* HCl is a strong acid and will titrate first
* Its equivalence point was at 35.00 mL of NaOH
* NaOH concentration is 0.100 M
* Moles of NaOH used = Volume x Concentration
= 0.03500 L x 0.100 mol/L = 0.003500 mol
* Moles of HCl = Moles of NaOH used = 0.003500 mol
* H3PO4 is a weak acid and will titrate second
* Its equivalence point was at 50.00 mL of NaOH
* Additional NaOH used = 50.00 mL - 35.00 mL = 15.00 mL
* Moles of additional Na
Volumetric Analysis
Types of titration
Acid- Base Theory
Reaction, End Point & Indicators
Acid- Base titration
Titration curve
Non- Aqueous Titration
Precipitation Titration
Complexometric Titration
Oxidation- Reduction Titration,
Calculation. Errors
General Informations,
Titration is the slow addition of one solution of a known concentration (called a titrant) to a known volume of another solution of unknown concentration until the reaction reaches neutralization, which is often indicated by a color change.
Learning objectives
Introduction
Conditions For Volumetric Analysis
Terms In Volumetric Analysis
Primary Standard
Methods Of Expressing Concentrations In Volumetric Analysis
Types of Titration Methods
Classification Of Titrimetric Or Volumetric Methods
Conclusion
References
Volumetric Analysis
Types of titration
Acid- Base Theory
Reaction, End Point & Indicators
Acid- Base titration
Titration curve
Non- Aqueous Titration
Precipitation Titration
Complexometric Titration
Oxidation- Reduction Titration,
Calculation. Errors
General Informations,
Titration is the slow addition of one solution of a known concentration (called a titrant) to a known volume of another solution of unknown concentration until the reaction reaches neutralization, which is often indicated by a color change.
Learning objectives
Introduction
Conditions For Volumetric Analysis
Terms In Volumetric Analysis
Primary Standard
Methods Of Expressing Concentrations In Volumetric Analysis
Types of Titration Methods
Classification Of Titrimetric Or Volumetric Methods
Conclusion
References
There is no redox chemistry at the membrane; potential is
determined by the relative concentrations of the analyte on each side of
the membrane. By convention, the indicator electrode is considered to
be the cathode in a potentiometric device
My chemistry project: trying to quantify cratinine in a diabetic patients urine using MEKC (mycellular electrokinetic capillary electrophoresis). This was done presenting the progress of my experiment that I designed (down to glassware and procedures) and had to carry out.
Dev Dives: Train smarter, not harder – active learning and UiPath LLMs for do...UiPathCommunity
💥 Speed, accuracy, and scaling – discover the superpowers of GenAI in action with UiPath Document Understanding and Communications Mining™:
See how to accelerate model training and optimize model performance with active learning
Learn about the latest enhancements to out-of-the-box document processing – with little to no training required
Get an exclusive demo of the new family of UiPath LLMs – GenAI models specialized for processing different types of documents and messages
This is a hands-on session specifically designed for automation developers and AI enthusiasts seeking to enhance their knowledge in leveraging the latest intelligent document processing capabilities offered by UiPath.
Speakers:
👨🏫 Andras Palfi, Senior Product Manager, UiPath
👩🏫 Lenka Dulovicova, Product Program Manager, UiPath
Essentials of Automations: The Art of Triggers and Actions in FMESafe Software
In this second installment of our Essentials of Automations webinar series, we’ll explore the landscape of triggers and actions, guiding you through the nuances of authoring and adapting workspaces for seamless automations. Gain an understanding of the full spectrum of triggers and actions available in FME, empowering you to enhance your workspaces for efficient automation.
We’ll kick things off by showcasing the most commonly used event-based triggers, introducing you to various automation workflows like manual triggers, schedules, directory watchers, and more. Plus, see how these elements play out in real scenarios.
Whether you’re tweaking your current setup or building from the ground up, this session will arm you with the tools and insights needed to transform your FME usage into a powerhouse of productivity. Join us to discover effective strategies that simplify complex processes, enhancing your productivity and transforming your data management practices with FME. Let’s turn complexity into clarity and make your workspaces work wonders!
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 4DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 4. In this session, we will cover Test Manager overview along with SAP heatmap.
The UiPath Test Manager overview with SAP heatmap webinar offers a concise yet comprehensive exploration of the role of a Test Manager within SAP environments, coupled with the utilization of heatmaps for effective testing strategies.
Participants will gain insights into the responsibilities, challenges, and best practices associated with test management in SAP projects. Additionally, the webinar delves into the significance of heatmaps as a visual aid for identifying testing priorities, areas of risk, and resource allocation within SAP landscapes. Through this session, attendees can expect to enhance their understanding of test management principles while learning practical approaches to optimize testing processes in SAP environments using heatmap visualization techniques
What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into SAP testing best practices
2. Heatmap utilization for testing
3. Optimization of testing processes
4. Demo
Topics covered:
Execution from the test manager
Orchestrator execution result
Defect reporting
SAP heatmap example with demo
Speaker:
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
Epistemic Interaction - tuning interfaces to provide information for AI supportAlan Dix
Paper presented at SYNERGY workshop at AVI 2024, Genoa, Italy. 3rd June 2024
https://alandix.com/academic/papers/synergy2024-epistemic/
As machine learning integrates deeper into human-computer interactions, the concept of epistemic interaction emerges, aiming to refine these interactions to enhance system adaptability. This approach encourages minor, intentional adjustments in user behaviour to enrich the data available for system learning. This paper introduces epistemic interaction within the context of human-system communication, illustrating how deliberate interaction design can improve system understanding and adaptation. Through concrete examples, we demonstrate the potential of epistemic interaction to significantly advance human-computer interaction by leveraging intuitive human communication strategies to inform system design and functionality, offering a novel pathway for enriching user-system engagements.
Pushing the limits of ePRTC: 100ns holdover for 100 daysAdtran
At WSTS 2024, Alon Stern explored the topic of parametric holdover and explained how recent research findings can be implemented in real-world PNT networks to achieve 100 nanoseconds of accuracy for up to 100 days.
Accelerate your Kubernetes clusters with Varnish CachingThijs Feryn
A presentation about the usage and availability of Varnish on Kubernetes. This talk explores the capabilities of Varnish caching and shows how to use the Varnish Helm chart to deploy it to Kubernetes.
This presentation was delivered at K8SUG Singapore. See https://feryn.eu/presentations/accelerate-your-kubernetes-clusters-with-varnish-caching-k8sug-singapore-28-2024 for more details.
State of ICS and IoT Cyber Threat Landscape Report 2024 previewPrayukth K V
The IoT and OT threat landscape report has been prepared by the Threat Research Team at Sectrio using data from Sectrio, cyber threat intelligence farming facilities spread across over 85 cities around the world. In addition, Sectrio also runs AI-based advanced threat and payload engagement facilities that serve as sinks to attract and engage sophisticated threat actors, and newer malware including new variants and latent threats that are at an earlier stage of development.
The latest edition of the OT/ICS and IoT security Threat Landscape Report 2024 also covers:
State of global ICS asset and network exposure
Sectoral targets and attacks as well as the cost of ransom
Global APT activity, AI usage, actor and tactic profiles, and implications
Rise in volumes of AI-powered cyberattacks
Major cyber events in 2024
Malware and malicious payload trends
Cyberattack types and targets
Vulnerability exploit attempts on CVEs
Attacks on counties – USA
Expansion of bot farms – how, where, and why
In-depth analysis of the cyber threat landscape across North America, South America, Europe, APAC, and the Middle East
Why are attacks on smart factories rising?
Cyber risk predictions
Axis of attacks – Europe
Systemic attacks in the Middle East
Download the full report from here:
https://sectrio.com/resources/ot-threat-landscape-reports/sectrio-releases-ot-ics-and-iot-security-threat-landscape-report-2024/
Securing your Kubernetes cluster_ a step-by-step guide to success !KatiaHIMEUR1
Today, after several years of existence, an extremely active community and an ultra-dynamic ecosystem, Kubernetes has established itself as the de facto standard in container orchestration. Thanks to a wide range of managed services, it has never been so easy to set up a ready-to-use Kubernetes cluster.
However, this ease of use means that the subject of security in Kubernetes is often left for later, or even neglected. This exposes companies to significant risks.
In this talk, I'll show you step-by-step how to secure your Kubernetes cluster for greater peace of mind and reliability.
GraphRAG is All You need? LLM & Knowledge GraphGuy Korland
Guy Korland, CEO and Co-founder of FalkorDB, will review two articles on the integration of language models with knowledge graphs.
1. Unifying Large Language Models and Knowledge Graphs: A Roadmap.
https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.08302
2. Microsoft Research's GraphRAG paper and a review paper on various uses of knowledge graphs:
https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/blog/graphrag-unlocking-llm-discovery-on-narrative-private-data/
Welcome to the first live UiPath Community Day Dubai! Join us for this unique occasion to meet our local and global UiPath Community and leaders. You will get a full view of the MEA region's automation landscape and the AI Powered automation technology capabilities of UiPath. Also, hosted by our local partners Marc Ellis, you will enjoy a half-day packed with industry insights and automation peers networking.
📕 Curious on our agenda? Wait no more!
10:00 Welcome note - UiPath Community in Dubai
Lovely Sinha, UiPath Community Chapter Leader, UiPath MVPx3, Hyper-automation Consultant, First Abu Dhabi Bank
10:20 A UiPath cross-region MEA overview
Ashraf El Zarka, VP and Managing Director MEA, UiPath
10:35: Customer Success Journey
Deepthi Deepak, Head of Intelligent Automation CoE, First Abu Dhabi Bank
11:15 The UiPath approach to GenAI with our three principles: improve accuracy, supercharge productivity, and automate more
Boris Krumrey, Global VP, Automation Innovation, UiPath
12:15 To discover how Marc Ellis leverages tech-driven solutions in recruitment and managed services.
Brendan Lingam, Director of Sales and Business Development, Marc Ellis
Transcript: Selling digital books in 2024: Insights from industry leaders - T...BookNet Canada
The publishing industry has been selling digital audiobooks and ebooks for over a decade and has found its groove. What’s changed? What has stayed the same? Where do we go from here? Join a group of leading sales peers from across the industry for a conversation about the lessons learned since the popularization of digital books, best practices, digital book supply chain management, and more.
Link to video recording: https://bnctechforum.ca/sessions/selling-digital-books-in-2024-insights-from-industry-leaders/
Presented by BookNet Canada on May 28, 2024, with support from the Department of Canadian Heritage.
Leading Change strategies and insights for effective change management pdf 1.pdf
Neutralization titrations
1. Acid Base Titration
Plot of pH vs. Volume of
Titrant (reagent)
Acid - Base Titrations
If know [titrant], Vequiv,
and stoich, you can
determine [analyte]
Use to determine the concentration of analytes (acid/base)
2. Ch. 11. Acid – Base (Neutralization) Titrations
Reagents:
Standard solutions (Known Concentration; one is
usually strong. Why?)
Acid: HCl, H2SO4, HClO4
Bases: Na2CO3, NaOH
11-7. Practical Notes
6. Chapter 11: Acid - Base Titrations
Feasibility of a titration
concentration
reaction completeness (values of K)
choice of indicator or endpt detection
What acid when titrated with NaOH will
give rise to a larger change at the equivalence
point region
a. HCl
b. HAC (Ka = 10-5
)
c. HCN (Ka = 10-10
)
7. Effect of Acid Strength
Larger Ka, stronger the acid, larger the change
8. Effect of Base Strength
Larger Kb, stronger the base,
larger the changeFrom Skoog, West, Holler etal
11. Acid - Base indicators
evaluate end point
weak organic acid or base whose color depends of pH
12.
13.
14.
15. Example Titrations
strong acid - strong base
weak acid - strong base
weak base - strong acid
Questions to ask
What is it?
What reacts?
write reaction
After reaction: what remains?
Identify it: Acid, Base, Buffer…
See helpful suggestions on blackboard
16.
17. Strong Acid - Strong Base
Derive a curve for the titration of 50.00 mL of a 0.0500 M
HCl with 0.100 M NaOH
(1) Initial pH
strong acid - strong base
Four general regions
(2) Before the equivalence point
(3) At the equivalence point
(4) After the equivalence point
18. Strong Acid - Strong Base
Derive a curve for the titration of 50.00 mL of a 0.0500 M
HCl with 0.100 M NaOH
1. Initial pH
What is the pH of 0.050 M HCl ??
pH = -log [H+]
pH = -log [0.050] = 1.30
19. Strong Acid - Strong Base
Derive a curve for the titration of 50.00 mL of a 0.0500 M
HCl with 0.100 M NaOH
2. Before the equivalence point
add 10.00 mL of NaOH (0.100 M)
What happens
Acid reacts with base
pH determined by how much remains
Write the Reaction!!!
20. Strong Acid - Strong Base
add 10.00 mL of NaOH (0.100 M)
base reacts with acid
OH- + H+
H2O
int. mmol
amt reacts
What’s left
Derive a curve for the titration of 50.0 mL
of a 0.050 M HCl with 0.10 M NaOH
1.0 2.5
-1.0 -1.0
0 1.5
What is concentration?
[H+] = 1.5 mmol/60.0 mL
pH = 1.6
21. Strong Acid - Strong Base
Derive a curve for the titration of 50.00 mL of a 0.0500 M
HCl with 0.100 M NaOH
Region 3
3. At the equiv. point (add 25.00 mL of NaOH)
Questions: what reacts
what is left
OH- + H+
H2O
int. mmol
amt reacts
What is left
after rxn: just water
pH = 7.00
2.52.5
-2.5-2.5
0 0
22. Strong Acid - Strong Base
Derive a curve for the titration of 50.00 mL of a 0.0500 M
HCl with 0.100 M NaOH
Region 4
4. After the equiv. point (add 25.10 mL of NaOH)
OH- + H+
H2O
int. mmol
amt reacts
What’s left
Calculate concentration
[OH-] = 0.010 mmol / 75.10 mL
2.510 2.500
-2.500-2.500
0.010 0
pOH = 3.88; pH = 10.12
25. Weak Acid - Strong Base
Derive a curve for the titration of 50.00 mL of a 0.100M
HAc with 0.100 M NaOH. Ka = 1.75 x 10-5
weak acid - strong base
four regions
1. Initial pH
present: weak acid
calculate the pH of 0.100 M HAc
HAc + H2O = H3O+
+ Ac-
[H3O+] = (1.75 x 10-5
x 0.100)1/2
pH = 2.88
26. Weak Acid - Strong Base
Derive a curve for the titration of 50.00 mL of a 0.100 M
HAc with 0.100 M NaOH. Ka = 1.75 x 10-5
2. After initial addition of OH-
(10.00 mL)
base reacts with acid
what do you have after rxn?
OH- + HAc Ac- + H2O
int. mmol
reacts
What’s left
Buffer!
pH = pKa + log [B]/[A]
pH = pKa + log [1.00/4.00]
1.00 5.00
0.00
-1.00 -1.00
4.00
1.00
1.00
after reaction: HAc, Ac-
pH = 4.15
27. Weak Acid - Strong Base
OH-
+ HAc Ac-
+ H2O
int. mmol
reacts
What’s left
Region 3
At equiv. point ( add 50.00 mL of OH-)
equal moles of acid and base
base reacts with acid
what do you have after rxn?
5.00 5.00
-5.00 -5.00 5.00
0.000.00 5.00
after rxn: [Ac-] = 5.00 mmol/100.0 mL
What is it ??
A. Acid
B. Base
C. Buffer
28. Calculate the pH of a 0.0500 M Ac-
Ac- + H2O = OH- + HAc
Kb = Kw/Ka = 5.56 x 10-10
[OH] = (5.56 x 10-10
* 0.050)1/2
pH = 8.72
29. Weak Acid - Strong Base
4) After initial addition excess OH-
(60.00 mL)
base reacts with acid
what do you have after rxn
OH-
+ HAc Ac-
+ H2O
int. mmol
reacts
5.00
-5.00 -5.00
0.00
5.00
1.00
6.00
after
5.00
after rxn: excess OH- and Ac-
What are they
A. Acids
B. Bases
C. Acid and a Base
32. Titration of a Weak Base with a Strong Acid
(see text for details)
33. Problem to work:
Calculate the pH of a solution prepared by mixing 10.00 mL
of 0.1200 M NaOH with 20.00 mL of 0.1100 M Acetic Acid.
The Ka for acetic acid is 1.75 x 10-5
.
39. clicker questions
Calculate the pH at the first equivalence point for the titration of
25.00 mL of 0.100 M Na2CO3 with 0.100 M HCl.
Ka1 = 4.45 x 10-7
; Ka2 = 4.69 x 10-11
Calculate the pH of a solution prepared by mixing 25.00 mL
of 0.100 M Na2CO3 with 30.0 mL of 0.100 M HCl.
45. Mixtures of acids and bases:
2. If you have two strong acids or two weak
acids with approximately the same Ka, you
will only see one equivalence point
1. If one acid is strong and the other weak (Ka < 10-5
),
it should be possible to titrate each separately.
Stronger acid will titrate first and will possibly
give a pH break at its equivalence point.
titration of the weaker acid will follow and give a
pH break at its equiv. point
Examples of Mixtures
HCl/HAc, H2SO4, HCl/H3PO4
46. Clicker questions
1. How many endpoints would be observed in
the titration of a mixture of HCl and Acetic Acid
(Ka = 10-5
)
a. 0
b. 1
c. 2
d. 3
1. How many endpoints would be observed in
the titration of H2SO4 (Ka = very large; Ka2 = 10-1
)
a. 0
b. 1
c. 2
d. 3
47. A mixture of hydrochloric acid and phosphoric acid
is titrated with 0.100 M sodium hydroxide. The first
endpoint required 35.00 mL of NaOH and the second
required 50.00 mL. Calculate the mmoles of each acid.
Example: