Applications of Redox Titrations - Reon Sylvester
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Redox titrations are used for a variety of applications in organic and inorganic analysis. Some examples include determining chemical oxygen demand to manage industrial wastewaters, determining water content in non-aqueous solvents using Karl Fischer titration, and measuring dissolved oxygen levels through Winkler's method. Iodometric and iodimetric titrations can be used to indirectly or directly determine oxidizing or reducing agents by exploiting the redox reaction between iodine and the analyte. Chlorination of public water supplies is also monitored through an indirect iodometric titration to measure total chlorine residual levels.
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Gravimetric analysis- Pharmaceutical Analysis
It is a type of quantitative analysis that involves weighing of the constituent under determination.
Or
It is the process of isolating and weighing an element or compound in a pure form.
Or
Gravimetric methods of analysis are based on the measurement of mass.
Electrogravimetry, we deposit the analyte as a solid film an electrode in an electrochemical cell.
Ex: The deposition as PbO2 at a Pt anode and reduction of Cu2+ to Cu at a Pt cathode is of electrogravimetry.
When thermal or chemical energy is used to remove a volatile species, such method called as Volatilization gravimetry.
Ex: In determining the moisture content of bread, for example, we use thermal energy to vaporize the water in the sample.
Particulate gravimetry we determine the analyte by separating it from the sample’s matrix using a filtration or an extraction. The determination of total suspended solids is one example of particulate gravimetry.
A gravimetric precipitating agent should react specifically, and selectively with the analyte. The ideal precipitating reagent would react with the analyte to give a product that is
Readily filtered and washed free of contaminants
Low solubility so that no significant loss of the solid occurs during filtration and washing
Un-reactive with constituents of the atmosphere
Should not alter the composition after it is dried or, if necessary, ignited.
Diazotisation and coupling reaction
1. Diazotization is a reaction where an aryl amine like aniline reacts with nitrous acid to form an unstable diazonium ion intermediate.
2. Coupling reactions involve this diazonium ion reacting with compounds containing activating groups like phenol or aniline to form an azo product by joining the two aryl groups.
3. The coupling reaction is an electrophilic aromatic substitution that proceeds through a two-step mechanism where the diazonium ion attacks the aromatic ring in the first slow step.
Iodometry & Iodimetry
Iodometry and iodimetry are indirect titration methods that use iodine. In iodometry, an oxidizing agent reacts with excess potassium iodide to liberate iodine, which is then titrated against a standard reducing agent like thiosulphate. Iodimetry directly titrates a reducing analyte against a standard iodine solution. Starch indicator turns blue or violet in the presence of iodine but is colorless when all iodine reacts at the endpoint of the titration. These methods are used to determine the concentration of various chemicals like vitamin C and thiosulphate.
Non Aqueous Titration
Non-aqueous titration has several advantages over aqueous titration including enabling the titration of organic acids and bases that are insoluble in water. Key types of non-aqueous solvents used in titration include aprotic, protogenic, protophillic, and amphiprotic solvents. Common indicators used in non-aqueous titration include crystal violet and oracet blue B. Example applications of non-aqueous titration include determination of active ingredients in pharmaceutical preparations like ephedrine and codeine. Proper preparation and standardization of titrants such as perchloric acid in acetic acid or potassium methoxide in toluene-methanol is important for accurate non-aqueous tit
Redox titrations in pharmaceutical analysis
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Non aqueous titrations
This document discusses non-aqueous titrations, including the types of solvents used, endpoint detection methods, and applications. It covers protogenic solvents like acetic acid that can act as both acids and bases, protophilic solvents with high proton affinity, and aprotic solvents like benzene that are inert. Common indicators and titrants used include crystal violet, perchloric acid, and sodium acetate. The document provides examples of using non-aqueous titrations to assay substances like sodium acetate and norfloxacin tablets that are insoluble or reactive in water.
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Precipitation Titration
This document discusses precipitation titration, which involves the formation of an insoluble precipitate during titration. It describes the Mohr, Volhard, and Fajans methods for detecting the endpoint of precipitation titrations using different indicators like chromate, iron, and fluorescein. The Volhard method, which detects the endpoint potentiometrically by titrating excess silver with thiocyanate, is highlighted as being widely used. Limitations and ways to overcome problems of precipitation titration are also outlined.
Recommended
Gravimetric analysis- Pharmaceutical Analysis
It is a type of quantitative analysis that involves weighing of the constituent under determination.
Or
It is the process of isolating and weighing an element or compound in a pure form.
Or
Gravimetric methods of analysis are based on the measurement of mass.
Electrogravimetry, we deposit the analyte as a solid film an electrode in an electrochemical cell.
Ex: The deposition as PbO2 at a Pt anode and reduction of Cu2+ to Cu at a Pt cathode is of electrogravimetry.
When thermal or chemical energy is used to remove a volatile species, such method called as Volatilization gravimetry.
Ex: In determining the moisture content of bread, for example, we use thermal energy to vaporize the water in the sample.
Particulate gravimetry we determine the analyte by separating it from the sample’s matrix using a filtration or an extraction. The determination of total suspended solids is one example of particulate gravimetry.
A gravimetric precipitating agent should react specifically, and selectively with the analyte. The ideal precipitating reagent would react with the analyte to give a product that is
Readily filtered and washed free of contaminants
Low solubility so that no significant loss of the solid occurs during filtration and washing
Un-reactive with constituents of the atmosphere
Should not alter the composition after it is dried or, if necessary, ignited.
Diazotisation and coupling reaction
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2. Coupling reactions involve this diazonium ion reacting with compounds containing activating groups like phenol or aniline to form an azo product by joining the two aryl groups.
3. The coupling reaction is an electrophilic aromatic substitution that proceeds through a two-step mechanism where the diazonium ion attacks the aromatic ring in the first slow step.
Iodometry & Iodimetry
Iodometry and iodimetry are indirect titration methods that use iodine. In iodometry, an oxidizing agent reacts with excess potassium iodide to liberate iodine, which is then titrated against a standard reducing agent like thiosulphate. Iodimetry directly titrates a reducing analyte against a standard iodine solution. Starch indicator turns blue or violet in the presence of iodine but is colorless when all iodine reacts at the endpoint of the titration. These methods are used to determine the concentration of various chemicals like vitamin C and thiosulphate.
Non Aqueous Titration
Non-aqueous titration has several advantages over aqueous titration including enabling the titration of organic acids and bases that are insoluble in water. Key types of non-aqueous solvents used in titration include aprotic, protogenic, protophillic, and amphiprotic solvents. Common indicators used in non-aqueous titration include crystal violet and oracet blue B. Example applications of non-aqueous titration include determination of active ingredients in pharmaceutical preparations like ephedrine and codeine. Proper preparation and standardization of titrants such as perchloric acid in acetic acid or potassium methoxide in toluene-methanol is important for accurate non-aqueous tit
Redox titrations in pharmaceutical analysis
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4. redox titrations
Learning objectives
Introduction
Preparation of a standard solution used for redox titration
Oxidizing and reducing agents used in volumetric analysis
N/10 potassium permanganate preparation
N/10 potassium dichromate preparation
N/10 Iodine solution preparation
Examples of redox titrations
Conclusion
References
B.O.D.
The document discusses biological oxygen demand (BOD), which measures the amount of dissolved oxygen needed by aerobic biological organisms in water to break down organic material. BOD is determined by measuring the dissolved oxygen in a water sample before and after 5-day incubation, and it provides an index of how polluted water is with organic waste. A higher BOD indicates more organic waste is present. The document outlines the detailed procedure for measuring BOD using a modified Winkler method and explains BOD is useful for assessing pollution levels, waste treatment efficiency, and water quality.
synthetic reagents and applications
This presentation is briefly discussed about the synthesis with mechanism of some synthetic reagents and their applications
Hydrogen
Hydrogen, the most abundant element in the universe and the third most abundant on the surface of the globe.
All you have to know about this inflammable gas.
Chemical oxygen demand
This document discusses chemical oxygen demand (COD) testing. COD testing measures the amount of organic matter in water by determining the oxygen required to chemically oxidize the matter. Potassium dichromate is commonly used as the strong oxidizing agent. The COD test procedure involves refluxing a water sample with dichromate and sulfuric acid, then titrating the remaining dichromate with ferrous ammonium sulfate to determine the COD level in mg/L. COD testing provides faster results than biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) testing and oxidizes a wider range of compounds, though the results do not directly correlate to 5-day BOD levels.
Presentationleadchromate2003new
This document describes the precipitation of lead chromate from an aqueous solution. Lead(II) ions and chromate ions react to form an insoluble yellow lead chromate precipitate and aqueous potassium nitrate. Lead chromate is commonly known as chrome yellow and has been used as a pigment since the 1800s, though it is toxic. The document provides the net ionic equation for the precipitation reaction and discusses experimental procedures for analyzing precipitates.
Total Nitrogen Determination - Traditional and Modern Methods
This slideshow contains a short overview of importance of total nitrogen determination, traditional Kjeldahl method, its improvements and Dumas method of total nitrogen determination.
Similar to Applications of Redox Titrations - Reon Sylvester (20)
Routine analysis of wastewaters quality parameters
Routine analysis of wastewaters quality parameters
Selected synthetic methods in pharmaceutical chemistry.pptx
Selected synthetic methods in pharmaceutical chemistry.pptx
chemical oxygen demand -analysis using APHA manual
chemical oxygen demand -analysis using APHA manual
Total Nitrogen Determination - Traditional and Modern Methods
Total Nitrogen Determination - Traditional and Modern Methods
More from Bebeto G
Hashimotos thyroiditis
Hashimoto's thyroiditis is an autoimmune disorder that attacks the thyroid gland, causing inflammation and an underactive thyroid, resulting in hypothyroidism. It primarily affects middle-aged women and its main symptom is swelling of the throat. Other symptoms include fatigue, dry skin, constipation, muscle aches, and enlarged tongue. If left untreated, it can lead to complications like heart problems, decreased libido, birth defects, and myxedema.
Green synthesis of silver nps and appli
This paper discusses the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Helichrysum graveolens for biomedical applications and wastewater treatment. Silver nanoparticles were synthesized using an aqueous extract of the plant. The nanoparticles were characterized using UV-Vis spectroscopy, FTIR, and TEM. The UV-Vis analysis showed a peak absorption at 439 nm. FTIR identified potential molecules responsible for nanoparticle synthesis. TEM images showed the nanoparticles were spherical with a mean diameter of 11 nm. The silver nanoparticles demonstrated antimicrobial properties against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. They also showed anticancer activity against colon cancer cells and potential for photodegrading pollutants in wastewater treatment.
Bebeto tollens' reagent
Tollens' reagent is used to detect the presence of aldehydes and alpha-hydroxy ketones. It contains silver ions coordinated with ammonia to form a colorless, oxidizing solution. When reacted with an aldehyde or alpha-hydroxy ketone, the reagent is reduced to metallic silver, producing a silver mirror coating. Tollens' reagent has applications in qualitative organic analysis, staining techniques like the Fontana-Masson stain, and producing silver mirror coatings on glassware and telescope mirrors.
Climate change and its effect on people
Climate change affects people and nature in several ways. For people, it can impact health by increasing respiratory diseases from fossil fuel pollution and mental health issues from warmer temperatures. It also threatens homes as rising sea levels due to melting glaciers have already increased ocean levels by 7-8 inches since 1900. Additionally, higher carbon dioxide levels affect the body's nutrition. For nature, climate change can cause displacement and migration, irreversible changes to systems, ozone depletion, more extreme weather, spreading infections, biodiversity loss, and climate generification.
Theories of Reaction Rate - Ashika G
1) Collision theory states that reactions only occur when reactant molecules collide with sufficient kinetic energy to overcome the activation energy barrier. Only a small fraction of collisions result in reaction due to the requirement of proper orientation.
2) Transition state theory proposes that reactions proceed via an unstable intermediate transition state complex. The rate of reaction depends on the concentration of this transition state and its vibration frequency as it converts to products.
3) Both theories aim to explain reaction rates but collision theory applies to gas phase reactions while transition state theory can be used to determine rates of elementary reactions through various states.
Structure of Crystal Lattice - K Adithi Prabhu
The document discusses the structure of crystal lattices. It begins by defining a crystal as a solid whose constituents are arranged in a highly ordered microscopic structure called a crystal lattice. There are seven basic crystal systems based on symmetry elements. The document then discusses various types of unit cells including primitive and centered unit cells. It describes the 14 Bravais lattices and provides examples of body centered cubic, face centered cubic, and end centered cubic lattices. Finally, it summarizes the structures of sodium chloride and calcium fluoride crystals including their chemical formulas and coordination numbers.
Silicates - Sheetal Sequeira
This document discusses the different types of silicates. Silicates are minerals composed of silicon and oxygen. They are classified based on their structure into ortho, pyro, chain, cyclic, sheet, and three-dimensional silicates. Ortho silicates contain discrete SiO4 units, pyro silicates contain (Si2O7)6- disilicate units, and chain silicates contain linear chains of linked (SiO3)n units. Sheet silicates form two-dimensional sheets of linked (Si2O5)n units and three-dimensional silicates form extensive 3D networks of linked (SiO2)n units. Examples of different silicate types are provided
Organic Acid and Bases - Swathi S Rao
- An organic acid is an organic compound that contains a carboxyl group (-COOH) which gives it acidic properties. The strength of an organic acid depends on the stability of its conjugate base.
- Organic bases usually contain nitrogen atoms that can accept protons. Common organic bases include amines, which have a lone pair of electrons on the nitrogen that can accept protons.
- Acid strength is determined by the amount of hydronium (H3O+) ions produced when the acid dissociates in water. Base strength is determined by the amount of hydroxide (OH-) ions produced upon dissolution in water. Factors like bond strength, stability of the conjugate base, and inductive effects influence
Methods of Determining Reaction Mechanisms - Andria D'Souza
This document discusses various methods used to determine reaction mechanisms, including isotopic labeling techniques, stereochemical evidence, crossover experiments, identification of products, and identification of reaction intermediates. Isotopic labeling involves replacing atoms with isotopes like deuterium or carbon-13 to follow the reaction path. Stereochemical evidence from chiral reactants and products can indicate SN1 or SN2 mechanisms. Crossover experiments use non-identical reactants to study intramolecular vs intermolecular rearrangements. Identification of products and intermediates through spectroscopy, isolation, or trapping with reagents provides clues about reaction steps.
Polysaccharides - Rakshitha Salyan
Polysaccharides are carbohydrates that break down into large numbers of monosaccharide units upon hydrolysis. Examples include starch, which breaks into glucose units, and cellulose, which breaks into glucose units. Starch is found stored in plant tissues and is composed of amylose and amylopectin. Starch granules swell in hot water to form a paste or gel. Cellulose provides structure to plant cells and is insoluble in water. It is the most abundant organic polymer on Earth. Glycogen functions similarly to starch in animals by storing glucose in cells.
VSEPR Theory and VBT - Reecha Sonia
This 3 sentence document provides the name, registration number, and course of study for Reecha Sonia Dsouza, a student pursuing her 1st MSC in analytical chemistry. It concludes with a brief thank you statement.
Optical Isomerism- Reema
1. Stereoisomers differ in how atoms or groups of atoms are oriented in space, even if they have the same molecular formula and bonding. There are two types: conformational isomers, which rapidly interconvert, and configurational isomers, which do not.
2. Enantiomers are non-superimposable mirror images of each other and are examples of configurational isomers. A mixture of equal parts of both enantiomers is called a racemic mixture.
3. Chiral molecules have asymmetric carbon atoms bonded to four different groups and can exist as enantiomers. Common methods to represent chiral molecules include wedge diagrams, Fischer projections, and Newman projections.
Carbenes - Mithali
The document discusses the benefits of meditation for reducing stress and anxiety. Regular meditation practice can help calm the mind and body by lowering heart rate and blood pressure. Making meditation a part of a daily routine, even if just 10-15 minutes per day, can offer significant health benefits over time such as improved focus, better sleep, and a more positive outlook.
Polymers and its Classifications - Joan Alvares
Polymers are large molecules formed from repetitive monomeric units. There are several types of polymers including natural polymers like DNA, homopolymers made of a single monomer, and copolymers made of two or more different monomers. Polymers can also be classified as thermoplastics, thermosets, and long chain polymers based on their properties. Some key uses of polymers include applications in medicine like implants, consumer products like plastic containers, and industrial uses like automobile parts and pipes.
Super Acids - Mureal
This document discusses superacids and provides examples of some strong superacids. It defines superacids as acids that are stronger than 100% sulfuric acid based on the Hammett acidity function. Some examples of superacids mentioned include fluorosulfuric acid with an H0 of -15.1, carboranes with H0 below -18, and fluoroantimonic acid with H0 between -21 and -23. Magic acid, which is a 1:1 mixture of fluorosulfuric acid and antimony pentafluoride, has the highest acidity of the examples discussed with an H0 of -19.2. Superacids find applications as catalysts in pet
Kinetics of Polymerization Reaction - Sandesh D
This document discusses the kinetics of polymerization reactions. It was written by Sandesh D Shetty with registration number 199328 for the 1st MSC Analytical Chemistry class and division. The author thanks the reader.
Karl Fischer Titration - Mayur
Karl Fischer titration is a technique used to determine the water content in a sample. It works based on a reaction between water, sulfur dioxide, iodine, and an alcohol solvent. The endpoint is detected electrometrically. Some advantages are its high accuracy, ability to measure small amounts of water, and suitability for automation. It has a variety of applications in industries like plastics, pharmaceuticals, chemicals and more.
Intermolecular Forces in Hydrogen Bonding - Pooja N
This document discusses intermolecular forces, specifically hydrogen bonding. It defines hydrogen bonding as a strong dipole-dipole interaction that occurs between a hydrogen atom bonded to an electronegative atom like oxygen, nitrogen, or fluorine. Examples of hydrogen bonding include water, hydrogen fluoride, alcohols, and carboxylic acids. Hydrogen bonding increases boiling points and melting points by bringing molecules closer together. It also increases the solubility of compounds like alcohols and glucose in water. The strength of hydrogen bonding depends on factors like the electronegativity of the bonded atom.
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Methods of Determining Reaction Mechanisms - Andria D'Souza
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Plant breeding for disease resistance is a strategy to reduce crop losses caused by disease. Plants have an innate immune system that allows them to recognize pathogens and provide resistance. However, breeding for long-lasting resistance often involves combining multiple resistance genes
The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defects
Assuming spherical symmetry and weak field, it is shown that if one solves the Poisson equation or the Einstein field
equations sourced by a topological defect, i.e. a singularity of a very specific form, the result is a localized gravitational
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ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptx
With increasing population, people need to rely on packaged food stuffs. Packaging of food materials requires the preservation of food. There are various methods for the treatment of food to preserve them and irradiation treatment of food is one of them. It is the most common and the most harmless method for the food preservation as it does not alter the necessary micronutrients of food materials. Although irradiated food doesn’t cause any harm to the human health but still the quality assessment of food is required to provide consumers with necessary information about the food. ESR spectroscopy is the most sophisticated way to investigate the quality of the food and the free radicals induced during the processing of the food. ESR spin trapping technique is useful for the detection of highly unstable radicals in the food. The antioxidant capability of liquid food and beverages in mainly performed by spin trapping technique.
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Micronuclei test.M.sc.zoology.fisheries.
Current Ms word generated power point presentation covers major details about the micronuclei test. It's significance and assays to conduct it. It is used to detect the micronuclei formation inside the cells of nearly every multicellular organism. It's formation takes place during chromosomal sepration at metaphase.
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hematic appreciation test is a psychological assessment tool used to measure an individual's appreciation and understanding of specific themes or topics. This test helps to evaluate an individual's ability to connect different ideas and concepts within a given theme, as well as their overall comprehension and interpretation skills. The results of the test can provide valuable insights into an individual's cognitive abilities, creativity, and critical thinking skillsThe debris of the ‘last major merger’ is dynamically young
The Milky Way’s (MW) inner stellar halo contains an [Fe/H]-rich component with highly eccentric orbits, often referred to as the
‘last major merger.’ Hypotheses for the origin of this component include Gaia-Sausage/Enceladus (GSE), where the progenitor
collided with the MW proto-disc 8–11 Gyr ago, and the Virgo Radial Merger (VRM), where the progenitor collided with the
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because the morphology of debris depends on how long it has had to phase mix. The recently identified phase-space folds in Gaia
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We also compare the observed phase-space distribution to FIRE-2 Latte simulations of GSE-like mergers, using a quantitative
measurement of phase mixing (2D causticality). The observed local phase-space distribution best matches the simulated data
1–2 Gyr after collision, and certainly not later than 3 Gyr. This is further evidence that the progenitor of the ‘last major merger’
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Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
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The pygmy halfbeak Dermogenys colletei, is known for its viviparous nature, this presents an intriguing case of relatively low fecundity, raising questions about potential compensatory reproductive strategies employed by this species. Our study delves into the examination of fecundity and the Gonadosomatic Index (GSI) in the Pygmy Halfbeak, D. colletei (Meisner, 2001), an intriguing viviparous fish indigenous to Sarawak, Borneo. We hypothesize that the Pygmy halfbeak, D. colletei, may exhibit unique reproductive adaptations to offset its low fecundity, thus enhancing its survival and fitness. To address this, we conducted a comprehensive study utilizing 28 mature female specimens of D. colletei, carefully measuring fecundity and GSI to shed light on the reproductive adaptations of this species. Our findings reveal that D. colletei indeed exhibits low fecundity, with a mean of 16.76 ± 2.01, and a mean GSI of 12.83 ± 1.27, providing crucial insights into the reproductive mechanisms at play in this species. These results underscore the existence of unique reproductive strategies in D. colletei, enabling its adaptation and persistence in Borneo's diverse aquatic ecosystems, and call for further ecological research to elucidate these mechanisms. This study lends to a better understanding of viviparous fish in Borneo and contributes to the broader field of aquatic ecology, enhancing our knowledge of species adaptations to unique ecological challenges.
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genomics, an increasing number of crop genomes have been sequenced and dozens of genes influencing key agronomic traits have been identified. However, current genome sequence information has not been adequately exploited for understanding
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high-throughput phenotyping has become the major bottleneck restricting crop breeding. Plant phenomics has been defined as the high-throughput, accurate acquisition and analysis of multi-dimensional phenotypes
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Applications of Redox Titrations - Reon Sylvester
- 1. APPLICATIONS OF REDOX TITRATIONS REON SYLVESTER D CUNHA Reg no: 199326
- 2. INTRODUCTION • Redox titration is a titration in which the reaction between analyte and the titrant is an oxidation/Reduction reaction..
- 3. APPLICATIONS IN ORGANIC ANALYSIS • Determination of COD in natural wastewaters. • COD(Chemical Oxidation Demand) is the quantity of oxygen necessary to oxidize all the organic matter in a sample to CO2 to H2O. • Important in managing industrial wastewaters.
- 4. PROCEDURE Sample is refluxed in excess of K2Cr2O7 , acidified with H 2 SO 4 and Ag 2SO 4 is added as a catalyst . HgSO 4 is added to prevent precipitation of Ag catalyst as AgCl. After refluxing for 2 hours, Solution is cooled to a room temperature and excess Cr 2O7 2- is determined by back titration with FAS as titrant and ferroin as the indicator. Blank titration is also performed . By knowing the difference in amount of potassium dichromate used, amount of oxygen consumed can be calculated.
- 6. APPLICATIONS IN INORGANIC ANALYSIS Determination of water in Non aqueous solvents • Karl Fischer reagent is used as a titrant . • Karl Fischer reagent is a mixture of Iodine , sulphur dioxide, Pyridine and Methanol. • Iodine and SO 2 are basic components. • Pyridine forms complex with I 2 and SO 2. It stabilises the stoichiometry and shifts the reaction to further right. • Methanol prevents side reactions and buffer maintains the P H
- 7. STOICHIOMETRY • I 2 + SO 2 +2H 2 O 2HI + H 2 SO 4 Pyridine Is used to stabilize the stoichiometry and forms complex with I 2 and SO 2. Stoichiometry is 1:1 because 1 mole of iodine is consumed per 1 mole of water. • Formation of Pyridinium Iodide and Pyridinium Sulphite. H 2O + I 2 + SO 2 + 3C 6 H 5 N 2C 5 H 5 NHI + C 5 H 5 NSO 3 • Reaction of Pyridinium Sulphite with Methanol C 5 H 5 NSO 3 + CH 3OH C 5 H 5 NH SO 4 CH 3 Second step prevents Pyridinium Sulphite to react with water. End point is found when colour changes from yellow to brown of Karl Fischer reagent.
- 8. DETERMINATION OF DISSOLVED OXYGEN • Necessary to support aquatic life. • Most readily available oxidant for biological oxidation of inorganic and organic pollutants. • Anaerobic oxidation of waste in treatment plants. • Dissolved oxygen is determined by Winkler’s method
- 9. WINKLER’S METHOD • Water sample is collected and treated with MnSo 4 solution and then with solution of KI and NaOH. Under these conditions, Mn 2+ is oxidised to MnO 2 by dissolved oxygen. 2Mn 2+ (aq)+ 4OH – (aq) + O 2 (aq) 2MnO 2 (s) + 2H 2 O (l) • The Solution is acidified with. H 2 SO 4 and under acidic conditions I – is oxidised to I 3 - by MnO 2. MnO 2(s) + 3I – (aq) +4H 3O + Mn 2+(aq) + I - 3 (aq) + 6H2 0(l) Liberated iodine is titrated against sodium thiosulphate using starch as the indicator.
- 10. IODOMETRIC AND IODIMETRIC TITRATIONS • Indirect titration • To determine oxidizing agents. • I – is added to oxidizing agent. Liberated iodine is titrated against Na 2 S 2 O 3 • Indicator at the end of titration • Disappearance of blue colour • Direct titration • To determine Reducing agents. • Iodine is the titrating agent. • Indicator at the beginning of titration • Permanent blue colour
- 11. CHLORINATION OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES • The total chlorine residual is determined by using the oxidizing power of chlorine to convert I – to I - 3 . The amount of iodine liberated is redox titrated using sodium thiosulphate using starch as the indicator. • Total chlorine residual is reported as ppm of Cl. • This is a type of indirect iodometric titration.
- 12. Procedure:- When the Sample of iodide free chlorinated water is mixed with excess of DPD indicator The free chlorine oxidizes a portion of DPD to its Red coloured form. • Oxidized DPD is Back titrated to its colourless form with Ferrous Ammonium Sulfate. • Volume of titrant is proportional to the amount of free residual chlorine.