement model. The phase equilibrium calculations are done trough K values. The interphase for building an input file is called Builder. It is easy to use and easily introduce you to the keywords of the input file. It has a set of example input files that treats a whole range of phenomena in reservoir engineering and EOR. Researcher at IMP.
Comments on geochemical reservoir simulation: Reservoir engineer used STARS to model experiments of thermal recovery, emulsion injection and tracer transport. The suite contains also IMEX (the black oil simulator), GEM (Compositional simulation), Winprop (an equation of state multiphase equilibrium package). You can input data from other software companies importing a rescue file from Petrel. It has tools for graphing, exporting and visualizing data.
Comments on geochemical reservoir simulation: +Very Good, +Versatile. +Easy to learn. + Excellent technical support by CMG. +Ideal for process steam injection, chemical injection, polymer injection can be also modeled in situ combustion. +Results in 2D, 3D and graphics, allows comparison wells and fields. +Geological models can be imported from other simulation software + I've worked version is 2012.1 and was stable. + Builder has new tools of geostatistical modeling He recommend it for simplisidad, efficiency and processing speed for thermal recovery processes. Petroleum engineer Unknown.
Comments on geochemical reservoir simulation: Senior reservoir engineer claim that STARS is easier than Eclipse for the beginners. Senior reservoir engineer Almajid International. Easy to learn with a very intuitive model building platform (Builder). Black oil simulations can easily be set up in STARS or IMEX. Very good documentation too. Compatible with Petrel and other mesh files. Postdoctoral Research Associate Imperial College London Reservoir engineer used CMG-STARS for modelling some of the thermal EOR processes (Steam injection, electrical heating etc) Reservoir engineer is using CMG STARS for thermal projects, he used CMG STARS for chemical EOR mainly polymer. Reservoir Simulation and EOR professional Nexen.
Comments on geochemical reservoir simulation: STARS is basically well-know as a thermal simulator (Pioneers) He is using it mostly for thermal EOR simulations like SAGD, CSS. The interface is not that complicated and they provide a fairly good support. They also hold good training sessions. Reservoir Specialist at Weatherford PhD student is using SourSimRL for reservoir souring calculation. PhD student Penn State University.
Comments on geochemical reservoir simulation: Senior reservoir specialist has been working with CMG products: Thermal applications (including chemical reactions), some polymer and tracer test simulations. CMG has very friendly GUI (Builder) and it was easy to start using it. It took him some time to switch from STARS to ECLIPSE. Senior reservoir specialist found ECLIPSE to be more powerful with regards to well/group/field controls, but less intuitive than STARS. STARS could be used for geochemistry as it is pseudo compositional (uses k value tables, not EOS parameters) and allows for presence of solid phase. Chemical reactions could be modelled in all phases. CMG also has GEM simulator which has geochemical functionality. It is fully compositional simulator, but it cannot handle steam. Senior Reservoir Specialist at Statoil Canada.
Comments on geochemical reservoir simulation: Reservoir engineer used CMG STARS for underground coal gasification simulation which modelled using chemical reaction. You can use reaction to simulate different process and you can set your reaction using two reaction parameters. Phd Thermal Reservoir Engineer at Husky Energy. CMG STARS is a good thermal simulator (thermal process such as SAGD, insitu combustion) as the chemical kinetics can be modelled. Schlumberger also offered thermal simulation in terms of Eclipse thermal.
Comments on geochemical reservoir simulation: CMG STARS is a thermal reservoir simulation software. He use CMG for simulation of Steam Assisted Gravity Drainage (SAGD) used in the production of heavy oil from oil sands. He also use CMG for simulation of flow in: Carbonate naturally fractured reservoirs (NFR) which could be applicable to: (1) Thermal reservoirs (using STARS), with SAGD (2) Conventional oil in Carbonate NFR (using CMG IMEX) (3) Gas depletion in naturally fractured reservoirs, NFR (using CMG GEM, the compositional simulator)
Comments on geochemical reservoir simulation: He has also used CMG STARS for Chemical Enhanced Oil Recovery including polymer flooding, and alkaline-surfactant flooding. CMG STARS is only applicable where thermal effects are very important, but he is an expert in using it together with CMG- WinProp (for component), and CMG- CMOST (for history matching, forecasting and optimization). He is also involved with shale gas modelling with CMG-GEM.
Comments on geochemical reservoir simulation: To model H2S in stars, one would need to model aquathermolysis in which case you would need to put a few reactions into the simulator. They use analytical methods to predict H2S production from aquathermolysis. Staff Reservoir Engineer, Thermal at Husky Energy. Used CMG STARS and GEM to simulate H2S production in Bakken. CMG is very powerful tool. Petroleum Engineer at Kansas Geological Survey.
Comments on geochemical reservoir simulation: CMOST is a tool that can work in conjunction with the simulator. It can be used for Sensitivity Analysis, History Matching, Optimization, and Uncertainty Assessment studies. Create a STARS model that will act as a base case. You would then bring it into CMOST and specify what parameters are uncertain or you would like to optimize. The idea is to remove much of the manual labor that would normally be done in a study in having to create dataset after dataset yourself, running it, analyzing, making changes, new model, etc. Reservoir engineer CMG.
Comments on geochemical reservoir simulation: Reservoir engineer has worked with STARS and it's Geomechanical coupling. They used STARS to study the opportunity to model Cold Heavy Oil Production with Sand (CHOPS) in the heavy oil fields of Venezuela. Reservoir Engineer at Schlumberger Information Solutions. - CMG STARS is an excellent choice for thermal processes. - If there are lots of change in composition of phases (e.g miscible flooding, gas injection) GEM is the standard software. - If heat transfer is dominant in the process then STARS will be the better choice. Petroleum engineer University of Regina.
Comments on geochemical reservoir simulation: Most compositional simulators could do that kind of studies. Schlumberger E300, CMG Stars, Roxar Tempest, and Sensor from Coats Engineering. http://www.scribd.com/doc/18418431/Roxar-pvt-Course Senior Reservoir Engineer Unknown Reservoir engineer has extensively used CMG STARS for coupled reservoir geomechanics simulation and was satisfied by the result and speed. Reservoir Engineer, Geomechanics Specialist, and Numerical Modeling Expert Exxon Mobil. Most of his experience with STARS is the thermal and/or solvent processes, without any geochemical reactions. If the process you are researching is non- thermal, you might try CMG-GEM (compositional model). Reservoir Engineer Nexen.
Comments on geochemical reservoir simulation: ECLIPSE has a generic mechanism of chemical reactions implemented and water and hydrocarbon components. That allows you to simulate e.g. H2S creation due to microbial activity. There are also specific options targeting H2S solubility in water. It is possible to simulate H2S production once you have lab test and have an idea which is your H2S source (rock or oil). Then, it is possible to represent the H2S production in the simulation including chemical reactions that represents H2S generation (chemicals reactions coming from the lab test). It is highly recommended use your lab or field data to calibrate your chemical reactions. Reservoir Simulation Engineer Computer Modelling Group.
Comments on geochemical reservoir simulation: STARS: For modelling complex processes, and he would include geochemical processes in that, it has a better reputation than Eclipse 500 and the other commercial simulators. CMG have a support office in Wallingford in South Oxfordshire. His most recent experience with CMG software was with one of STARS sister- products, GEM, which has a Carbon Capture & Storage add-on. STARS is more reliable. Eclipse 500 is the thermal extension of E300 - it isn't anywhere near as good as STARS! Reservoir engineer HoBoil
Comments on geochemical reservoir simulation: If you have to deal with steam you probably want to use STARS. Reservoir engineer also used STARS with chemical reactions for in-situ combustion. STARS uses k-value table for the phase change properties which is not always convenient. If you don't have to deal with steam, he suggest checking out CMG GEM before you purchase STARS. It uses EOS for phase behavior which may be more convenient.
Comments on geochemical reservoir simulation: Student has been working with CMG: If it's not important the composition change as well as the temperature change in your model you might use IMEX. CMG GEM has features in naturally and hydraulically fractured reservoirs because it's usually used in shale reservoirs, in which the fracturing is the main way to produce oil and gas. STARS has both, thermal and chemical applications, it's commonly used with compositional models. STARS allows you to work with a black oil PVT. Student at Univesidad de América. CMG has more intuitive design hence, it makes easier enter the information.
Comments on geochemical reservoir simulation: IMEX is a fully featured three-phase, four component black oil reservoir simulator for modelling primary depletion and secondary recovery processes in conventional oil and gas reservoirs. IMEX also models pseudo-miscible and polymer injection in conventional oil reservoirs, and primary depletion of gas condensate reservoirs, as well as the behavior of naturally or hydraulically fractured reservoirs. For your case of study IMEX, it will give better forecasts. PhD, Petroleum Engineering.
Comments on geochemical reservoir simulation: We have used STARS before for CO2 storage process when we were mainly concerned by its geomechanic all modeling features ...as we wanted to analyze how the CO2 injection pressure will behave compared to the cap rock frac pressure. Senior Reservoir Engineer at Statoil. Reservoir engineer used CMG-STARS for modeling some of the thermal EOR processes (Steam injection, electrical heating etc). Reservoir Engineer at BP.
Comments on geochemical reservoir simulation: STARS works very well. President has very good experience with all of the CMG products. IMEX is black oil simulator and GEM is compositional simulator. STARS is the thermal simulator. He has found them fast and very robust. There are different features available in Eclipse and has also used Eclipse extensively, also with good results. President, Applied Reservoir Enterprises. Eclipse is a wonderful simulator. The black oil simulation is very excellent. The Local Grid Refinement (LGRs) can decribe the natural/ hydraulical fractures with elaborate grids, which is very important to simulate the near wellbore flow. Experienced Reservoir Engineer, looking for a new opportunity.
Comments on geochemical reservoir simulation: Reservoir engineer have used both CMG's software and Schlumberger's Eclipse package. The CMG software is much more intuitive to use. Some of the features CMG are: - the ease of transition from one simulator to another e.g. history match primary/secondary production in IMEX and then convert to STARS for EOR feasibility. - extracting sub-models (this is useful when you want to test/examine a small area of a large model and allows you many short runs the results of which can then be applied to the main model) - pre- and post- processing software (BUILDER and RESULTS) have high functionality and are easy to use (much easier than PETREL or Eclipse Office).
Comments on geochemical reservoir simulation: ECLIPSE has a few features which are not available in IMEX/STARS. Two examples are the grid coarsening option and the WCONHIST keyword. Overall, he prefer the CMG suite. CMG responds to problems faster. Consulting Reservoir Engineer.
Comments on geochemical reservoir simulation: Input: A static geological model with petrophysical properties (porosity, permeability, saturations) Relative Permeability tables to represent the rock-fluid interactions. Fluid Model (can be either black-oil, K-Value based, or an Equation of State depending on what process is being modelled and which simulator is being used) Well data (locations, operating constraints, perforation intervals and trajectories, tubing tables- if applicable) Dynamic information (date ranges, outputs for results- this is customizable, numerical settings that control convergence of the simulator)
Comments on geochemical reservoir simulation: In terms of outputs it is really up to you in what needs to be examined. You can output both results for the grid as well as for the wells. Well data is typically examined graphically (via Results Graph) whereas the grid properties (for example looking at how pressure changes in every gridblock with time) is generally looked at in 3D views via Results 3D. The list of output will be solely based on the situation and what the objective of the simulation is.
Comments on geochemical reservoir simulation: GEM is the next step down in terms of 'complexity' and offers a compositional modelling package with an additional thermal model for non-isothermal systems. We have used this in the past to study volatile oil systems and gas vaporisation. IMEX is a conventional three phase 'black oil' simulator. There are some benefits to using this software over all of the other packages: 1. Cost. The CMG packages are usually cheaper than competitors. They also offer leasing packages that are reasonable value. 2. Customer service. Because they are quite a small company, their customer service and technical support is quite good. 3. Usability. The pre and post-processors are easy to use and easy to learn. We find our junior engineers much prefer to use the CMG packages over anything else. Reservoir Engineer Belltree
Comments on geochemical reservoir simulation: Equations for Black Oil Model are exclusively written in IMEX (IM-Implicit EX- Explicit) simulator. This simulator could also be used for geomodeling purpose involving geostatistics. The black oil model is the simplest multi-component model which allows for mass transfer between the phases. The black oil model is based on the following assumptions: 1. The oil phase is considered to consist of two (lumped) components; a non-volatile oil component (black oil or stock tank oil) and a volatile gas component, (gas or solution gas). 2. The gas phase is considered to consist of only gas component 3. The water phase, w, is considered to consist only of water component.
Comments on geochemical reservoir simulation: STARS is exclusively written for thermal and steam injection and could be used for Thermal EOR (such as insitu combustion, cyclic gas injection, SAGD etc.) GEM is an Equation of State (EOS) multi-compositional simulator which is used for miscible or immiscible gas or solvent injection for Enhanced Oil Recovery process. Thermodynamics of reservoir fluid and fluid flow is taken care of in this simulator. Fluid phase behavior (with and without injected gas / solvent) through PVT experiments should be modeled (through EOS/ optimaztion algorithm) accurately using thermodynamic modeling software (such as WINPROP, PVTflex, PVTSIM) before proceeding to GEM.
Comments on geochemical reservoir simulation: IMEX is the simple module of CMG which is used to build a black oil model. There is not much work with IMEX compared to STARS and GEM since there is no heat transfer and there in no compositional calculation. Just three phases; oil, water, and gas. Working with GEM requires building a good pvt model with WINPROP which basically requires more pvt input data. Also it takes time to history match a case in GEM. If there is composition change between phase significantly you have to build your model in GEM. Petroleum Engineer University of Regina. Head Angsi experience with IMEX is good but the well controls to open or shut in wells with high GOR or Wcut are not very good in comparison with Eclipse, last time that he used IMEX and STARS was 2007, maybe CMG has fixed this bugs. STARS is good with heavy oil and also for EOR injecting ASP. In Petronas the EOR simulation model was set up with STARS. Head Angsi - Resource Integrity PETRONAS
Comments on geochemical reservoir simulation: CMG has 3 different engine, Stars, GEM, and IMEX. STARS is for Thermal modeling like SAGD, CSS, In situ combustion while GEM use for compositional reservoirs such as gas condensate reservoirs. IMEX is for black oil or dry gas reservoirs. Senior reservoir engineer has used all of them and currently using GEM for their liquid rich shale play, Duvernay. CMG is easy to work with and very user friendly comparing with ECLIPSE. Although ECLIPSE and PETREL RE has very strong visulization. Senior Reservoir Engineer (Ph.D, P.Eng) at Encana
Comments on geochemical reservoir simulation: IMEX is a black oil simulator (similar to E100) and GEM is a fully compositional one (similar to E300). However, GEM cannot handle steam. So for the processes that involve steam STARS is the best. Senior Reservoir Specialist at Statoil Canada. STARS , GEM and IMEX doing reservoir simulation. STARS is thermal simulator while GEM is compositional simulator and IMEX is black oil. Based on your reservoir and type of process you are applying you can use the appropriate software. Also you cannot use GEM and IMEX instead of STARS if you are modelling a thermal process. There are some process which you can use two of those software but its depend on mechanism of the process. Thermal Reservoir Engineer at Husky Energy.
Comments on geochemical reservoir simulation: CMG is being developed for variety of reservoir simulation purposes. IMEX is used when you are simulating black oil model where there is no change in fluid composition or in some other situations. GEM is the compositional module that is applied when there is change in fluid composition such as CO2 flooding, asphaltene deposition, for condensate or volatile reservoirs. STARS was particularly developed for thermal process that heat in form of hot water, steam etc is injected into reservoir in scenarios like STEAM FLOODING, SAGD OR CSS. Student at the University of Calgary.
Comments on geochemical reservoir simulation: IMEX – CMG’s Black oil Reservoir Simulation (Schlumberger E100) is world famous and reliable software. GEM – Compositional reservoir Simulation (Schlumberger - E300) but GEM is better than E300. STARS – Its CMG’s Thermal Simulation pack best in class worldwide. So if you have volatile oil and you want to run compositional simulation with thermal recovery option then go for CMG. If your reservoir is black oil then go for Schlumberger E100 software only. Reservoir Engineer, Consultant.
Comments on geochemical reservoir simulation: IMEX is a black oil simulator with only gas-oil-water as components. Here Benefits 1.- Achieve simulation results faster than any other conventional black oil simulator 2.- Ability to quickly screen a variety of recovery mechanisms before moving forward to more complex simulation 3.- Accurate modelling of the matrix-fracture transfer in fractured reservoirs 4.- Use the speed of IMEX to simulate shale gas modelling 5.- Fast and easy transition to enhanced oil recovery (EOR) process modelling in GEM and STARS
Comments on geochemical reservoir simulation: GEM is a compositional simulator Here Benefits 1.-Understand fluid property composition and behaviour 2.-Simulate recoverable reserves through advanced simulation 3.-Simulate complex reservoirs to identify optimal recovery processes 4.-Increase estimated NPV through accurate phase behaviour models 5.-Optimize field and surface operating conditions and overall recovery 6.-Seamless integration with CMOST for rapid, accurate history matches and uncertainty analysis, while leveraging limited engineering time. Reservoir Simulation - EOR, Researcher
Comments on geochemical reservoir simulation: IMEX is a black oil simulator with only gas-oil-water as components. STARS and GEM are compositional simulators, so can have many components. STARS also has the (optional) energy equation. As a result, IMEX tends to run much faster than STARS or GEM. It is relatively simple to convert an IMEX dataset to STARS, so primary/secondary production can be run in IMEX, EOR in STARS.
Comments on geochemical reservoir simulation: Note that IMEX has options which extend it's range of applicability, e.g. polymer option, pseudo-miscible option. The choice between STARS and GEM is more complex. In general, GEM's equation of state formulation is better suited for lighter oils, condensate etc, while STARS' K-value formulation is good for heavy oils. The K-value formulation runs faster than equation of state which requires numerous flash calculations. The suite of all three simulators allows you to handle pretty much every situation. Consulting Reservoir Engineer. Consulting Reservoir Engineer.
Comments on geochemical reservoir simulation: CMG reservoir simulation package is famous for its user friendly Builder interface. It is very simple to use and learn in comparison with other commercial software. Builder literally directs user through the modelling systematically without getting confused and miss something in your model . CMG offers three types of simulators i.e. STARS, IMEX and GEM, each of them has its own distinctive features. STARS has been designed for thermal simulation and vastly used in Canada for steam flooding in heavy oil recovery. CMG designed a very distinctive model known as MINC model which has primarily developed to account more correctly for connective heat flow from fracture to matrix in thermal simulation. Once a model is built in BUILDER interface, can be run by either IMEX (Black oil simulator) or GEM (compositional simulator) depends on the reservoir fluid characteristic. The difference is in PVT modelling and if you choose GEM, WINPROP is assisted to model compositional PVT (similar to PVTi in Eclipse).
Comments on geochemical reservoir simulation: Recommend CMG software if simple interface and fast design of model is what you are looking for. He use Schlumberger's software i.e. PETREL and ECLIPSE which allow him to perform more sophisticated models both in RE and geological aspects. CMG also is pioneer in unconventional shale gas modelling by allowing user to build very quick hydraulic fracture or SRV via its automated gridding feature (Logarithmically Spaced LGR) which is very convenient. Student at University of Portsmouth.
Comments on geochemical reservoir simulation: As real reservoir fluids consist of hundreds of chemical components. However, to limit the size of the computational system, components with similar chemical properties may be grouped into a pseudo component, treated as a single unity. With a black-oil fluid characterization model, the reservoir fluids other than water are assumed to consist of only two (pseudo) components, an oil component and a gas component. With a compositional fluid characterization model, the number of (pseudo) components is in principle arbitrary. So, black oil simulator does the calculations quite easily as the fluid system is less complex than compositional fluid characterization model. However, if reservoir fluid composition varies significantly in the reservoir or injected fluid is different from the fluid already present in the reservoir, reliable simulation results can be only obtained with only a compositional model simulator.
Comments on geochemical reservoir simulation: CMG-IMEX is a black oil simulator. It doesn't consider changes in the chemical composition of hydrocarbons as the field is produced. CMG-GEM is a Compositional Model Simulator. Systems Engineer has used CMG- IMEX for two Oilfield development projects. This tool is really very handy, good user interface and it gives good estimated results. He has used CMG-GEM for CBM field development planning where it worked pretty well and simulated results closely matched with actual field performance. There are many other simulators available in market like Eclipse, Petrel, OpendTect,Tempes, MatBal, Mbal. Artificial Lift Systems Engineer, Weatherford
Comments on geochemical reservoir simulation: Reservoir and production engineer only has experience in the use of IMEX. IMEX is a black oil simulator, you can also simulate gas reservoirs. STARS is useful to simulate process like chemical flooding, steam flooding, there you can manage a material balance for different components. GEM is the compositional (volatile oil & gas and condensate reservoirs) & unconventional. The interface with CMG is very friendly. That is one good point that he found from CMG+IMEX instead of Petrel/Eclipse. The results are excellent, and is one of the most used reservoirs simulators worldwide. EOR Field Reservoir & Production engineer, Pluspetrol.
Comments on geochemical reservoir simulation: The choice of software depends on your application. The reason the field engineer used STARS was for advanced heavy oil thermal recovery simulation. Due to the coupled flexwell geo-mechanics it was easy to simulate near well bore changes due to stem assisted recovery. IMEX is more of a shale gas and naturally fractured formation simulator. Due to its compositional nature it is great tool for improved oil recovery simulator. GEM is a good CBM recovery tool and used for mostly gas injection based simulation and modelling. CMG software are all simulation tools. You would need a good geological modelling software as CMG is very good at importing the models. Field engineer- completion services Superior.
Comments on geochemical reservoir simulation: Petroleum engineer has only been researching CMG STARS because his main topic is thermal enhanced oil process. This is used to simulate changes to the reservoir based upon fluid behavior, steam or air injection, electrical heating or chemical flooding. According to your question, it's not adequate use one of these instead of other one. It depends of the kind of process to be simulated. IMEX is used to obtain history-matches and forecasts of primary, secondary and enhanced or improved oil recovery processes where changing fluid composition and reservoir temperature are not important factors for accurate modelling of hydrocarbon recovery processes. This one could be used for non-miscible oil recovery process like water injection.
Comments on geochemical reservoir simulation: GEM can model primary, secondary, and tertiary recovery processes, and accurately model complex heterogeneous faulted structures, horizontal and multilateral wells, and geomechanical deformation. GEM is used extensively for modelling gas and liquids rich shales, coal bed methane (CBM & E-CBM) and CO2 processes. Petroleum engineer (Former Weaterford) All of the CMG simulators are relatively compatible (they each will have cards specific to the application). We used IMEX for fairly simplistic models, but found the model construction and runs to be straight forward, and the runs were significantly faster than Eclipse or VIP, two of the major competitors. Chief Reservoir Engineer - Permian CO2, Oxy Permian. Reservoir engineer has used IMEX fairly extensively and it is the easiest simulator to learn on for black oil. Reservoir Engineer, BP.
Comments on geochemical reservoir simulation: Picking between STARS, IMEX and GEM depends on the purpose. For black oil simulation IMEX should be sufficient. The question was picking between IMEX, Eclipse100, etc. It was just the software package that my company used at that time. The upside of IMEX to E100 is the user friendly GUI which is very suitable for beginner. But, when you start going in depth in IMEX the reservoir engineer ran into problem of depending too much to GUI, and the manual did not help that much in diving into keywords. If you want to use compositional modelling or CBM, GEM is the way to go. If you want to do advance stuff like thermal simulation or EOR, STARS is the best. I don't have significant experience with those packages. However, STARS is known in the industry as one of the best for advanced simulation. Reservoir engineer Chevron.
Comments on geochemical reservoir simulation: Student has worked with CMG GEM and IMEX during his undergraduate and worked with CMG GEM for a year for my undergraduate thesis on coal bed methane recovery. Presently, in Heriot Watt he is working mainly with Eclipse 100 but the Eclipse file can easily be converted to a CMG file. MSc Petroleum Engineering Student at Heriot-Watt University. IMEX is a much easier simulator to use than Nexus, and more importantly, reduces the cycle time on decision making. You can also create the geological model and do the simulation in the same environment, vs using petrel/eclipse. Additionally, Winprop, the fluid simulation from CMG, is easy to integrate within the entire simulation package. The user help manual and documentation is much more user friendly and understandable than Nexus. Shell uses CMG. Don't know what the other operators use. We use Nexus. Reservoir Engineer, BP
Comments on geochemical reservoir simulation: PhD student have been working with CMG package for the last five years, three as a graduate student, two of them as a CO2 WAG researcher. He is advanced user of CMG GEM, CMG Winprop and CMG CMOST. He is proficient with compositional simulation, recovery optimization, building grids and input data, importing and exporting data, interpreting data, modelling phase behavior and fluid properties, including transport phenomena and three-phase hysteresis for miscible EOR and uncertainty analysis and making production forecasts. He has fewer experience with hystory matching and economic decision analysis, only basic knowledge of fratured reservoir modelling, basic knowledge of integrated reservoir and surface modelling, basic knowledge of polymer injection modelling and thermal processes modelling on STARS. Their group has been using CMG IMEX for the last 25 years, some of them are proficient in developing in house applications and in house simulators as well and are familiar with most aspects of black oil simulator conception. PhD Student, UNICAMP.
Comments on geochemical reservoir simulation: Graduate teaching assistant has worked on these softwares quite a long time and his current project is in CMG STARS. Injectivity option is available in CMG IMEX under wells section, where you can give constraints for injection (such as BHP, injection rate, etc) and alter injectivity index. Graduate Teaching Assistant, University of Alaska Fairbanks. If you are looking at fracture modelling you might find GEM's hydraulically induced fracture modelling more accurate unless you have micro-seismics and are looking at pre-existing fractures. Injectivity calculations are partly taken into account when inputting the injection well properties however formation damage will not be taken into account when injection pressures and rates reach unrealistic levels, and so separate calculations need to be made and adjustments to the skin be input for the simulation run.
Comments on geochemical reservoir simulation: If you wish to create fracturing for EOR then I'd recommend a dual porosity GEM model, however if it is a simple black oil model then IMEX will provide faster simulation runs, fracturing can be introduced in IMEX, but GEM is better suited to fracture modelling. Injectivity is standard throughout the CMG software suite. SPE student chapter President, The University of Portsmouth.
Comments on geochemical reservoir simulation: Computer Modelling Group (CMG) currently offers three simulators: a black oil simulator, called IMEX, a compositional simulator called GEM and a thermal compositional simulator called STARS. If your goal is to perform a thermal simulation then CMG-STARS is a good solution to simulate changes to the reservoir based upon fluid behavior, steam or air injection, electrical heating, geo-mechanical processes or chemical flooding. CMG used to be more user-friendly but, now with Petrel+Eclipse I think they are about the same. A third option that you may explorer is tNavigator from Rock Flow Dynamics that supports black oil, compositional and thermal compositional simulations. Reservoir-Production Planning Engineering Advisor Afren
Comments on geochemical reservoir simulation: Research assistant has used SourSimRL to match souring results in a large field and several lab experiments. SourSimRL can be coupled easily with many reservoir simulators therefore there is no need to create a new field model for souring calculations. The microbiological model is simple and efficient, and he was able to derive an analytical solution for bio-reactors. They could match field H2S production results with few matching parameters. If he was going to mention limitations of SourSimRL, the software is slow for field simulation (almost 10 times of the flow simulator), the input files are large (for example 50 Gb), the input parameters are in table format which makes matching process more difficult, and the solver had problem for some lab experiments. Graduate Research Assistant, The Pennsylvania State University (PdD)
Comments on geochemical reservoir simulation: Simulation engineer has been using CMG STARS for both academic and practical projects, including numerical interpretation of single well chemical tracer test, interwell tracer test, ASP flooding, and geomechanics study of steam injection. He converted an CMG STARS model to STARS-ME model, and run ASP flooding on STARS-ME. STARS-ME is a beta version simulator developed by CMG replacing the vapor-liquid equilibrium by a brine-oil-microemulsion (ME) phase equilibrium, but kept all other features of CMG STARS. Simulation Engineer, Chemor Tech. Graduate research assistant has been using CMG GEM & STARS for 2 years. It is very easy and elaborate to model injection wells, be it steam, water or gas injection. Modelling hydraulic fractures is like increasing the permeability of grid blocks representing fractures, using grid refinement to maintain numerical stability, modelling stimulated reservoirs volume around fractures. He use CMG GEM to model CO2 injection in a modelled oil shale reservoir. CMG Winprop to model the reservoir fluid. Graduate Research Assistant, University of Oklahoma.
Comments on geochemical reservoir simulation: If you want to choose between Schlumberger Eclipse and CMG, graduate research assistant would say CMG is better. CMG has a GUI which helps a lot to start from stratch, while in ECLIPSE, every needs to be added in the code file. CMG also has CMOST, which is useful for history matching, sensitivity analysis. Graduate Research Assistant, University of Oklahoma Compared to other commercial software available, they have a full package that does most Petroleum Engineering simulation runs one could think of. See the link below to see some similarities: http://folk.uib.no/fciop/sim_cmg.htm Course Administrator (Temp), University of Portsmouth With CMG, you can achieve below fracturing and for that you need to select DualPerm at the initial project creation. More guidance you can get over net on CMG manual- available freely. Senior Application Analyst - Oil and Gas, Accenture
Comments on geochemical reservoir simulation: Reservoir engineer has been using CMG software for the past 6 years. It is like everything else has its own advantages and disadvantages both for users and companies buying it with respect to competitors like VIP, Eclipse or tNavigator. It has pretty simple user interface, manual is not that great compared to SLB Eclipse, and it does not have any G&G core like Petrel, so you have to use some external programs as well. The license is relatively cheap compared to Eclipse though. I would say it is very strong if you need simple mechanistic sector model. It is very easy to set up and run. Pretty accurate and has a good industry feed back on STARS simulator ( Steam, Thermal and Advanced Reservoir Simulator). I am not quite sure what their recent developments are, still using 2011 version, but I really liked their idea about implementing Flexi Wellbore module that calculates pressure drop across the wellbore on the separate grid block system. It is quite good for horizontal and inclined well. Depending what the goals are it could be a good tool. Reservoir Staff Engineer, Oxy
Comments on geochemical reservoir simulation: Graduate research assistant didn't have serious problem with SourSim in terms of stability. I mean, I could usually get some results for the cases that I was running. However sometimes, results were inconsistent, for example negative H2S concentration. SourSim was failing more for the bioreactor models and it was because of high flow rates and large time steps. My impression was that the solver is not very strong and small time steps should be used. Graduate Research Assistant, The Pennsylvania State University Reservoir engineer has never used it for any Complex Chemical problems besides hydrates formation in porous media. He think it is more for GEM applications, it sounds like more compositional problem rather than thermal, but he might be wrong cause STARS is capable of simulating Alkaline & Chemical flooding too. He is not sure about accuracy of calculations though. It is a good question to ask support team directly about capabilities of CMG handling this kind of problem. Please check CMG website. They are very helpful. Reservoir engineer Oxy.
Comments on geochemical reservoir simulation: Managers experience with H2S involved determining emergency planning zones for proposed new wells with potential H2S hazards. Basically, he would analyze offsetting wells from the same formation to determine absolute open flow (AOF) and H2S content. This would be used to determine different radii for designated risk zones and corresponding emergency response plans would be put in place for each zone. He has run the CMG software (IMEX, STARS and GEM) for a variety of projects: conventional gas and oil, enhanced recovery schemes such as water flooding, CSS and SAGD. Manager, Engineering Specialist, Deloitte Canada. A mechanistic software names UTCHEM is research-oriented one specializing at Chemical EOR, geochemistry reaction, microbio-EOR. I have been using it for studying polymer injectivity. You can search UT CPGE UTCHEM for more information if you are interested in. Ph.D. Candidate, Mewbourne School of Petroleum and Geological Engineering at University of Oklahoma
Comments on geochemical reservoir simulation: Please find attached a couple of papers CMG staff have published on souring and a PDF copy of a presentation. I’m also attaching a simple STARS dataset that models a microbe growth process. It’s got some comments in their so that you can probably understand what it’s doing. But just to give you an idea, there are various components such as ‘Nutrients’, ‘Microbes’ defined as well as the hydrocarbon components and water. Then a reaction is set up that defines the microbe growth. You are free to define whatever chemical reactions you like in STARS. You just need the stoichiometry and reaction rates. General Manager CMG.
Market: Oil production companies The market Oil plus should approach: Oman, Kuwait, Abu Dhabi, Qatar, Sudan, Canada, Northern America, North Sea CO2 injection Oman: S.A.O.C. (OOC), PDO, Daleel Petroleum Company, Petrogas E&P, Shell Development Oman, Occidental Mukhaizna Kuwait: KUFPEC, KOC, Oil Development Company, Arabian Oil Co Ltd UAE: ADNOC, Atlantis Holdings Norway, Crescent Petroleum, Dragon Oil, Margham Dubai Establishment, Occidental Petroleum Corporation, ZADCO, ADCO, Abu Dhabi National Energy Company, Dana Gas, Dubai Petroleum Establishment, Exillon Energy, PetroChina International Iraq, RAK Petroleum, Abu Dhabi Oil, Bahar Energy Limited Company, Bin Ham Petroling, Exxon Mobil.
Market: Oil production companies Qatar: Qatar Petroleum, Qatargas, Qatar Liquefied Gas Company, Sphere Petroleum, Maersk. Sudan: Advanced Petroleum Company, White Nile Petroleum Operating Company, Greater Nile Petroleum Operation Company Limited, Petrodar Operating Company. Canada: Encana corporation, Nexen inc, Talisman Energy, Apache Canada, Calvalley Petroleum, CNR, Cygam Energy, Epsilon Energy, Oando Energy Resources, Sagres Energy, Canadian Superior Energy, TransGlobe Energy Corporation, Vast Exploration, Adira Energy, Africa Oil Corporation, Brownstone Energy, Bukit Energy, Canacol Energy, Caracal Energy, Centurion Energy International, Gran Tierra Energy, Husky Energy, Longford Energy, Madison PetroGas, Mart Resources, Niko Resources, Perisson Petroleum Corporation, Petro Viking Energy, Petro Vista Energy, Rally Energy, Tanganyika Oil Company, Westbridge Energy Corporation, WesternZagros Resources, Mira Resources Corp, Serinus Energy.
Market: Oil production companies USA: Hess Corporation, Marathon Oil Corporation, Noble Energy, Pioneer Natural Resources Company, Anadarko Petroleum Corporation, Chesapeake Energy Corporation, Chevron Corporation, ConocoPhillips, Devon Energy Corporation, EOG Resources, ExxonMobil, Murphy Oil Corporation, Newfield Exploration Company, Penn Virginia Corporation, Range Resources Corporation, Shell Oil Company, Hunt Oil Company, Kosmos Energy, Merlon International, TransAtlantic Petroleum, VAALCO Energy, Abraxas Petroleum Corporation, Apache Corp, AsherXino Corporation, BPZ Energy, Circle Star Energy Corp, Contango Oil & Gas Company, Crescent Global Oil, El Paso Corporation, Endeavour International Corporation, Thunderbird Resources Equity, Greenfields Petroleum Corporation, Harvest Natural Resources, Heavy Earth Resources, Houston American Energy, Hydrocarb Corporation, IPR Group of companies, New Horizon Exploration, Pangea Energy Corp, Blacksands Pacific Energy Corporation, TransMeridian Exploration Incorporated. Mexico: Pemex
Market: Oil production companies Norway: DNO International ASA, StatoilHydro, InterOil Exploration and Production, Panoro Energy ASA. United Kingdom: Afren Plc, Burren Energy, Europa Oil & Gas, Genel Energy Plc, Gulfsands Petroleum, Hardy Oil and Gas Plc, Larsen Oil and Gas, Perenco, Tullow Oil plc, Amerisur Resources, BG Group Plc, Bowleven Plc, BP Plc, Elixir Petroleum Ltd, Global Energy Development PLC, JKX Oil & Gas plc, Leni Gas & Oil Plc, Max Petroleum PLC, Mediterranean Oil & Gas Plc, Melrose Resources plc, Northern Petroleum Plc, PetroLatina Energy, Primeline Energy Holdings Inc, Prontinal Ltd, Serica Energy Plc, White Rose Energy Ventures, Zoltav Resources, New Age (African Global Energy), President Energy Plc, Premier oil. Former recent clients (Potensial clients): PCSB (Malaysia), Cairn India, BHP Billiton Petroleum (Australia), ENI (Ghana)
Market: Oil production companies India: ONGC, Oil India Limited, Gujarat State Petroleum Corporation, Indian Oil Corporation, ONGC Videsh. Australia: Oilex, Woodside Petroleum, Bounty Oil & Gas, Cooper Energy, Dart Energy, Range Resources, Sprint Energy Limited, Jupiter Energy. Ghana: Ghana National Petroleum Corporation. Angola: Sonangol, Esso Exploration and Production Angola, Total E & P Angola, Cabinda Gulf Oil Company Limited, PetroPlus Overseas, Sonangol Natural Gas.
Market: Oil production companies Russia: Rosneft, Gazprom Neft, PetroNeft Resources, Sibirenergy Company, TNK-BP, Urals Energy Public Company, Bashneft, Irkutsk Oil Company, LukArco Company, Lukoil Oil Company, Naftna industrija Srbije, Naryanmarneftegaz Company, RusPetro, Surgutneftegas, Victoria Oil & Gas, RUSIA Petroleum Company, Udmurtneft, Novatek. Brazil: Barra Energia, BG Brasil, Brasoil, IBV Brasil Petroleo, Parnaíba Gás Natural, Petrobras, Petrominerales, Queiroz Galvao, Repsol Brazil, BP Energy do Brasil, Chevron Brasil Petroleo. Vietnam: PetroVietnam Exploration Production Corporation.
Is Oilfield Souring Impacted by Minerals and Mineralization? 2D STARS modeling
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Reservoir simulation study

  • 1.
  • 2.
  • 3.
  • 4.
    Summary 1) CMG STARS: •H2S souring • Injectivity & fracture modelling • Thermal or chemical processes • IOR/EOR • Polymer flooding/ chemical placement • Heavy oils and light oil 2) CMG GEM: • CO2 EOR • Compositional features • Fracture modelling and injectivity • Gas processes • CBM 3) CMG IMEX: • Blackoil simulator • Injectivity & Fracture modelling
  • 5.
  • 6.
  • 7.
    Injectivity model inexcel Onsite and laboratory flooding Fracture lengths, using the Perkins and Gonzales 2-D fracture propagation model Injectivity, with and without thermal fracturing
  • 8.
  • 9.
    Examples of reservoirsimulation programmes CMG (WinProp & Builder) Tempest More tNavigator Tecplot
  • 10.
  • 11.
  • 12.
    What we wantfor future: Reservoir simulation software Commercial reservoir simulation software: CMG Suite Computer Modelling Group IMEX: Black oil simulator GEM: Compositional simulator STARS: Thermal compositional simulator
  • 13.
    STARS - AdvancedProcesses & Thermal Reservoir Simulator STARS is the undisputed industry standard in thermal reservoir simulation and advanced recovery processes. Reservoir engineers use STARS to simulate changes to the reservoir based upon fluid behaviour, steam or air injection, electrical heating or chemical flooding. Chemical Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) - STARS simulates the wellbore treatment procedures required to evaluate the effectiveness of chemical additives used in chemical EOR processes. Globally, STARS is also the most widely used foam simulator as it is the only commercial simulator to mechanistically model the complex physical processes involved in foam flooding.
  • 14.
    STARS Uses  ChemicalEOR  Emulsions, Gels, Foams  ASP. SP, ASG  MEOR / Reservoir Souring  Low salinity  BrightWater®  Thermal EOR  Hot water  Steam flood & cycling  SAGD & ES-SAGD  Combustion (LTO & HTO)  ISC of Oil Shale  Naturally Fractured Reservoirs  Dual Porosity (DP), Dual Permeability (DK), SubDomain (SD), MINC  Cold Heavy Oil Recovery (CHOPS)  Natural Gas Hydrates  Complex Thermal Wellbore Configurations  Discretized Wells (transient, segregated flow of steam and bitumen in single tubing horizontal wells)  FlexWells (transient, segregated flow of steam and bitumen in multiple tubing, undulating wells)  Coupled Geomechanics  GEOMECH
  • 15.
    STARS: Souring modelling(3D) Reactions: Oxidation of sulfide with nitrate Reduction of sulfate with acetate and precipitation of sulfide with ferrous oxide Model sulfide production and nitrate-dependent oxidation in an upflow, packed bed bioreactor and to transfer the resulting model to a field wide nitrate injection.
  • 16.
    STARS: Souring modelling(3D) Predicted H2S distribution in generic field model before and after nitrate injection
  • 17.
    What STARS areused for:
  • 18.
    What STARS areused for: • Microbial • Surfactant • Reactivity • Pressure dependent properties • Solves energy equations • Material balance • Reservoir performance forcasting • Well location • Downhole heating • Cold production simulation • Production and injection profiles • Tracer transport • Process steam injection • Geochemistry • Coal gasification simulation • Cold heavy oil production • Heat transfer • Steam • Heavy oil thermal recovery • Well chemical tracer test • Interwell tracer test • ASP flooding • STARS can be used for heavy and light oil
  • 19.
    GEM - Compositional& Unconventional Reservoir Simulator GEM can model primary, secondary, and tertiary recovery processes, and accurately model complex heterogeneous faulted structures, horizontal and multilateral wells, and geomechanical deformation. GEM is used extensively for modelling gas and liquids rich shales, coal bed methane (CBM & E-CBM) and CO2 processes. About: GEM is a general compositional reservoir simulator for modelling processes such as gas condensates, volatile oils, gas cycling, WAG processes, and many other multi-component reservoir scenarios. It can also model gas injection processes such as miscible floods, and vaporizing or condensing gas drives GEM accurately simulates structurally complex and varying fluid combinations beyond conventional black oil simulators, as well as K- value compositional simulators, including processes in which the effects of inter- phase mass transfer (i.e. changing fluid phase composition) are important. GEM will effectively model laboratory scale projects, pilot areas, elements of symmetry, or full-scale field studies.
  • 20.
    GEM Uses  SecondaryRecovery  Miscible gas injection (CO2, N2, Sour Gas)  Gas condensate production with cycling  GOGD using in naturally fractured reservoirs  VAPEX heavy oil recovery (isothermal and thermal)  CBM & Shale Gas Production  Multi-component desorption/adsorption, diffusion & coal swelling/shrinkage  CO2 & Acid Gas Sequestration  Oil reservoirs, Saline aquifers & Coal beds  Geochemical reactions  Asphaltene modelling during primary and secondary recovery  Precipitation, Flocculation, Deposition & Plugging  Naturally Fractured Reservoirs  Dual Porosity (DP), Dual Permeability (DK), SubDomain (SD), MINC & SD-DK  Hydraulically fractured wells with non-Darcy flow & Compaction  Single Plane Fracs (Vertical & Horizontal Wells)  Complex Fracture Networks (Shale Gas Wells)  Thermal Option  Coupled Surface Facilities  GAP & FORGAS  Coupled Geomechanics  GEOMECH 20
  • 21.
    IMEX: Three phaseblack oil simulator IMEX is one of the world’s fastest conventional black oil reservoir simulators. IMEX is used to obtain history-matches and forecasts of primary, secondary and EOR or IOR processes where changing fluid composition and reservoir temperature Are not important factors for accurate modelling of hydrocarbon recovery processes.
  • 22.
    IMEX Uses  Primaryrecovery  Black Oil & Volatile Oil  Dry & Wet Gas  Gas Condensate  Secondary recovery  Waterflooding  Polymer Flooding  Dry Gas Injection  GOGD in naturally fractured reservoirs  WAG  Pseudo-miscible Displacement  Gas Storage  Naturally Fractured Reservoirs  Dual Porosity (DP), Dual Permeability (DK), SubDomain (SD), MINC & SD-DK  Hydraulically fractured wells with non-Darcy flow & Compaction  Single Plane Fracs (Vertical & Horizontal Wells)  Complex Fracture Networks (Shale Gas Wells)  Coupled Surface Facilities Modelling  GAP, FORGAS, METTE & Avocet IAM 22
  • 23.
    What IMEX isused for: • Black oil simulator: 20 • Injectivity: 2 • Fracture modelling: 2 • History match: 2 • Forecast • Conventional oil in carbonate NFR • Polymer injection • Water flooding • Water injection • Polymer flooding • Dry gas injection • Pseudo-miscible gas injection • Production strategy by water injection and drilling new wells • Pressure dependent • Shale gas • Natural fractured formation • Improved oil recovery simulation • Non-miscible oil recovery process
  • 24.
    What GEM isused for: • Compositional features: 16 • CO2 EOR: 6 • CBM: 5 (Coal Bed Methane) • Shale: 3 • Gas processes: 2 • EOS: 2 • Gas injection: 2 • Volatile oils: 2 • Fracture modelling • History match • Tight oil/ gas applications • Geochemical functionality • Gas depletion in NFR • Shale gas modelling • Change in composition of phases • Miscible flooding • Carbon capture & storage • Fracturated reservoirs • Non-isothermal systems • Recovery processes
  • 25.
    What GEM isused for: • Geomechanical deformation • Gas condensates • Gas cycling • Non-thermal • WAG (Water Alternating GAS) • Gas injection processes • Simulating laboratory core flood • Sensitivity analysis • Creation of field scale pattern • Production history match • CO2-WAG process • Optimization • Asphaltene deposition • Condensate • Complex heterogenous faulted structures • Light oils
  • 26.
    Enhanced oil recovery(EOR) processes
  • 27.
    Commersial Aspelund Consulting EnergyOffshore Development International & National can offer the client geochemical reservoir simulation studies based on the software CGM STARS. The software is recognized as a marked leader within geochemical reservoir simulation. Examples of applications that Oil plus can support the industry is: Chemical EOR: Reservoir souring Microbial EOR Low salinity water flooding Brightwater polymer flooding Solids transport and deposition: Fines migration Asphaltene preciptation, flocculation, deposition and plugging Wax precipitation The business case (for all studies) are £100 per hour or $155
  • 28.
    Top comments onCMG “The well capabilities in all of our three simulators are very similar. Differences occur when a capability doesn’t apply to that simulator (e.g. steam injection is not relevant for IMEX, a black-oil, isothermal simulator). Additionally the grid capabilities are very similar. Therefore, injectivity modeling and hydraulic fracture model can be carried out in all three simulators. The choice of simulator to use is determined by the reservoir fluids and the fluids injected. E.g. water or dry gas injection can be modeled in IMEX, but GEM would be need for volatile oil or condensate reservoirs, or CO2 injection in depleted oil or saline aquifers for sequestration. For most thermal applications you would need to run STARS. Production from hydraulic fractured reservoirs is usually modeled in IMEX or GEM depending on whether or not multicomponent effects, such as adsorption, are important. Papers SPE 132093, SPE 122530 are a couple of references you can look at the describe modeling of fractured shale reservoirs using CMG software. General Manager European Region CMG”
  • 29.
    Top comments onCMG “ 1) IMEX (Black Oil simulator used for conventional reservoirs and non-complex fluid phase behaviour) 2) GEM (Fully Compositional Equation-of-State based simulator used for complex fluid behaviour reservoirs- also used in shale, CBM , and tight oil/gas applications as well as CO2 EOR or sequestration. Has some reaction and thermal capabilities) 3) STARS (Advanced- component and K-Value based simulator used for thermal modelling and processes requiring complex reactions).”
  • 30.
    Top comments onCMG “IMEX: Used it for black oil model for slightly compressible oil in a sandstone reservoir set to simulate a production history to forecast future production and making production strategy by water injection and drilling of new wells in leftover oil pockets. Used it for geomodeling which will be a separate area for large discussion. GEM: Used it simulating laboratory core flood experiment for miscible CO2 injection / sensitivity analysis / history match, creation of field scale pattern / production history match, Simulation of CO2 - WAG process, CO2 flood prediction / optimization etc. / Assosiate modeled fluid phase behavior using WINPROP prior to these work. Associate at RGIPT.”
  • 31.
    Top comments onCMG “IMEX is a black oil simulator and models simple oil, water, gas systems. It derives its PVT properties from tables dependent only on pressure. GEM is a fully compositional simulator and can model individual hydrocarbon components. It derives its phase PVT properties from a cubic equation of state which can be pressure, temperature and composition dependent. SOLVE STARS package includes access to GEM or IMEX as well as STARS. The cost for SOLVE STARS is the same as STARS. General Manager CMG.”
  • 32.
    Top comments onCMG STARS “We have worked with many companies such as Baker Hughes, Enerplus, Suncor, various Universities (such as the Univ. of Calgary) and research companies (such as Alberta Innovates Technology Futures) on souring and microbial souring. We recently conducted a history match to an actual bacterial souring process with H2S production data for an operator and are currently working on another project for a Steam-Generated sour gas application here in Alberta. Reservoir engineer CMG.” “CMG has worked extensively in the area of H2S bacterial souring and STARS has the capability to model it. It’s capabilities have been validated with real field data by some companies and have been published. He conducted a study sponsored by DOE NETL on H2S production in Bakken. Tested a possibility of production of the H2S as a result of the fracturing into overlaying formation (Lodgepole), which is notoriously sour. CMG worked great for this task. Petroleum Engineer at Kansas Geological Survey.”
  • 33.
    Statistics (Old modellingprojects): 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Year 1996-2012: 66 projects. Average 4,1 projects per year
  • 34.
    Finances vs numbersof projects per year
  • 35.
    CMG users location(Market) STARS is commonly use for EOR. Thermal or non thermal. Market: Oman, Kuwait, Abu Dhabi, Qatar, Sudan, Canada, Northern America, North Sea CO2 injection. Petroleum engineer Saudi Aramco.
  • 36.
  • 37.
  • 38.
  • 39.
  • 40.
  • 41.
    CO2 EOR (Alternativepotential with GEM)
  • 42.
    Conclusion Choose options infollowing order: 1) Chemical EOR: 3 D CMG STARS H2S study 2) Thermal EOR study with CMG STARS 3) Secondary recovery: GEM CO2 EOR study 4) 3 D Injectivity/ fracturing modelling study in CGM software depending on reservoir fluids 5) 2D Injectivity model based on Perkins and Gonzales SPE paper 6) 2D Souring model Injectivity modeling and hydraulic fracture model can be carried out in all three simulators. The choice of simulator to use is determined by the reservoir fluids and the fluids injected
  • 43.
    Conclusion: CMG: 1. Cost. TheCMG packages are usually cheaper than competitors. They also offer leasing packages that are reasonable value. 2. Customer service. Because they are quite a small company, their customer service and technical support is quite good. 3. Usability. The pre and post-processors are easy to use and easy to learn. We find junior engineers much prefer to use the CMG packages over anything else.
  • 44.
    Glossary: ASP: Alkaline-Surfactant-Polymer SP: Surfactant-Polymer ASG:Alkali-Surfactant-Gas MEOR: Microbial-Enhanced-Oil-Recovery SAGD & ES-SAGD: Steam-Assisted-Gravity-Drainage & Expaning-Solvent SAGD Combustion (LTO & HTO): High/ Low-Temperature-Oxidation ISC of Oil Shale: In-Situ-Conversation Process (ICP) MINC: Multiple interacting continua method CBM: Coal-Bed-Methane GOGD: Gas-Oil-Gravity-Drainage VAPEX (Vapor extraction) heavy oil recovery CO2 gas injection EOR: Enhanced Oil Recovery ECBM: Enhanced Coal Bed Methane recovery K-Value
  • 45.
    Strengths - Thermal 45 ThermalProcesses Combustion (THAICAPRI) Cyclic steam injection SAGD Electrical Heating ES-SAGD Thermal Continuous steam injection Leader in EOR & Unconventional Reservoir markets
  • 46.
    Our Strengths -Chemical 46 Chemical Processes Foam Injection Low salinity water injection ASP CO2 injection with Asphaltene Precipitation & Plugging Leader in EOR & Unconventional Reservoir markets Gel Injection
  • 47.
    Strengths - Unconventionals 47 EnhancedRecovery in Unconventional Reservoirs CO2 Huff’n’PuffCBM / ECBM Shale Gas/Oil Tight Gas Microseismic Data Imported to simulator Leader in EOR & Unconventional Reservoir markets
  • 48.
  • 49.
  • 50.
  • 51.
    Reservoir simulation companies Weatherfordis using Eclipse for reservoir simulation Gemini is using Merlin for reservoir simulation Belltree: Reservoir Simulation We can give you accurate, informative and timely simulation results thanks to working closely with major software developers and using cutting-edge software such as ECLIPSE, IMEX & GEM. We are also work extensively with supporting software such as WINPROP, MBAL-PROSPER-GAP & PANSYSTEM Avasthi consulting: Conducting black oil, PVT/ phase behavior/ complex reservoir fluid characterization/ compositional, naturally fractured, heavy oil and thermal reservoir simulation studies, using commonly used commercial reservoir simulators (such as ECLIPSE, VIP, CMG, MORE, etc.)
  • 52.
  • 53.
  • 54.
    Older reservoir modellingprojects Project Company Country Date 71 Santos Australia Sep 96 94 Sponsors UK May 98 111 AMEC Azerbaijan Jun 99 172 Sponsors UK Sep 03 192 Lasmo Libya Des 99 199 Anadarko Algeria Feb 00 208 Ranger oil UK Oct 00 212 Bitech Russia Nov 00 250 ChevronTexaco UK May 02 255 Ranger oil UK Mar 02 304 Badr petroleum Egypt Mar 02 305 Shell Malaysia Jan 02 317 Chevron Kuwait Jan 02
  • 55.
    Older reservoir modellingprojects Project Company Country Date 349 Chevron Angola Oct 02 368 Chevron Thailand Oct 02 369 ExxonMobil USA Des 03 377 Schlumberger Netherlands Des 02 393 KFUMP Saudi Arabia Nov 03 397 Chevron Angola Apr 03 400 Occidental Qatar Des 04 402 Chevron Nigeria Jun 03 410 Schlumberger Russia Jun 04 416 Saudi Aramco Saudi Arabia Jul 03 418 Parsons group Oman Jul 04 431 Sponsors UK Jan 06 431 Petrobraz Brazil May 05
  • 56.
    Older reservoir modellingprojects Project Company Country Date 443 Schlumberger Australia Jul 04 487 Chevron USA Jan 05 500 CNR UK Apr 03 509 Chevron Canada Jul 05 530 Chevron Brazil Jun 06 536 Chevron UK Aug 05 549 Exxon Mobil Equatorial Guinea Jul 05 561 Chevron USA Nov 05 562 Chevron Angola Oct 05 563 Chevron Angola Nov 05 564 Chevron Angola Sep 06 580 PDO Oman Feb 06 600 Sponsors UK Nov 08
  • 57.
    Older reservoir modellingprojects Project Company Country Date 611 Paladin Norway Jan 06 614 CNLOPB Canada Apr 06 621 Chevron Nigeria Aug 06 636 Tullow oil UK Jan 07 638 Chevron Angola Sept 06 687 ADCO Abu Dhabi Aug 08 715 HMDC Canada May 08 715 HMDC Canada Sep 07 763 Vermilion France Jan 08 796 ExxonMobil USA Aug 08 811 Premier Vietnam Jun 08 811 Premier Vietnam Feb 09 830 ExxonMobil West Africa Jan 09
  • 58.
    Older reservoir modellingprojects Project Company Country Date 847 Nexen UK Jul 09 848 PVEP Algeria Jun 10 885 Farfield energy UK Des 09 890 ENI Angola Jul 10 890 ENI Angola Des 09 890 ENI Angola Mar 10 970 Core Labs Malaysia Okt 10 918 Farfield energy UK May 10 923 Star energy UK Jul 10 931 PDO Oman Des 11 931 PDO Oman Feb 11 936 PDO Oman Okt 11 937 Farfield energy UK Jul 10
  • 59.
    Older reservoir modellingprojects Project Company Country Date 959 Star energy Ireland Apr 11 996 Amerada Hess UK Sep 12
  • 60.
    CMG STARS users TitleCompany Country Research Associate Heriot-Watt University UK Operations Support Engineer Expro UK Reservoir engineer Independent consultant Canada Reservoir Engineer Husky Energy Canada Research Scientist The Dow Chemical Company USA Reservoir Simulation Engineer CMG Canada Reservoir Engineer Husky Energy Canada Reservoir Engineer Alberta Energy Regulator Canada Directional Drilling Field Engineer Halliburton USA Principal EOR Advisor Osum Oil Sands Corp Canada Reservoir Engineer ExxonMobil USA Innovation Engineer-Reservoir Husky Energy Canada Production Technologist Shell USA
  • 61.
    CMG STARS users TitleCompany Country Senior reservoir Engineer Wintershall Germany Reservoir Engineer Oxy USA Petroleum Engineer University of Alberta Canada Chief Scientist IOR/EOR Eni Italy Manager CMG Venezuela Wireline Field Engineer Schlumberger Colombia Reservoir Engineer Petrobras Brazil Graduate Student Penn State University USA Research Director International research institute of Stavanger Norway GeoScience/Res Eng analyst Suncor Energy Canada Reservoir Simulation and EOR professional Nexen Canada Vice President-Consulting CMG Canada Senior Reservoir Specialist Statoil Canada
  • 62.
    CMG STARS users TitleCompany Country Senior Reservoir Engineer ConocoPhillips USA Reservoir Engineer PDVSA Venezuela Reservoir Engineer Schlumberger Australia Reservoir Engineer BP Canada Senior Reservoir Engineer Encana Canada Reservoir Specialist Weatherford Canada Reservoir Engineer BP Alaska Reservoir Engineer Schlumberger Venezuela Reservoir Engineer Nexen Canada Reservoir Engineer Occidental USA Reservoir Engineer ConocoPhillips Canada Operation Assistant WellCem Saudi Arabia Reservoir Engineer Shell India
  • 63.
    CMG STARS users TitleCompany Country Senior Reservoir Engineer Halliburton Algeria Petroleum Engineer Kansas Geological Survey USA Senior Reservoir Engineer ConocoPhillips USA Principal Reservoir Engineer BG Group UK Senior Geotechnical IT Analyst Chevron UK Senior Reservoir Engineer NewAge UK Senior Reservoir Engineer Senergy UK Senior Reservoir Engineer Oxy USA Senior reservoir engineer Alliance Oil Company Russia Senior Reservoir Engineer Oxy Canada Reservoir Engineer Cairn India Principal Petrophysicist AGR Petroleum Norway Completions Engineer Suncor Canada
  • 64.
    CMG STARS users TitleCompany Country Senior Reservoir Engineer Brion Energy Canada Senior Reservoir Engineer Suncor Canada Senior Reservoir Engineer Statoil Norway Sr. Reservoir Engineer Encana Canada Senior Reservoir Engineer Alliance Oil Russia Manager, Reservoir Engineering Nexen Canada Reservoir engineer Repsol Spain Senior Reservoir Engineer OMV-Petrom USA Decision Analyst Chevron USA Reservoir Research Engineer Total USA Senior Reservoir Engineer ConocoPhillips USA PROACT Engineer Schlumberger USA Sr Reservoir Engineer Gazprom Venezuela
  • 65.
  • 66.
    Comments on geochemicalreservoir simulation: Compositional features is GEM. Reservoir engineer Hess. CMG used to be dominant but Eclipse is getting better. Reservoir engineer RWEdea. Eclipse300 is good but the cost of the license is high. GEM is very good and perhaps better than Eclipse300. GEM is reasonably priced and it is recommended. Engineering Software Development J. Tingas Petroleum Engineering Regarding thermal simulator, STARS have better reputation than the others. (From online discussion)
  • 67.
    Comments on geochemicalreservoir simulation: Professor use CMG software for EOR. STARS is good for chemical processes and GEM is good for gas processes. Director, CIPR, Uni Research and professor University of Bergen CMG can simulate low salinity water flooding better as compare to Eclipse (for field application). Operations Support Engineer at Expro. Petroleum engineer used STARS for simulating a thermal process (SAGD). Petroleum Engineer at University of Regina. STARS is the industry standard for advanced process modelling and anything with reactions, including thermal applications and complex mechanisms such as souring, low salinity geochemical reactions, ASP, and even microbial. Reservoir engineer used STARS to model surfactant, polymers and emulsion injections. He has modelled souring with REVEAL simulator. Reservoir Engineer at Petrobras
  • 68.
    Comments on geochemicalreservoir simulation: IRIS have done a lot of various simulations in STARS. Thermal, CO2 flooding in fractured reservoir including reactivity, lowsal, chemical placement, pressure dependent reservoir properties. Fairly reliable and rich in features. Research Director at International research institute of Stavanger. If you are looking to simulate black oil or injectivity/ fracture modelling in CMG's suite of software he think you will be using IMEX. STARS solves the energy equations in addition to the material balance. Reservoir engineer ConocoPhillips The newer edition of IMEX has nice fracture modelling capabilities. Operation manager at Geogreen.
  • 69.
    Comments on geochemicalreservoir simulation: Reservoir engineer have worked with CMG STARS for reservoir performance forcasting, well location, water flooding, polymer flooding, downhole heating (by an electric resistant cable). CMG STARS is the right choice, over ECLIPSE (Screening at Petrocedeño) ECLIPSE is highly recommended to model block to block communication and migration, also the well modelling because its finite element framework and neural networks. CMG STARS is better accurate to model EOR and IOR process because its equation solving engine is better suited to model easily thermal and chemical scenarios. Reservoir engineer PDVSA Petrocedeño.
  • 70.
    Comments on geochemicalreservoir simulation: Operation assistant have been working with CMG software in cold production simulation and Thermal Recovery simulation for heavy and extra heavy oil reservoirs using IMEX / STARS. - Simulation of thermal recovery process such a SAGD, HASD (Horisontal Assisted Steam Drive), CSS (Cyclic Steam Stimulation). - History matching of production scenarios and simulation forecasting to improved oil recovery factor. - Reservoir management and monitoring plan to identify the risks associated to the reservoir properties and behavior of the thermal processes. - Optimizing the most effective parameters of each thermal recovery process. - Generation of the production and injection profiles of the thermal wells to the successful design of the surface facilities. Operation Assistant at WellCem.
  • 71.
    Comments on geochemicalreservoir simulation: CMG is one the most strong reservoir simulation code among the third party reservoir simulation software companies. CO2 foam EOR and chemical EOR applications. The code is well equipped with physics needed for foam and chemical EOR applications. It has most of reaction capabilities you need to implement any geochemical aspects. CMG's support service is excellent. Research Scientist (O&G) at The Dow Chemical Company.
  • 72.
    Comments on geochemicalreservoir simulation: Most of his experience is with thermal recovery (SAGD and CSS). He has also worked with chemical Flooding using STARS. Reservoir engineer has been working with STARS doing thermal reservoir simulations which usually do not include geochemistry.
  • 73.
    Comments on geochemicalreservoir simulation: In STARS he worked with ion exchange, sulphate mineral scaling reactions. He find the concept of reaction rates a realised in STARS a bit confusing. For a full field scale risk studies we use Eclipse in combination with MULTISCALE and some other in-house apps. Researcher use Reveal mostly for mineral scale modelling on a near wellbore scale. REVEAL uses more advanced and fully thermodynamic calculator and database from PHREEQC, but not perfect for large models. H2S souring is a big issue.
  • 74.
    Comments on geochemicalreservoir simulation: STARS is thermal compositional flow reservoir simulator. Capability to be coupled to a external geomechanics model. It could be use with simple porosity and warren and root model; double porosity, double permeability; Multiple interaction continua; and vertical refinement model. The phase equilibrium calculations are done trough K values. The interphase for building an input file is called Builder. It is easy to use and easily introduce you to the keywords of the input file. It has a set of example input files that treats a whole range of phenomena in reservoir engineering and EOR. Researcher at IMP.
  • 75.
    Comments on geochemicalreservoir simulation: Reservoir engineer used STARS to model experiments of thermal recovery, emulsion injection and tracer transport. The suite contains also IMEX (the black oil simulator), GEM (Compositional simulation), Winprop (an equation of state multiphase equilibrium package). You can input data from other software companies importing a rescue file from Petrel. It has tools for graphing, exporting and visualizing data.
  • 76.
    Comments on geochemicalreservoir simulation: +Very Good, +Versatile. +Easy to learn. + Excellent technical support by CMG. +Ideal for process steam injection, chemical injection, polymer injection can be also modeled in situ combustion. +Results in 2D, 3D and graphics, allows comparison wells and fields. +Geological models can be imported from other simulation software + I've worked version is 2012.1 and was stable. + Builder has new tools of geostatistical modeling He recommend it for simplisidad, efficiency and processing speed for thermal recovery processes. Petroleum engineer Unknown.
  • 77.
    Comments on geochemicalreservoir simulation: Senior reservoir engineer claim that STARS is easier than Eclipse for the beginners. Senior reservoir engineer Almajid International. Easy to learn with a very intuitive model building platform (Builder). Black oil simulations can easily be set up in STARS or IMEX. Very good documentation too. Compatible with Petrel and other mesh files. Postdoctoral Research Associate Imperial College London Reservoir engineer used CMG-STARS for modelling some of the thermal EOR processes (Steam injection, electrical heating etc) Reservoir engineer is using CMG STARS for thermal projects, he used CMG STARS for chemical EOR mainly polymer. Reservoir Simulation and EOR professional Nexen.
  • 78.
    Comments on geochemicalreservoir simulation: STARS is basically well-know as a thermal simulator (Pioneers) He is using it mostly for thermal EOR simulations like SAGD, CSS. The interface is not that complicated and they provide a fairly good support. They also hold good training sessions. Reservoir Specialist at Weatherford PhD student is using SourSimRL for reservoir souring calculation. PhD student Penn State University.
  • 79.
    Comments on geochemicalreservoir simulation: Senior reservoir specialist has been working with CMG products: Thermal applications (including chemical reactions), some polymer and tracer test simulations. CMG has very friendly GUI (Builder) and it was easy to start using it. It took him some time to switch from STARS to ECLIPSE. Senior reservoir specialist found ECLIPSE to be more powerful with regards to well/group/field controls, but less intuitive than STARS. STARS could be used for geochemistry as it is pseudo compositional (uses k value tables, not EOS parameters) and allows for presence of solid phase. Chemical reactions could be modelled in all phases. CMG also has GEM simulator which has geochemical functionality. It is fully compositional simulator, but it cannot handle steam. Senior Reservoir Specialist at Statoil Canada.
  • 80.
    Comments on geochemicalreservoir simulation: Reservoir engineer used CMG STARS for underground coal gasification simulation which modelled using chemical reaction. You can use reaction to simulate different process and you can set your reaction using two reaction parameters. Phd Thermal Reservoir Engineer at Husky Energy. CMG STARS is a good thermal simulator (thermal process such as SAGD, insitu combustion) as the chemical kinetics can be modelled. Schlumberger also offered thermal simulation in terms of Eclipse thermal.
  • 81.
    Comments on geochemicalreservoir simulation: CMG STARS is a thermal reservoir simulation software. He use CMG for simulation of Steam Assisted Gravity Drainage (SAGD) used in the production of heavy oil from oil sands. He also use CMG for simulation of flow in: Carbonate naturally fractured reservoirs (NFR) which could be applicable to: (1) Thermal reservoirs (using STARS), with SAGD (2) Conventional oil in Carbonate NFR (using CMG IMEX) (3) Gas depletion in naturally fractured reservoirs, NFR (using CMG GEM, the compositional simulator)
  • 82.
    Comments on geochemicalreservoir simulation: He has also used CMG STARS for Chemical Enhanced Oil Recovery including polymer flooding, and alkaline-surfactant flooding. CMG STARS is only applicable where thermal effects are very important, but he is an expert in using it together with CMG- WinProp (for component), and CMG- CMOST (for history matching, forecasting and optimization). He is also involved with shale gas modelling with CMG-GEM.
  • 83.
    Comments on geochemicalreservoir simulation: To model H2S in stars, one would need to model aquathermolysis in which case you would need to put a few reactions into the simulator. They use analytical methods to predict H2S production from aquathermolysis. Staff Reservoir Engineer, Thermal at Husky Energy. Used CMG STARS and GEM to simulate H2S production in Bakken. CMG is very powerful tool. Petroleum Engineer at Kansas Geological Survey.
  • 84.
    Comments on geochemicalreservoir simulation: CMOST is a tool that can work in conjunction with the simulator. It can be used for Sensitivity Analysis, History Matching, Optimization, and Uncertainty Assessment studies. Create a STARS model that will act as a base case. You would then bring it into CMOST and specify what parameters are uncertain or you would like to optimize. The idea is to remove much of the manual labor that would normally be done in a study in having to create dataset after dataset yourself, running it, analyzing, making changes, new model, etc. Reservoir engineer CMG.
  • 85.
    Comments on geochemicalreservoir simulation: Reservoir engineer has worked with STARS and it's Geomechanical coupling. They used STARS to study the opportunity to model Cold Heavy Oil Production with Sand (CHOPS) in the heavy oil fields of Venezuela. Reservoir Engineer at Schlumberger Information Solutions. - CMG STARS is an excellent choice for thermal processes. - If there are lots of change in composition of phases (e.g miscible flooding, gas injection) GEM is the standard software. - If heat transfer is dominant in the process then STARS will be the better choice. Petroleum engineer University of Regina.
  • 86.
    Comments on geochemicalreservoir simulation: Most compositional simulators could do that kind of studies. Schlumberger E300, CMG Stars, Roxar Tempest, and Sensor from Coats Engineering. http://www.scribd.com/doc/18418431/Roxar-pvt-Course Senior Reservoir Engineer Unknown Reservoir engineer has extensively used CMG STARS for coupled reservoir geomechanics simulation and was satisfied by the result and speed. Reservoir Engineer, Geomechanics Specialist, and Numerical Modeling Expert Exxon Mobil. Most of his experience with STARS is the thermal and/or solvent processes, without any geochemical reactions. If the process you are researching is non- thermal, you might try CMG-GEM (compositional model). Reservoir Engineer Nexen.
  • 87.
    Comments on geochemicalreservoir simulation: ECLIPSE has a generic mechanism of chemical reactions implemented and water and hydrocarbon components. That allows you to simulate e.g. H2S creation due to microbial activity. There are also specific options targeting H2S solubility in water. It is possible to simulate H2S production once you have lab test and have an idea which is your H2S source (rock or oil). Then, it is possible to represent the H2S production in the simulation including chemical reactions that represents H2S generation (chemicals reactions coming from the lab test). It is highly recommended use your lab or field data to calibrate your chemical reactions. Reservoir Simulation Engineer Computer Modelling Group.
  • 88.
    Comments on geochemicalreservoir simulation: STARS: For modelling complex processes, and he would include geochemical processes in that, it has a better reputation than Eclipse 500 and the other commercial simulators. CMG have a support office in Wallingford in South Oxfordshire. His most recent experience with CMG software was with one of STARS sister- products, GEM, which has a Carbon Capture & Storage add-on. STARS is more reliable. Eclipse 500 is the thermal extension of E300 - it isn't anywhere near as good as STARS! Reservoir engineer HoBoil
  • 89.
    Comments on geochemicalreservoir simulation: If you have to deal with steam you probably want to use STARS. Reservoir engineer also used STARS with chemical reactions for in-situ combustion. STARS uses k-value table for the phase change properties which is not always convenient. If you don't have to deal with steam, he suggest checking out CMG GEM before you purchase STARS. It uses EOS for phase behavior which may be more convenient.
  • 90.
    Comments on geochemicalreservoir simulation: Student has been working with CMG: If it's not important the composition change as well as the temperature change in your model you might use IMEX. CMG GEM has features in naturally and hydraulically fractured reservoirs because it's usually used in shale reservoirs, in which the fracturing is the main way to produce oil and gas. STARS has both, thermal and chemical applications, it's commonly used with compositional models. STARS allows you to work with a black oil PVT. Student at Univesidad de América. CMG has more intuitive design hence, it makes easier enter the information.
  • 91.
    Comments on geochemicalreservoir simulation: IMEX is a fully featured three-phase, four component black oil reservoir simulator for modelling primary depletion and secondary recovery processes in conventional oil and gas reservoirs. IMEX also models pseudo-miscible and polymer injection in conventional oil reservoirs, and primary depletion of gas condensate reservoirs, as well as the behavior of naturally or hydraulically fractured reservoirs. For your case of study IMEX, it will give better forecasts. PhD, Petroleum Engineering.
  • 92.
    Comments on geochemicalreservoir simulation: We have used STARS before for CO2 storage process when we were mainly concerned by its geomechanic all modeling features ...as we wanted to analyze how the CO2 injection pressure will behave compared to the cap rock frac pressure. Senior Reservoir Engineer at Statoil. Reservoir engineer used CMG-STARS for modeling some of the thermal EOR processes (Steam injection, electrical heating etc). Reservoir Engineer at BP.
  • 93.
    Comments on geochemicalreservoir simulation: STARS works very well. President has very good experience with all of the CMG products. IMEX is black oil simulator and GEM is compositional simulator. STARS is the thermal simulator. He has found them fast and very robust. There are different features available in Eclipse and has also used Eclipse extensively, also with good results. President, Applied Reservoir Enterprises. Eclipse is a wonderful simulator. The black oil simulation is very excellent. The Local Grid Refinement (LGRs) can decribe the natural/ hydraulical fractures with elaborate grids, which is very important to simulate the near wellbore flow. Experienced Reservoir Engineer, looking for a new opportunity.
  • 94.
    Comments on geochemicalreservoir simulation: Reservoir engineer have used both CMG's software and Schlumberger's Eclipse package. The CMG software is much more intuitive to use. Some of the features CMG are: - the ease of transition from one simulator to another e.g. history match primary/secondary production in IMEX and then convert to STARS for EOR feasibility. - extracting sub-models (this is useful when you want to test/examine a small area of a large model and allows you many short runs the results of which can then be applied to the main model) - pre- and post- processing software (BUILDER and RESULTS) have high functionality and are easy to use (much easier than PETREL or Eclipse Office).
  • 95.
    Comments on geochemicalreservoir simulation: ECLIPSE has a few features which are not available in IMEX/STARS. Two examples are the grid coarsening option and the WCONHIST keyword. Overall, he prefer the CMG suite. CMG responds to problems faster. Consulting Reservoir Engineer.
  • 96.
    Comments on geochemicalreservoir simulation: Input: A static geological model with petrophysical properties (porosity, permeability, saturations) Relative Permeability tables to represent the rock-fluid interactions. Fluid Model (can be either black-oil, K-Value based, or an Equation of State depending on what process is being modelled and which simulator is being used) Well data (locations, operating constraints, perforation intervals and trajectories, tubing tables- if applicable) Dynamic information (date ranges, outputs for results- this is customizable, numerical settings that control convergence of the simulator)
  • 97.
    Comments on geochemicalreservoir simulation: In terms of outputs it is really up to you in what needs to be examined. You can output both results for the grid as well as for the wells. Well data is typically examined graphically (via Results Graph) whereas the grid properties (for example looking at how pressure changes in every gridblock with time) is generally looked at in 3D views via Results 3D. The list of output will be solely based on the situation and what the objective of the simulation is.
  • 98.
    Comments on geochemicalreservoir simulation: GEM is the next step down in terms of 'complexity' and offers a compositional modelling package with an additional thermal model for non-isothermal systems. We have used this in the past to study volatile oil systems and gas vaporisation. IMEX is a conventional three phase 'black oil' simulator. There are some benefits to using this software over all of the other packages: 1. Cost. The CMG packages are usually cheaper than competitors. They also offer leasing packages that are reasonable value. 2. Customer service. Because they are quite a small company, their customer service and technical support is quite good. 3. Usability. The pre and post-processors are easy to use and easy to learn. We find our junior engineers much prefer to use the CMG packages over anything else. Reservoir Engineer Belltree
  • 99.
    Comments on geochemicalreservoir simulation: Equations for Black Oil Model are exclusively written in IMEX (IM-Implicit EX- Explicit) simulator. This simulator could also be used for geomodeling purpose involving geostatistics. The black oil model is the simplest multi-component model which allows for mass transfer between the phases. The black oil model is based on the following assumptions: 1. The oil phase is considered to consist of two (lumped) components; a non-volatile oil component (black oil or stock tank oil) and a volatile gas component, (gas or solution gas). 2. The gas phase is considered to consist of only gas component 3. The water phase, w, is considered to consist only of water component.
  • 100.
    Comments on geochemicalreservoir simulation: STARS is exclusively written for thermal and steam injection and could be used for Thermal EOR (such as insitu combustion, cyclic gas injection, SAGD etc.) GEM is an Equation of State (EOS) multi-compositional simulator which is used for miscible or immiscible gas or solvent injection for Enhanced Oil Recovery process. Thermodynamics of reservoir fluid and fluid flow is taken care of in this simulator. Fluid phase behavior (with and without injected gas / solvent) through PVT experiments should be modeled (through EOS/ optimaztion algorithm) accurately using thermodynamic modeling software (such as WINPROP, PVTflex, PVTSIM) before proceeding to GEM.
  • 101.
    Comments on geochemicalreservoir simulation: IMEX is the simple module of CMG which is used to build a black oil model. There is not much work with IMEX compared to STARS and GEM since there is no heat transfer and there in no compositional calculation. Just three phases; oil, water, and gas. Working with GEM requires building a good pvt model with WINPROP which basically requires more pvt input data. Also it takes time to history match a case in GEM. If there is composition change between phase significantly you have to build your model in GEM. Petroleum Engineer University of Regina. Head Angsi experience with IMEX is good but the well controls to open or shut in wells with high GOR or Wcut are not very good in comparison with Eclipse, last time that he used IMEX and STARS was 2007, maybe CMG has fixed this bugs. STARS is good with heavy oil and also for EOR injecting ASP. In Petronas the EOR simulation model was set up with STARS. Head Angsi - Resource Integrity PETRONAS
  • 102.
    Comments on geochemicalreservoir simulation: CMG has 3 different engine, Stars, GEM, and IMEX. STARS is for Thermal modeling like SAGD, CSS, In situ combustion while GEM use for compositional reservoirs such as gas condensate reservoirs. IMEX is for black oil or dry gas reservoirs. Senior reservoir engineer has used all of them and currently using GEM for their liquid rich shale play, Duvernay. CMG is easy to work with and very user friendly comparing with ECLIPSE. Although ECLIPSE and PETREL RE has very strong visulization. Senior Reservoir Engineer (Ph.D, P.Eng) at Encana
  • 103.
    Comments on geochemicalreservoir simulation: IMEX is a black oil simulator (similar to E100) and GEM is a fully compositional one (similar to E300). However, GEM cannot handle steam. So for the processes that involve steam STARS is the best. Senior Reservoir Specialist at Statoil Canada. STARS , GEM and IMEX doing reservoir simulation. STARS is thermal simulator while GEM is compositional simulator and IMEX is black oil. Based on your reservoir and type of process you are applying you can use the appropriate software. Also you cannot use GEM and IMEX instead of STARS if you are modelling a thermal process. There are some process which you can use two of those software but its depend on mechanism of the process. Thermal Reservoir Engineer at Husky Energy.
  • 104.
    Comments on geochemicalreservoir simulation: CMG is being developed for variety of reservoir simulation purposes. IMEX is used when you are simulating black oil model where there is no change in fluid composition or in some other situations. GEM is the compositional module that is applied when there is change in fluid composition such as CO2 flooding, asphaltene deposition, for condensate or volatile reservoirs. STARS was particularly developed for thermal process that heat in form of hot water, steam etc is injected into reservoir in scenarios like STEAM FLOODING, SAGD OR CSS. Student at the University of Calgary.
  • 105.
    Comments on geochemicalreservoir simulation: IMEX – CMG’s Black oil Reservoir Simulation (Schlumberger E100) is world famous and reliable software. GEM – Compositional reservoir Simulation (Schlumberger - E300) but GEM is better than E300. STARS – Its CMG’s Thermal Simulation pack best in class worldwide. So if you have volatile oil and you want to run compositional simulation with thermal recovery option then go for CMG. If your reservoir is black oil then go for Schlumberger E100 software only. Reservoir Engineer, Consultant.
  • 106.
    Comments on geochemicalreservoir simulation: IMEX is a black oil simulator with only gas-oil-water as components. Here Benefits 1.- Achieve simulation results faster than any other conventional black oil simulator 2.- Ability to quickly screen a variety of recovery mechanisms before moving forward to more complex simulation 3.- Accurate modelling of the matrix-fracture transfer in fractured reservoirs 4.- Use the speed of IMEX to simulate shale gas modelling 5.- Fast and easy transition to enhanced oil recovery (EOR) process modelling in GEM and STARS
  • 107.
    Comments on geochemicalreservoir simulation: GEM is a compositional simulator Here Benefits 1.-Understand fluid property composition and behaviour 2.-Simulate recoverable reserves through advanced simulation 3.-Simulate complex reservoirs to identify optimal recovery processes 4.-Increase estimated NPV through accurate phase behaviour models 5.-Optimize field and surface operating conditions and overall recovery 6.-Seamless integration with CMOST for rapid, accurate history matches and uncertainty analysis, while leveraging limited engineering time. Reservoir Simulation - EOR, Researcher
  • 108.
    Comments on geochemicalreservoir simulation: IMEX is a black oil simulator with only gas-oil-water as components. STARS and GEM are compositional simulators, so can have many components. STARS also has the (optional) energy equation. As a result, IMEX tends to run much faster than STARS or GEM. It is relatively simple to convert an IMEX dataset to STARS, so primary/secondary production can be run in IMEX, EOR in STARS.
  • 109.
    Comments on geochemicalreservoir simulation: Note that IMEX has options which extend it's range of applicability, e.g. polymer option, pseudo-miscible option. The choice between STARS and GEM is more complex. In general, GEM's equation of state formulation is better suited for lighter oils, condensate etc, while STARS' K-value formulation is good for heavy oils. The K-value formulation runs faster than equation of state which requires numerous flash calculations. The suite of all three simulators allows you to handle pretty much every situation. Consulting Reservoir Engineer. Consulting Reservoir Engineer.
  • 110.
    Comments on geochemicalreservoir simulation: CMG reservoir simulation package is famous for its user friendly Builder interface. It is very simple to use and learn in comparison with other commercial software. Builder literally directs user through the modelling systematically without getting confused and miss something in your model . CMG offers three types of simulators i.e. STARS, IMEX and GEM, each of them has its own distinctive features. STARS has been designed for thermal simulation and vastly used in Canada for steam flooding in heavy oil recovery. CMG designed a very distinctive model known as MINC model which has primarily developed to account more correctly for connective heat flow from fracture to matrix in thermal simulation. Once a model is built in BUILDER interface, can be run by either IMEX (Black oil simulator) or GEM (compositional simulator) depends on the reservoir fluid characteristic. The difference is in PVT modelling and if you choose GEM, WINPROP is assisted to model compositional PVT (similar to PVTi in Eclipse).
  • 111.
    Comments on geochemicalreservoir simulation: Recommend CMG software if simple interface and fast design of model is what you are looking for. He use Schlumberger's software i.e. PETREL and ECLIPSE which allow him to perform more sophisticated models both in RE and geological aspects. CMG also is pioneer in unconventional shale gas modelling by allowing user to build very quick hydraulic fracture or SRV via its automated gridding feature (Logarithmically Spaced LGR) which is very convenient. Student at University of Portsmouth.
  • 112.
    Comments on geochemicalreservoir simulation: As real reservoir fluids consist of hundreds of chemical components. However, to limit the size of the computational system, components with similar chemical properties may be grouped into a pseudo component, treated as a single unity. With a black-oil fluid characterization model, the reservoir fluids other than water are assumed to consist of only two (pseudo) components, an oil component and a gas component. With a compositional fluid characterization model, the number of (pseudo) components is in principle arbitrary. So, black oil simulator does the calculations quite easily as the fluid system is less complex than compositional fluid characterization model. However, if reservoir fluid composition varies significantly in the reservoir or injected fluid is different from the fluid already present in the reservoir, reliable simulation results can be only obtained with only a compositional model simulator.
  • 113.
    Comments on geochemicalreservoir simulation: CMG-IMEX is a black oil simulator. It doesn't consider changes in the chemical composition of hydrocarbons as the field is produced. CMG-GEM is a Compositional Model Simulator. Systems Engineer has used CMG- IMEX for two Oilfield development projects. This tool is really very handy, good user interface and it gives good estimated results. He has used CMG-GEM for CBM field development planning where it worked pretty well and simulated results closely matched with actual field performance. There are many other simulators available in market like Eclipse, Petrel, OpendTect,Tempes, MatBal, Mbal. Artificial Lift Systems Engineer, Weatherford
  • 114.
    Comments on geochemicalreservoir simulation: Reservoir and production engineer only has experience in the use of IMEX. IMEX is a black oil simulator, you can also simulate gas reservoirs. STARS is useful to simulate process like chemical flooding, steam flooding, there you can manage a material balance for different components. GEM is the compositional (volatile oil & gas and condensate reservoirs) & unconventional. The interface with CMG is very friendly. That is one good point that he found from CMG+IMEX instead of Petrel/Eclipse. The results are excellent, and is one of the most used reservoirs simulators worldwide. EOR Field Reservoir & Production engineer, Pluspetrol.
  • 115.
    Comments on geochemicalreservoir simulation: The choice of software depends on your application. The reason the field engineer used STARS was for advanced heavy oil thermal recovery simulation. Due to the coupled flexwell geo-mechanics it was easy to simulate near well bore changes due to stem assisted recovery. IMEX is more of a shale gas and naturally fractured formation simulator. Due to its compositional nature it is great tool for improved oil recovery simulator. GEM is a good CBM recovery tool and used for mostly gas injection based simulation and modelling. CMG software are all simulation tools. You would need a good geological modelling software as CMG is very good at importing the models. Field engineer- completion services Superior.
  • 116.
    Comments on geochemicalreservoir simulation: Petroleum engineer has only been researching CMG STARS because his main topic is thermal enhanced oil process. This is used to simulate changes to the reservoir based upon fluid behavior, steam or air injection, electrical heating or chemical flooding. According to your question, it's not adequate use one of these instead of other one. It depends of the kind of process to be simulated. IMEX is used to obtain history-matches and forecasts of primary, secondary and enhanced or improved oil recovery processes where changing fluid composition and reservoir temperature are not important factors for accurate modelling of hydrocarbon recovery processes. This one could be used for non-miscible oil recovery process like water injection.
  • 117.
    Comments on geochemicalreservoir simulation: GEM can model primary, secondary, and tertiary recovery processes, and accurately model complex heterogeneous faulted structures, horizontal and multilateral wells, and geomechanical deformation. GEM is used extensively for modelling gas and liquids rich shales, coal bed methane (CBM & E-CBM) and CO2 processes. Petroleum engineer (Former Weaterford) All of the CMG simulators are relatively compatible (they each will have cards specific to the application). We used IMEX for fairly simplistic models, but found the model construction and runs to be straight forward, and the runs were significantly faster than Eclipse or VIP, two of the major competitors. Chief Reservoir Engineer - Permian CO2, Oxy Permian. Reservoir engineer has used IMEX fairly extensively and it is the easiest simulator to learn on for black oil. Reservoir Engineer, BP.
  • 118.
    Comments on geochemicalreservoir simulation: Picking between STARS, IMEX and GEM depends on the purpose. For black oil simulation IMEX should be sufficient. The question was picking between IMEX, Eclipse100, etc. It was just the software package that my company used at that time. The upside of IMEX to E100 is the user friendly GUI which is very suitable for beginner. But, when you start going in depth in IMEX the reservoir engineer ran into problem of depending too much to GUI, and the manual did not help that much in diving into keywords. If you want to use compositional modelling or CBM, GEM is the way to go. If you want to do advance stuff like thermal simulation or EOR, STARS is the best. I don't have significant experience with those packages. However, STARS is known in the industry as one of the best for advanced simulation. Reservoir engineer Chevron.
  • 119.
    Comments on geochemicalreservoir simulation: Student has worked with CMG GEM and IMEX during his undergraduate and worked with CMG GEM for a year for my undergraduate thesis on coal bed methane recovery. Presently, in Heriot Watt he is working mainly with Eclipse 100 but the Eclipse file can easily be converted to a CMG file. MSc Petroleum Engineering Student at Heriot-Watt University. IMEX is a much easier simulator to use than Nexus, and more importantly, reduces the cycle time on decision making. You can also create the geological model and do the simulation in the same environment, vs using petrel/eclipse. Additionally, Winprop, the fluid simulation from CMG, is easy to integrate within the entire simulation package. The user help manual and documentation is much more user friendly and understandable than Nexus. Shell uses CMG. Don't know what the other operators use. We use Nexus. Reservoir Engineer, BP
  • 120.
    Comments on geochemicalreservoir simulation: PhD student have been working with CMG package for the last five years, three as a graduate student, two of them as a CO2 WAG researcher. He is advanced user of CMG GEM, CMG Winprop and CMG CMOST. He is proficient with compositional simulation, recovery optimization, building grids and input data, importing and exporting data, interpreting data, modelling phase behavior and fluid properties, including transport phenomena and three-phase hysteresis for miscible EOR and uncertainty analysis and making production forecasts. He has fewer experience with hystory matching and economic decision analysis, only basic knowledge of fratured reservoir modelling, basic knowledge of integrated reservoir and surface modelling, basic knowledge of polymer injection modelling and thermal processes modelling on STARS. Their group has been using CMG IMEX for the last 25 years, some of them are proficient in developing in house applications and in house simulators as well and are familiar with most aspects of black oil simulator conception. PhD Student, UNICAMP.
  • 121.
    Comments on geochemicalreservoir simulation: Graduate teaching assistant has worked on these softwares quite a long time and his current project is in CMG STARS. Injectivity option is available in CMG IMEX under wells section, where you can give constraints for injection (such as BHP, injection rate, etc) and alter injectivity index. Graduate Teaching Assistant, University of Alaska Fairbanks. If you are looking at fracture modelling you might find GEM's hydraulically induced fracture modelling more accurate unless you have micro-seismics and are looking at pre-existing fractures. Injectivity calculations are partly taken into account when inputting the injection well properties however formation damage will not be taken into account when injection pressures and rates reach unrealistic levels, and so separate calculations need to be made and adjustments to the skin be input for the simulation run.
  • 122.
    Comments on geochemicalreservoir simulation: If you wish to create fracturing for EOR then I'd recommend a dual porosity GEM model, however if it is a simple black oil model then IMEX will provide faster simulation runs, fracturing can be introduced in IMEX, but GEM is better suited to fracture modelling. Injectivity is standard throughout the CMG software suite. SPE student chapter President, The University of Portsmouth.
  • 123.
    Comments on geochemicalreservoir simulation: Computer Modelling Group (CMG) currently offers three simulators: a black oil simulator, called IMEX, a compositional simulator called GEM and a thermal compositional simulator called STARS. If your goal is to perform a thermal simulation then CMG-STARS is a good solution to simulate changes to the reservoir based upon fluid behavior, steam or air injection, electrical heating, geo-mechanical processes or chemical flooding. CMG used to be more user-friendly but, now with Petrel+Eclipse I think they are about the same. A third option that you may explorer is tNavigator from Rock Flow Dynamics that supports black oil, compositional and thermal compositional simulations. Reservoir-Production Planning Engineering Advisor Afren
  • 124.
    Comments on geochemicalreservoir simulation: Research assistant has used SourSimRL to match souring results in a large field and several lab experiments. SourSimRL can be coupled easily with many reservoir simulators therefore there is no need to create a new field model for souring calculations. The microbiological model is simple and efficient, and he was able to derive an analytical solution for bio-reactors. They could match field H2S production results with few matching parameters. If he was going to mention limitations of SourSimRL, the software is slow for field simulation (almost 10 times of the flow simulator), the input files are large (for example 50 Gb), the input parameters are in table format which makes matching process more difficult, and the solver had problem for some lab experiments. Graduate Research Assistant, The Pennsylvania State University (PdD)
  • 125.
    Comments on geochemicalreservoir simulation: Simulation engineer has been using CMG STARS for both academic and practical projects, including numerical interpretation of single well chemical tracer test, interwell tracer test, ASP flooding, and geomechanics study of steam injection. He converted an CMG STARS model to STARS-ME model, and run ASP flooding on STARS-ME. STARS-ME is a beta version simulator developed by CMG replacing the vapor-liquid equilibrium by a brine-oil-microemulsion (ME) phase equilibrium, but kept all other features of CMG STARS. Simulation Engineer, Chemor Tech. Graduate research assistant has been using CMG GEM & STARS for 2 years. It is very easy and elaborate to model injection wells, be it steam, water or gas injection. Modelling hydraulic fractures is like increasing the permeability of grid blocks representing fractures, using grid refinement to maintain numerical stability, modelling stimulated reservoirs volume around fractures. He use CMG GEM to model CO2 injection in a modelled oil shale reservoir. CMG Winprop to model the reservoir fluid. Graduate Research Assistant, University of Oklahoma.
  • 126.
    Comments on geochemicalreservoir simulation: If you want to choose between Schlumberger Eclipse and CMG, graduate research assistant would say CMG is better. CMG has a GUI which helps a lot to start from stratch, while in ECLIPSE, every needs to be added in the code file. CMG also has CMOST, which is useful for history matching, sensitivity analysis. Graduate Research Assistant, University of Oklahoma Compared to other commercial software available, they have a full package that does most Petroleum Engineering simulation runs one could think of. See the link below to see some similarities: http://folk.uib.no/fciop/sim_cmg.htm Course Administrator (Temp), University of Portsmouth With CMG, you can achieve below fracturing and for that you need to select DualPerm at the initial project creation. More guidance you can get over net on CMG manual- available freely. Senior Application Analyst - Oil and Gas, Accenture
  • 127.
    Comments on geochemicalreservoir simulation: Reservoir engineer has been using CMG software for the past 6 years. It is like everything else has its own advantages and disadvantages both for users and companies buying it with respect to competitors like VIP, Eclipse or tNavigator. It has pretty simple user interface, manual is not that great compared to SLB Eclipse, and it does not have any G&G core like Petrel, so you have to use some external programs as well. The license is relatively cheap compared to Eclipse though. I would say it is very strong if you need simple mechanistic sector model. It is very easy to set up and run. Pretty accurate and has a good industry feed back on STARS simulator ( Steam, Thermal and Advanced Reservoir Simulator). I am not quite sure what their recent developments are, still using 2011 version, but I really liked their idea about implementing Flexi Wellbore module that calculates pressure drop across the wellbore on the separate grid block system. It is quite good for horizontal and inclined well. Depending what the goals are it could be a good tool. Reservoir Staff Engineer, Oxy
  • 128.
    Comments on geochemicalreservoir simulation: Graduate research assistant didn't have serious problem with SourSim in terms of stability. I mean, I could usually get some results for the cases that I was running. However sometimes, results were inconsistent, for example negative H2S concentration. SourSim was failing more for the bioreactor models and it was because of high flow rates and large time steps. My impression was that the solver is not very strong and small time steps should be used. Graduate Research Assistant, The Pennsylvania State University Reservoir engineer has never used it for any Complex Chemical problems besides hydrates formation in porous media. He think it is more for GEM applications, it sounds like more compositional problem rather than thermal, but he might be wrong cause STARS is capable of simulating Alkaline & Chemical flooding too. He is not sure about accuracy of calculations though. It is a good question to ask support team directly about capabilities of CMG handling this kind of problem. Please check CMG website. They are very helpful. Reservoir engineer Oxy.
  • 129.
    Comments on geochemicalreservoir simulation: Managers experience with H2S involved determining emergency planning zones for proposed new wells with potential H2S hazards. Basically, he would analyze offsetting wells from the same formation to determine absolute open flow (AOF) and H2S content. This would be used to determine different radii for designated risk zones and corresponding emergency response plans would be put in place for each zone. He has run the CMG software (IMEX, STARS and GEM) for a variety of projects: conventional gas and oil, enhanced recovery schemes such as water flooding, CSS and SAGD. Manager, Engineering Specialist, Deloitte Canada. A mechanistic software names UTCHEM is research-oriented one specializing at Chemical EOR, geochemistry reaction, microbio-EOR. I have been using it for studying polymer injectivity. You can search UT CPGE UTCHEM for more information if you are interested in. Ph.D. Candidate, Mewbourne School of Petroleum and Geological Engineering at University of Oklahoma
  • 130.
    Comments on geochemicalreservoir simulation: Please find attached a couple of papers CMG staff have published on souring and a PDF copy of a presentation. I’m also attaching a simple STARS dataset that models a microbe growth process. It’s got some comments in their so that you can probably understand what it’s doing. But just to give you an idea, there are various components such as ‘Nutrients’, ‘Microbes’ defined as well as the hydrocarbon components and water. Then a reaction is set up that defines the microbe growth. You are free to define whatever chemical reactions you like in STARS. You just need the stoichiometry and reaction rates. General Manager CMG.
  • 131.
    Market: Oil productioncompanies The market Oil plus should approach: Oman, Kuwait, Abu Dhabi, Qatar, Sudan, Canada, Northern America, North Sea CO2 injection Oman: S.A.O.C. (OOC), PDO, Daleel Petroleum Company, Petrogas E&P, Shell Development Oman, Occidental Mukhaizna Kuwait: KUFPEC, KOC, Oil Development Company, Arabian Oil Co Ltd UAE: ADNOC, Atlantis Holdings Norway, Crescent Petroleum, Dragon Oil, Margham Dubai Establishment, Occidental Petroleum Corporation, ZADCO, ADCO, Abu Dhabi National Energy Company, Dana Gas, Dubai Petroleum Establishment, Exillon Energy, PetroChina International Iraq, RAK Petroleum, Abu Dhabi Oil, Bahar Energy Limited Company, Bin Ham Petroling, Exxon Mobil.
  • 132.
    Market: Oil productioncompanies Qatar: Qatar Petroleum, Qatargas, Qatar Liquefied Gas Company, Sphere Petroleum, Maersk. Sudan: Advanced Petroleum Company, White Nile Petroleum Operating Company, Greater Nile Petroleum Operation Company Limited, Petrodar Operating Company. Canada: Encana corporation, Nexen inc, Talisman Energy, Apache Canada, Calvalley Petroleum, CNR, Cygam Energy, Epsilon Energy, Oando Energy Resources, Sagres Energy, Canadian Superior Energy, TransGlobe Energy Corporation, Vast Exploration, Adira Energy, Africa Oil Corporation, Brownstone Energy, Bukit Energy, Canacol Energy, Caracal Energy, Centurion Energy International, Gran Tierra Energy, Husky Energy, Longford Energy, Madison PetroGas, Mart Resources, Niko Resources, Perisson Petroleum Corporation, Petro Viking Energy, Petro Vista Energy, Rally Energy, Tanganyika Oil Company, Westbridge Energy Corporation, WesternZagros Resources, Mira Resources Corp, Serinus Energy.
  • 133.
    Market: Oil productioncompanies USA: Hess Corporation, Marathon Oil Corporation, Noble Energy, Pioneer Natural Resources Company, Anadarko Petroleum Corporation, Chesapeake Energy Corporation, Chevron Corporation, ConocoPhillips, Devon Energy Corporation, EOG Resources, ExxonMobil, Murphy Oil Corporation, Newfield Exploration Company, Penn Virginia Corporation, Range Resources Corporation, Shell Oil Company, Hunt Oil Company, Kosmos Energy, Merlon International, TransAtlantic Petroleum, VAALCO Energy, Abraxas Petroleum Corporation, Apache Corp, AsherXino Corporation, BPZ Energy, Circle Star Energy Corp, Contango Oil & Gas Company, Crescent Global Oil, El Paso Corporation, Endeavour International Corporation, Thunderbird Resources Equity, Greenfields Petroleum Corporation, Harvest Natural Resources, Heavy Earth Resources, Houston American Energy, Hydrocarb Corporation, IPR Group of companies, New Horizon Exploration, Pangea Energy Corp, Blacksands Pacific Energy Corporation, TransMeridian Exploration Incorporated. Mexico: Pemex
  • 134.
    Market: Oil productioncompanies Norway: DNO International ASA, StatoilHydro, InterOil Exploration and Production, Panoro Energy ASA. United Kingdom: Afren Plc, Burren Energy, Europa Oil & Gas, Genel Energy Plc, Gulfsands Petroleum, Hardy Oil and Gas Plc, Larsen Oil and Gas, Perenco, Tullow Oil plc, Amerisur Resources, BG Group Plc, Bowleven Plc, BP Plc, Elixir Petroleum Ltd, Global Energy Development PLC, JKX Oil & Gas plc, Leni Gas & Oil Plc, Max Petroleum PLC, Mediterranean Oil & Gas Plc, Melrose Resources plc, Northern Petroleum Plc, PetroLatina Energy, Primeline Energy Holdings Inc, Prontinal Ltd, Serica Energy Plc, White Rose Energy Ventures, Zoltav Resources, New Age (African Global Energy), President Energy Plc, Premier oil. Former recent clients (Potensial clients): PCSB (Malaysia), Cairn India, BHP Billiton Petroleum (Australia), ENI (Ghana)
  • 135.
    Market: Oil productioncompanies India: ONGC, Oil India Limited, Gujarat State Petroleum Corporation, Indian Oil Corporation, ONGC Videsh. Australia: Oilex, Woodside Petroleum, Bounty Oil & Gas, Cooper Energy, Dart Energy, Range Resources, Sprint Energy Limited, Jupiter Energy. Ghana: Ghana National Petroleum Corporation. Angola: Sonangol, Esso Exploration and Production Angola, Total E & P Angola, Cabinda Gulf Oil Company Limited, PetroPlus Overseas, Sonangol Natural Gas.
  • 136.
    Market: Oil productioncompanies Russia: Rosneft, Gazprom Neft, PetroNeft Resources, Sibirenergy Company, TNK-BP, Urals Energy Public Company, Bashneft, Irkutsk Oil Company, LukArco Company, Lukoil Oil Company, Naftna industrija Srbije, Naryanmarneftegaz Company, RusPetro, Surgutneftegas, Victoria Oil & Gas, RUSIA Petroleum Company, Udmurtneft, Novatek. Brazil: Barra Energia, BG Brasil, Brasoil, IBV Brasil Petroleo, Parnaíba Gás Natural, Petrobras, Petrominerales, Queiroz Galvao, Repsol Brazil, BP Energy do Brasil, Chevron Brasil Petroleo. Vietnam: PetroVietnam Exploration Production Corporation.
  • 137.
    Is Oilfield SouringImpacted by Minerals and Mineralization? 2D STARS modeling
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