Personality is the sum total of how an individual reacts and interacts with others. It is influenced by heredity, environment, and situation. There are several theories that describe personality types and traits, including the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator, Big Five model, and locus of control. The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator classifies people into 16 types based on four characteristics, while the Big Five model describes personality along five dimensions such as extroversion and agreeableness. Freud's psychoanalytic theory proposes that personality has three parts - the id, ego, and superego - which develop at different stages from birth to adulthood.

1. Chapter 4Chapter 4
Personality and Emotions
– Author Stephen Robbins
Prof. Shrinivas V K
Prof. SVK

2. Prof. SVK
What is Personality?What is Personality?
Personality
The sum total of ways in which an individual reacts and
interacts with others.
Personality Traits
Enduring characteristics
that describe an
individual’s behavior.
Personality
Determinants
• Heredity
• Environment
• Situation
Personality
Determinants
• Heredity
• Environment
• Situation

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The Myers-Briggs Type IndicatorThe Myers-Briggs Type Indicator
Personality Types
• Extroverted vs. Introverted (E or I)
• Sensing vs. Intuitive (S or N)
• Thinking vs. Feeling (T or F)
• Judging vs. Perceiving (P or J)
Personality Types
• Extroverted vs. Introverted (E or I)
• Sensing vs. Intuitive (S or N)
• Thinking vs. Feeling (T or F)
• Judging vs. Perceiving (P or J)
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
A personality test that taps four characteristics and
classifies people into 1 of 16 personality types.

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The Big Five Model of Personality DimensionsThe Big Five Model of Personality Dimensions
Extroversion
Sociable, gregarious, and assertive
Agreeableness
Good-natured, cooperative, and trusting.
Conscientiousness
Responsible, dependable, persistent, and organized.
Openness to Experience
Imaginativeness, artistic, sensitivity, and intellectualism.
Emotional Stability/Neuroticism
Calm, self-confident, secure (positive) versus nervous, depressed,
and insecure (negative).

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Major Personality Attributes Influencing OBMajor Personality Attributes Influencing OB
 Locus of control
 Machiavellianism
 Self-esteem
 Self-monitoring
 Risk taking
 Type A personality

7. Prof. SVK
Locus of ControlLocus of Control
Locus of Control
The degree to which people believe they are
masters of their own fate.
Internals
Individuals who believe that they control what happens to
them.
Externals
Individuals who believe that what happens to them is
controlled by outside forces such as luck or chance.

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MachiavellianismMachiavellianism
Conditions Favoring High Machs
• Direct interaction
• Minimal rules and regulations
• Emotions distract for others
Conditions Favoring High Machs
• Direct interaction
• Minimal rules and regulations
• Emotions distract for others
Machiavellianism (Mach)
Degree to which an individual is pragmatic,
maintains emotional distance, and believes that
ends can justify means.

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Self-Esteem and Self-MonitoringSelf-Esteem and Self-Monitoring
Self-Esteem (SE)
Individuals’ degree of liking or disliking themselves.
Self-Monitoring
A personality trait that measures an individuals
ability to adjust his or her behavior to external,
situational factors.

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Risk-TakingRisk-Taking
 High Risk-taking Managers
– Make quicker decisions
– Use less information to make decisions
– Operate in smaller and more entrepreneurial
organizations
 Low Risk-taking Managers
– Are slower to make decisions
– Require more information before making decisions
– Exist in larger organizations with stable environments
 Risk Propensity
– Aligning managers’ risk-taking propensity to job
requirements should be beneficial to organizations.

11. Type A PersonalityType A Personality
 The theory describes Type A individuals as
ambitious, rigidly organized, highly status-
conscious, sensitive, impatient, take on more
than they can handle, want other people to get to
the point, anxious, proactive, and concerned with
time management.
 People with Type A personalities are often high-
achieving "workaholics", push themselves with
deadlines, and hate both delays and ambivalence.
Prof. SVK

12. Type B personalityType B personality
 They typically work steadily, and may enjoy
achievement, although they have a greater
tendency to disregard physical or mental stress
when they do not achieve.
 When faced with competition, they may focus
less on winning or losing than their Type A
counterparts, and more on enjoying the game
regardless of winning or losing.
 Unlike the Type A personality's rhythm of multi-
tasked careers, Type B individuals are sometimes
attracted to careers of creativity: writer,
counsellor, therapist, actor or actress.
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13. Psychoanalytic TheoryPsychoanalytic Theory
 Structure of Personality( Id, Ego and
Super Ego)
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14. SIGMUND FREUDSIGMUND FREUD
(1856-1939)
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15. LAYERS OF MINDLAYERS OF MIND
Conscious, Preconscious and Unconscious
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17. Conscious MindConscious Mind
Includes
everything we
‘re aware of
Awareness of
our own mental
process(Though
ts and Feelings)
Rational
Prof. SVK

18. Preconscious MindPreconscious Mind
Represent
Ordinary
Memory
Fact Stored
are available
for future use
E.g. (Phone
No, Address)
etc.
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19. Unconscious MindUnconscious Mind
 Contains feelings,
thoughts and
memories beyond
our Awareness
 Continuous
Influence on our
Behavior and
Action
 (Dreams and
wishes)
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20. ExampleExample
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21. STRUCTURE OF
PERSONALITY
STRUCTURE OF
PERSONALITY
Id, Ego And Super Ego
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22. IDID
 Present from Birth
 Animalistic and
Childish Desires and
no values
 Operates on Pleasure
Principle, to gain
Pleasure and avoid
pain
 Immediate
Satisfaction
 I Want it and want it
right now
 Exists in Unconscious
mindProf. SVK

23. Super EgoSuper Ego
 Develops from 5 to 6
age
 Opposite of the Id
 Operates on Moral
principle
 Differentiate b/w Good
and Bad
 If we follow it , We feel
proud and if not
,then , We feel guilty
 Exists in
Preconscious Mind
Prof. SVK

24. EgoEgo
 Develops After Birth
 In the middle of Id
And Super Ego
 Organized and
Rational
 Reality Principle
 Responsible for
Dealing with Reality
 Exists in Conscious
Mind
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25. ExampleExample
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26. Erikson’s personalityErikson’s personality
Erikson suggested that there are
8 developmental stages as we
grow from childhood to
adulthood and at each of these
stages we face the trauma of
resolving certain critical
conflicts
Prof. SVK

27.  Stage 1: Infancy ; Trust Vs Mistrust
 Stage 2: Early childhood; Autonomy Vs shame and
doubt
 Stage 3: Play age; Initiative Vs Guilt
 Stage 4: School Age; Industry Vs Inferiority
 Stage 5: Adolescence; Identity Vs Role Diffusion
 Stage6: Early adulthood; Intimacy Vs Isolation
 Stage 7: Adulthood; Generativity Vs Stagnation
 Stage 8:Mature Adulthood; Ego Integrity Vs Despair
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