1. The document discusses Brønsted-Lowry acids and bases, including strong and weak acids and bases. Strong acids and bases completely dissociate in water, while weak ones only partially dissociate.
2. Examples of calculations involving titration reactions are shown, including determining the pH and volume of base needed to neutralize an acid. The autoionization of water and acid/conjugate base pairs are also covered.
3. Buffers are discussed as mixtures of a weak acid and its conjugate base that resist changes to pH when acids or bases are added. The pH of a buffer solution is close to the pKa of the acid/base pair.
Acids bases and buffers
Pharmaceutical Inorganic Chemistry
Unit 2, Chapter 1
Arrhenius, Bronsted-Lowry and Lewis Concepts of Acids and bases,
Concept of pH, pOH, pKa, pKb
Concept of buffers, buffer solutions, buffer action, and buffer capacity,
Buffer equation
Buffers in pharmaceuticals
Buffered isotonic solutions
Measurement and adjustment of tonicity
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Acids bases and buffers
Pharmaceutical Inorganic Chemistry
Unit 2, Chapter 1
Arrhenius, Bronsted-Lowry and Lewis Concepts of Acids and bases,
Concept of pH, pOH, pKa, pKb
Concept of buffers, buffer solutions, buffer action, and buffer capacity,
Buffer equation
Buffers in pharmaceuticals
Buffered isotonic solutions
Measurement and adjustment of tonicity
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
2. Brønsted-Lowry Acids
• An acid is a proton (H+) donor
• Strong acids totally dissociate in water
– hydrochloric acid HCl 12 M
– nitric acid HNO3 16 M
– sulfuric acid H2SO4 18 M
• Weak acids partially dissociate in water
– HA ⇆ H+ + A–
– pKa measures the strength of the weak acid, pH at
which HA = A–, or half of the H+ comes off.
– acetic acid HC2H3O2 pKa = 4.75
– carbonic acid H2CO3 pKa= 6.37
strong
weak
(aq)
H
(aq)
HSO
(aq)
SO
H 4
4
2
3. Brønsted-Lowry Acids (proton donors)
Strong Acids: completely dissociate
HCl → H+ + Cl-
Weak Acids: only partially dissociate
• HA ⇆ H+ + A- Ka = [products]/[reactants] = [H+][A-]/[HA]
• Identifying (page 654 15-2 and 657 15-3 of Chang)
• What do structures of the weak acids above have in common?
• pH scale: -log [H+] elementary texts will say limit is 0-14, but this is not true:
for example: strong acid HCl at 10 M, pH = -1
4. Brønsted-Lowry Bases
• A base is a proton (H+) acceptor
• Strong bases totally dissociate in water
– sodium hydroxide NaOH
– barium hydroxide Ba(OH)2
– potassium hydroxide KOH
• Weak bases do not totally dissociate
– sodium carbonate Na2CO3
– ammonium hydroxide NH4OH
– water HOH
weak
strong
5. Neutralization Reactions
Acid + Base Salt + Water + heat
HCl (aq) + NaOH (aq) NaCl (aq) + H2O (l) + heat
–Base in burette is added to acid in flask
until the moles of base added is equal
to the moles of acid, this is called the
equivalence point
–moles acid = moles base: MaVa = MbVb
–In practice, an indicator is used to
monitor pH, when indicator changes
color, the end point of titration is
reached, the volume of base added is
measured and the assumption is that
you are very close to equivalence point
Titration Reaction: often used to calculate M of either acid or base
Figures from:
http://www.csudh.edu/oliver/demos/carbnate/carbnate.htm
6. • Calculate the volume of 0.1500 M NaOH base
needed to neutralize 25.00 mL of 0.3000 M HCl
• When the base neutralizes the acid, there is an
equivalent number of moles of acid and base
– Moles acid = Moles base
– MaVa = MbVb
– 0.3000 moles/L x 0.3000 L = 0.1500 moles/L x Vb
– Vb =
Example of Titration Reaction I
7. • Calculate the volume of 0.1500 M NaOH base
needed to neutralize 25.00 mL of 0.3000 M HCl
• When the base neutralizes the acid, there is an
equivalent number of moles of acid and base
– Moles acid = Moles base
– MaVa = MbVb
– 0.3000 moles/L x 0.3000 L = 0.1500 moles/L x Vb
– Vb =
Example of Titration Reaction I
–0.05000 L base or 50.00 mL
8. • Calculate the pH at the start (25.00 mL of 0.3000 M HCl)
and the end (after 50.00 mL of base added)
• Calculation of pH
– START pH = -log [H+]= -log [0.3000] =
– END pH = 7 at equivalence point for a strong acid-strong base titration.
• If you used phenolphthalein as indicator, would you have
reached the endpoint?
– (endpoint: a color change in indicator)
– NO, PPN changes from clear to pink at pH 8.0
Example of Titration Reaction II
9. • Calculate the pH at the start (25.00 mL of 0.3000 M HCl)
and the end (after 50.00 mL of base added)
• Calculation of pH
– START pH = -log [H+]= -log [0.3000] =
– END pH = 7 at equivalence point for a strong acid-strong base titration.
• If you used phenolphthalein as indicator, would you have
reached the endpoint?
– (endpoint: a color change in indicator)
– NO, PPN changes from clear to pink at pH 8.0
Example of Titration Reaction II
0.5229
10. Autoionization of Water
• H2O ⇆ H+ + OH-
K = [H+][OH-]/[H2O] but concentration of [H2O] is so HIGH
•
• Autoionization is just a drop in the bucket, so [H2O] stays ≈ constant at 55.5 M
• K x 55.5 = Kw
• Kw = [H+][OH-] = 1 x 10-14
• Take [– log] of right and left hand sides of equation:
• -log [H+][OH-] = - log [1 x 10-14]
• Right hand side = (– log 1) + (– log 10-14) = 14
• Left hand side (– log H+) + (– log OH-) = pH + pOH
• pH + pOH = 14
• This is always true, you can always get the concentration of H+ or OH- by knowing just one, and using
the equation above.
• pH = 1 pOH ____ OH-____
• pH = 5 pOH ____ OH- ____
• pH = 7 pOH ____ OH- ____
•
• So, at pH = 7, H+ = OH- = 10-7 solution is neutral
11. Example of Titration Reaction III
• In previous example, calculate the pH of the solution if you added
0.50 mL too much base
• At equivalence, you have 75.00 mL of salt solution (25.00mL +
50.00 mL) at pH 7.0
• The problem now becomes a dilution where you must first find
out the molarity of base in the beaker, and then pOH, and then
pH
– First find the Molarity of Base in Beaker
• M1V1 = M2V2
• (0.1500 M x 0.50 mL) = (M2 x 75.50 mL) =
• 1.000 x 10-3 M NaOH
– Then find the pOH
• pOH = -log[OH-] = 3.000
– Finally find the pH
• pH = 14 – pOH =
• 11
12. Acid/Conjugate Base Pairs
• Table I
• Common Name Chemical Name Type Acid/ Conj. Base Ka pKa
• Stomach Acid HCl S HCl/Cl- ∞
•
• Aspirin acetylsalicylic acid W C9H8O4/ C9H7O4
-1 3.0 x 10-4
•
• Lemon juice citric acid W C6H8O7/ C6H7O7
-1 7.1 x 10-4
•
• Vinegar acetic acid W C2H4O2/ C2H3O2
-1 1.8 x 10-5
•
• Vitamin C ascorbic acid W C6H8O6/ C6H7O6
-1 8.0 x 10-5
•
• Baking Soda sodium bicarbonate W HCO3
-/CO3
-2 5.0 x 10-7
13. Buffers resist changes of pH
• pKa = -log Ka
• So, if you know the Ka, the acid dissociation constant, you can
calculate a pKa. Go back to Table I and fill in the pKa of the various
acids, what do you notice about how the strength varies with the pKa?
Now hold on for something even better: HA ⇆ H+ + A-
Ka = [H+][A-]/[HA]
-log Ka = -log {[H+][A-]/[HA]}
pKa = -log[H+] + {-log[A-]/[HA]}
pKa = pH – log ([A-]/[HA])
14. Buffers
pKa = pH – log ([A-]/[HA])
• What happens when [A-]/[HA] = 1
__________________________________________________________
• If you have a mixture of a weak acid HA and its conjugate base A-,
approx equal concentrations, and at a pH close to the pKa, then you
have a situation where even if you add a strong acid directly to the
solution, the pH won’t change much because the HA/A- ratio will
adjust itself and stay close to 1. This is called a BUFFERED solution
• A buffered solution is one which
_________________________________________________
