This document discusses factors that influence perception. It outlines several factors in the perceiver like attitudes, motives, interests, and expectations. It also discusses factors in the situation like time, work setting, and social setting. Additionally, it examines factors in the target like novelty, motion, sounds, size, proximity, similarity, and background. Finally, it describes common shortcuts in judging others such as selective perception, halo effect, contrast effect, stereotyping, and projection.
Personality: Meaning and Determinants of Personality, Process of Personality Formation, Personality Types, Assesment of Personality Traits for Increasing Self Awareness
Personality: Meaning and Determinants of Personality, Process of Personality Formation, Personality Types, Assesment of Personality Traits for Increasing Self Awareness
Notes on Attitude & Values in Organisation BehaviorYamini Kahaliya
this document is on Attitudes and values in organisation behavior for BBA/B.com students .
it tells about that how an individual behave in an organisation.
Attitude : An attitude is a way of thinking or feeling about something, a certain state of mind at the time.
Department of Management- ORGANIZATION DEVELOPMENT
FEATURES OF OD
Comprehensive Change
Long-range Change
OD AND MANAGEMENT DEVELOPMENT
OD INTERVENTIONS
Grid Organisation Development:
Management By Objectives:
Process Consultation:
Meaning of Perception: Perception is the process by which individuals select, organize and interpret
information from environment through five senses.
It is a process by which individuals organize and interpret their sensory
impressions in order to give meaning to their environment.
Process of Perception
Inputs: Input refers to Stimuli available in the environment. It
includes, information, objects, events and people etc.
Throughputs: it is the stages of transformation. Perceptual inputs
are proceeds to obtain output. Throughputs includes:
Selection: selecting information on the basis of interests, experience,
background etc.
Organization: grouping stimuli into meaningful & identifiable patterns.
Interpretation: assigning meaning to the selected & organized
information.
Outputs: At this stage result of perceptual process can be seen. Transformed inputs.
Results in attitude, opinions, feelings, values & behavior.
Perceptual Error in Organizations:
Stereotyping : Judging people on the basis of group to which they
belong is called stereotyping.
Impression / first impressions : Making an opinion about a person on the
basis of first meeting itself.
Projection
Attributing (looking) one's own characteristics (qualities) to someone
else.
looking one's own qualities in other people. E.g., if a person is honest,
he will consider other people as honest.
Attribution
How people explain the cause of other’s or their own behaviour.
Selective perception
People perceive as per their need, motives or interests.
Inference
Judging others on the basis of incomplete information.
Perceptual set
Interpreting others behaviour according to our own mental set.
Halo effect
one trait forms a general impression. Evaluating a person on the basis
of single trait/ characteristics/ quality.
Factors influencing perception
Internal Factor: These are factors related to the characteristics of
perceiver.
Needs & motives: People with different needs generally experience different
stimuli. A hungry man catches attestation of food related objects.
Self concept: How the people see him self. Generally people select only
those aspects which they find match with their characteristics.
Past experience: A person also perceives on the basis of his past
experiences.
Beliefs: A person also perceives on the basis of what he believes irrespective
of what really is,
Expectations: Expectation refers to the anticipation of particular behavior
from a person which also affects the perceptions.
Current psychological states: The current state of mind also affects the
selection of stimulus.
External Factors: These are the environmental factors and are the
characteristics of the perceived (Stimuli).
Size: Big size catches attestation
Intensity: Loud sound and bright color catches attestation more.
Contrast: Stimuli which stand against the background catches attention
more.
Repetition: it catches attention more.
Perception and Learning in Organization BehaviorShambhavi Sharma
The slides are related to concept and description related to the perception and learning in an organization. I composes the theory of learning in depth knowledge of organizational behavior.
ORGANISATIONAL BEHAVIOUR- Personality
Factors shaping Personality
Theories of Personality
Psycho-Analytical Theory of Personality
ERIKSON Stages of personality
CHRIS ARGYRIS’s Immaturity-Maturity Theory
CATTELS’s Trait Theory- Sixteen Primary Traits
BIG FIVE Traits Model Theory
Personality Traits Influencing Organizational Behavior
Notes on Attitude & Values in Organisation BehaviorYamini Kahaliya
this document is on Attitudes and values in organisation behavior for BBA/B.com students .
it tells about that how an individual behave in an organisation.
Attitude : An attitude is a way of thinking or feeling about something, a certain state of mind at the time.
Department of Management- ORGANIZATION DEVELOPMENT
FEATURES OF OD
Comprehensive Change
Long-range Change
OD AND MANAGEMENT DEVELOPMENT
OD INTERVENTIONS
Grid Organisation Development:
Management By Objectives:
Process Consultation:
Meaning of Perception: Perception is the process by which individuals select, organize and interpret
information from environment through five senses.
It is a process by which individuals organize and interpret their sensory
impressions in order to give meaning to their environment.
Process of Perception
Inputs: Input refers to Stimuli available in the environment. It
includes, information, objects, events and people etc.
Throughputs: it is the stages of transformation. Perceptual inputs
are proceeds to obtain output. Throughputs includes:
Selection: selecting information on the basis of interests, experience,
background etc.
Organization: grouping stimuli into meaningful & identifiable patterns.
Interpretation: assigning meaning to the selected & organized
information.
Outputs: At this stage result of perceptual process can be seen. Transformed inputs.
Results in attitude, opinions, feelings, values & behavior.
Perceptual Error in Organizations:
Stereotyping : Judging people on the basis of group to which they
belong is called stereotyping.
Impression / first impressions : Making an opinion about a person on the
basis of first meeting itself.
Projection
Attributing (looking) one's own characteristics (qualities) to someone
else.
looking one's own qualities in other people. E.g., if a person is honest,
he will consider other people as honest.
Attribution
How people explain the cause of other’s or their own behaviour.
Selective perception
People perceive as per their need, motives or interests.
Inference
Judging others on the basis of incomplete information.
Perceptual set
Interpreting others behaviour according to our own mental set.
Halo effect
one trait forms a general impression. Evaluating a person on the basis
of single trait/ characteristics/ quality.
Factors influencing perception
Internal Factor: These are factors related to the characteristics of
perceiver.
Needs & motives: People with different needs generally experience different
stimuli. A hungry man catches attestation of food related objects.
Self concept: How the people see him self. Generally people select only
those aspects which they find match with their characteristics.
Past experience: A person also perceives on the basis of his past
experiences.
Beliefs: A person also perceives on the basis of what he believes irrespective
of what really is,
Expectations: Expectation refers to the anticipation of particular behavior
from a person which also affects the perceptions.
Current psychological states: The current state of mind also affects the
selection of stimulus.
External Factors: These are the environmental factors and are the
characteristics of the perceived (Stimuli).
Size: Big size catches attestation
Intensity: Loud sound and bright color catches attestation more.
Contrast: Stimuli which stand against the background catches attention
more.
Repetition: it catches attention more.
Perception and Learning in Organization BehaviorShambhavi Sharma
The slides are related to concept and description related to the perception and learning in an organization. I composes the theory of learning in depth knowledge of organizational behavior.
ORGANISATIONAL BEHAVIOUR- Personality
Factors shaping Personality
Theories of Personality
Psycho-Analytical Theory of Personality
ERIKSON Stages of personality
CHRIS ARGYRIS’s Immaturity-Maturity Theory
CATTELS’s Trait Theory- Sixteen Primary Traits
BIG FIVE Traits Model Theory
Personality Traits Influencing Organizational Behavior
Basic psychological process, Perception, Factors influencing perception, Characteristics of Perceiver, Attribution theory, Specific applications in organizations, Learning, Theories of learning, using learning concepts for self-management, implications for performance and satisfaction, Remembering, Basic motivational concepts, Theories of motivation, Implications for performance and satisfaction, Operant Conditioning Theory, Cognitive Learning Theory, Social Learning Theory, Types of Memory, Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs, Herzberg’s Motivation Hygiene Theory, Two factor theory, Alderfer’s ERG Theory, McClelland’s Need Theory, Theory X and Process Theories of Motivation, Equity Theory, Expectancy theory, Porter And Lawler Model Of Motivation,Calicut university OB
Perception is important for understanding individual differences because how people perceived a situation determines how people behave. Perception is part of that personal dimension that makes people see situations differently as well as shapes their attitude in terms of their work environment. This lesson seeks to help students:
1. describe the major elements of the perceptual process;
2. identify the main factors that influence what individual perceive; and
3. Identify factors that determine how one person perceives another.
Notes on Perception in organisation Behavior (Notes for BBA/B.com Students)Yamini Kahaliya
This contains the notes on Perception In organisation Behavior.
it covers details about following points:-
1. Introduction
2. Nature
3. Process
4. Importance
5. Factors Influencing Perception
{Perception is the process of receiving information about and making sense of the world around us. It involves deciding which information to notice, how to categories this information and how to interpret it within the framework of existing knowledge.
For e.g. – Yami goes to a restaurant and likes their customer service, so she will perceive that it is a good place to hang out and will recommend it to her friends, who may or may not like it. Yami’s perception about the restaurant is good.
Communication and Perception Communicating in the Real World .docxpickersgillkayne
Communication and Perception
Communicating in the Real World
Perception chpt. 2 all sections
http://open.lib.umn.edu/communication/part/chapter-2-communication-and-perception/
Perception Defined
The Perception Process
Attributions
Self-Concept and Self-Esteem
Influences on Perception
Self-Presentation
Improving Perception
Agenda
Perception refers to the processes of selection, organization and interpretation of the information
What we select, the ways we organize it, and the interpretations we assign to it affect the ways we communicate.
Perception Defined
The Perception Process
The Perception Process
Selection occurs when we focus our attention on certain incoming sensory information
We take in information through all five of our senses, but our perceptual field (the world around us) includes so many stimuli that it is impossible for our brains to process and make sense of it all
The Perception Process
1. Selecting
We tend to pay attention to information that is salient
Salience = the degree to which something attracts our attention in a particular context.
The Perception Process
Selection--Salience
It is probably not surprising to learn that visually and/or aurally stimulating things become salient in our perceptual field and get our attention
We tend to select stimuli with certain characteristics:
Intensity--stimuli with intensity-a loud bang
Size--stimuli that are large in size-very tall or very small
Contrast stimuli that contrast with surroundings-a noise in the library
Repetition Repetition--stimuli that are repeated http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f_SwD7RveNE
The Perception Process
Selection—Visual and Aural Stimulation
We tend to pay attention to information that we perceive to meet our needs or interests in some way
This type of selective attention can help us meet instrumental needs and get things done
Example: You are need to study for an exam but your friends are playing video games—your need to study may allow you to shut out the game sounds
The Perception Process
Selecting—Needs and Interests
We can find expected things salient
We also find things that are unexpected salient.
The Perception Process
Selecting--Expectations
Organization occurs when we sort and categorize information that we perceive based on innate and learned cognitive patterns
Three ways we sort things into patterns are by using proximity, similarity, and difference
The Perception Process
2. Organizing
Proximity is when we tend to think that things that are close together go together
Similarity is when we tend to think similar-looking or similar-acting things belong together
Difference is when we assume that the item that looks or acts different from the rest doesn’t belong with the group
Perceptual errors involving people and assumptions of difference can be especially awkward, if not offensive
The Perception Process
Organizing: Proximity, Similarity & Difference
.
Communication and Perception Communicating in the Real World .docxdrandy1
Communication and Perception
Communicating in the Real World
Perception chpt. 2 all sections
http://open.lib.umn.edu/communication/part/chapter-2-communication-and-perception/
Perception Defined
The Perception Process
Attributions
Self-Concept and Self-Esteem
Influences on Perception
Self-Presentation
Improving Perception
Agenda
Perception refers to the processes of selection, organization and interpretation of the information
What we select, the ways we organize it, and the interpretations we assign to it affect the ways we communicate.
Perception Defined
The Perception Process
The Perception Process
Selection occurs when we focus our attention on certain incoming sensory information
We take in information through all five of our senses, but our perceptual field (the world around us) includes so many stimuli that it is impossible for our brains to process and make sense of it all
The Perception Process
1. Selecting
We tend to pay attention to information that is salient
Salience = the degree to which something attracts our attention in a particular context.
The Perception Process
Selection--Salience
It is probably not surprising to learn that visually and/or aurally stimulating things become salient in our perceptual field and get our attention
We tend to select stimuli with certain characteristics:
Intensity--stimuli with intensity-a loud bang
Size--stimuli that are large in size-very tall or very small
Contrast stimuli that contrast with surroundings-a noise in the library
Repetition Repetition--stimuli that are repeated http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f_SwD7RveNE
The Perception Process
Selection—Visual and Aural Stimulation
We tend to pay attention to information that we perceive to meet our needs or interests in some way
This type of selective attention can help us meet instrumental needs and get things done
Example: You are need to study for an exam but your friends are playing video games—your need to study may allow you to shut out the game sounds
The Perception Process
Selecting—Needs and Interests
We can find expected things salient
We also find things that are unexpected salient.
The Perception Process
Selecting--Expectations
Organization occurs when we sort and categorize information that we perceive based on innate and learned cognitive patterns
Three ways we sort things into patterns are by using proximity, similarity, and difference
The Perception Process
2. Organizing
Proximity is when we tend to think that things that are close together go together
Similarity is when we tend to think similar-looking or similar-acting things belong together
Difference is when we assume that the item that looks or acts different from the rest doesn’t belong with the group
Perceptual errors involving people and assumptions of difference can be especially awkward, if not offensive
The Perception Process
Organizing: Proximity, Similarity & Difference
.
Communication and Perception Communicating in the Real World .docxcargillfilberto
Communication and Perception
Communicating in the Real World
Perception chpt. 2 all sections
http://open.lib.umn.edu/communication/part/chapter-2-communication-and-perception/
Perception Defined
The Perception Process
Attributions
Self-Concept and Self-Esteem
Influences on Perception
Self-Presentation
Improving Perception
Agenda
Perception refers to the processes of selection, organization and interpretation of the information
What we select, the ways we organize it, and the interpretations we assign to it affect the ways we communicate.
Perception Defined
The Perception Process
The Perception Process
Selection occurs when we focus our attention on certain incoming sensory information
We take in information through all five of our senses, but our perceptual field (the world around us) includes so many stimuli that it is impossible for our brains to process and make sense of it all
The Perception Process
1. Selecting
We tend to pay attention to information that is salient
Salience = the degree to which something attracts our attention in a particular context.
The Perception Process
Selection--Salience
It is probably not surprising to learn that visually and/or aurally stimulating things become salient in our perceptual field and get our attention
We tend to select stimuli with certain characteristics:
Intensity--stimuli with intensity-a loud bang
Size--stimuli that are large in size-very tall or very small
Contrast stimuli that contrast with surroundings-a noise in the library
Repetition Repetition--stimuli that are repeated http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f_SwD7RveNE
The Perception Process
Selection—Visual and Aural Stimulation
We tend to pay attention to information that we perceive to meet our needs or interests in some way
This type of selective attention can help us meet instrumental needs and get things done
Example: You are need to study for an exam but your friends are playing video games—your need to study may allow you to shut out the game sounds
The Perception Process
Selecting—Needs and Interests
We can find expected things salient
We also find things that are unexpected salient.
The Perception Process
Selecting--Expectations
Organization occurs when we sort and categorize information that we perceive based on innate and learned cognitive patterns
Three ways we sort things into patterns are by using proximity, similarity, and difference
The Perception Process
2. Organizing
Proximity is when we tend to think that things that are close together go together
Similarity is when we tend to think similar-looking or similar-acting things belong together
Difference is when we assume that the item that looks or acts different from the rest doesn’t belong with the group
Perceptual errors involving people and assumptions of difference can be especially awkward, if not offensive
The Perception Process
Organizing: Proximity, Similarity & Difference
.
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6. Meaning of Perception
Perception may be defined as the process by which an
individual selects, organizes and interpret stimuli into a
meaningful and coherent picture of the environment in
which he lives.
The process by which people notice and make sense of
information from the environment”
11. Expectations
State that anticipation of a particular behavior from a
person .
Affects what a person perceives.
12. Eexperience
Experience and knowledge serve as basis for
perception. While one’s successful experience enhance
his/her perceptive ability, failure erodes his/her self
confidence. Successful experience also helps perceiver
understand stimuli with more accuracy.
13. Factors in the situation
Time
Time perception is a construction of the brain that can
also be manipulated and studied through a variety of
experiments.
What are the factors that affect your perception of
how time passes?
Level of fatigue
Level of Concentration
Depression & Happiness
15. Social setting(How an individual
perceives other)
“Social perception is that part of perception that
allows people to understand the other people in
their social world.”
Social perceptions can obviously be flawed - even
skilled observers can misperceive, misjudge, and
reach the wrong conclusions. Once we form
wrong impressions, they are likely to persist.
16. Factors in the target
Try this exercise. Look at each umbrella image. Is the
message of each image different? If so, what makes the
message different?
17. Novelty:-
novel or something unique or a
peculiar idea is likely to attract anyone’s attract
attention. white person or a black person in India
catches attention faster.
18. Motion
People gives more attention to moving objects than
the stationery objects.
Example:
Moving object Stationery object
19. Sounds
Sound level or noise level is a physical quantity
measured with measuring instruments.
Loudness is a psycho-physical sensation perceived by
the human auditory perception or the human
ear/brain mechanism. That is not the same.
Furthermore, for speech, music, and many other
sounds, the physical characteristics of the sound
produce hearing sensations in the listener. TV
advertisement, Radio advertisement
20. Size
Larger object is more likely to be noticed than a smaller
Object.
Example:
Which you can read fast?
God is great God is great
22. Proximity
Proximity or geographical proximity is an important
factor for formation of groups. For the same reason
an individual behavior may be perceived to be group
behavior.
23. But the real is the all ball is not
happy but sad.
24. Similarity
how items that are similar in some way tend to be grouped
together. On similarities and differences in cultural perceptions
of the environment.
25. Common shortcuts in judging
others
Selective perception
People selectively interpret what they see
on the basis of their interests, background, experience
and attitudes.
26.
27. Halo effect
Tendency to draw a general impression about an
individual on the basis of a single characteristic.
• Halo effect is just like 1st impression is Last
impression
• Like people having good quality and dislike
those who have bad qualities. People may be
judged by their work not by their dress
• People may be judged by their result not by their
attendance
28. Contrast effect Evaluation of a person’s
characteristic that is affected by comparisons with
other people recently encountered who rank higher or
lower on the same characteristic.