CT scans use X-rays to produce cross-sectional images of the brain and body, and are useful for diagnosing conditions like trauma, stroke, tumors, and infections. MRI uses strong magnetic fields and radiofrequency pulses to produce high-resolution images of tissues and organs without radiation exposure. It is well-suited for imaging the brain and spinal cord. Nuclear medicine techniques like PET and SPECT involve injecting radioactive tracers and using gamma cameras to produce functional images of organ systems.
Anatomy of Brain by MRI
In this presentation we will discuss the cross sectional anatomy of brain. Then we will discuss the Most common diseases to be evaluated by brain imaging.
In my opinion this presentation is a road map for beginars.
Basics of Neuroradiology
Neuroradiology is an essential tool in management of patients with neurological and neurosurgical disorders. The aim of this presentation will be to acquaint the reader to understand how images are formed on a computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) along with a review of the relevant neuroanatomy. This understanding will be helpful to the reader in interpretation of images and diagnosis of various neurological disorders.
Description of various ultrasound features of benign and suspicious thyroid nodules with multiple ultrasound systems for risk stratification of malignancy.
Anatomy of Brain by MRI
In this presentation we will discuss the cross sectional anatomy of brain. Then we will discuss the Most common diseases to be evaluated by brain imaging.
In my opinion this presentation is a road map for beginars.
Basics of Neuroradiology
Neuroradiology is an essential tool in management of patients with neurological and neurosurgical disorders. The aim of this presentation will be to acquaint the reader to understand how images are formed on a computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) along with a review of the relevant neuroanatomy. This understanding will be helpful to the reader in interpretation of images and diagnosis of various neurological disorders.
Description of various ultrasound features of benign and suspicious thyroid nodules with multiple ultrasound systems for risk stratification of malignancy.
This slide includes various neuroimaging methods. Firstly, brief backgrounds of positron emission tomography (PET), diffusion tensor MRI, voxel-based morphometry will be introduced. Secondly, a theoretical explanation of BOLD fMRI and preprocessing will be introduced.
http://skyeong.net
Imaging evaluation of spectrum of infective pathologies of CNS including encephalitis,meningitis,abscesses,congenital pathologies and hiv associated conditions etc.
A simple introduction to fMRI study design for social science and other researchers outside the field who might want to design a study using fMRI brain scanning technology
Significance of Brain imaging in Psychiatry. Most of the major Psychiatric disorders are associated with statistically significant differences on various Neuroimaging measures, when comparing groups of patients and controls.
Medical imaging is the technique and process of creating visual representations of the interior of a body for clinical analysis and medical intervention, as well as visual representation of the function of some organs or tissues (physiology).
Magnetic Resonance Angiography and VenographyAnjan Dangal
Introduction to MR Angiography and Venography Procedure of Brain . Includes Indication, MRI protocol, planning and anatomy as well as brief intoduction to physics behind MRA and MRV principle.
Radiology procedures such as ultrasound, MRI or CT scans are very useful in detecting and diagnosing cardiovascular anomalies. Fluoroscopy is mostly used in cardiac intervention.
carotid space is important space for neck.
internal jugular vein is important vein in neck
many nerve tumour are necessary to understand for any mass in neck
it is painful condition for boys , coming in emergency, ultrasound is basic imaging .it is to see testes and accordingly guide the surgeon whether testes could be saved
it is a young boy ,suddenly became unconscious, found high blood pressure on clinical exam,. on USG bilateral adrenal mass confirmed on contrast CT scan. Radiological diagnosis was made phaeochromocytoma
Breast mass is a major concern. Aim of this study is to understand the tissue character of any breast mass, if it is solid then to decide about further strategy for regular follow up and or biopsy
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
3. CT imaging uses X-rays to produce cross
sectional images/slices of the brain.
As x-rays pass through the body they are
absorbed or attenuated differently. These
varying attenuation value / CT value give
information on normal and abnormal structure in
the brain and spine producing an image
4. CT Scanner is work horse of neuroimaging and is
the imaging method of choice
.Trauma
. Cerebro- vascular accidents
.Epilepsy/ Fit/ Seizure
. Altered consciousness
. Pyrexia of unknown origin
.Intracranial mass/ Raised ICT
5. CT plays a critical role in the early screening of
diagnosis of many brain diseases in spine
imaging
and in orbital facial disease
6. Avoid screening in pregnancy
Allergy to contrast
Renal impairment
Hypothyrodism
Phaeochromocytoma
Myaesthenia gravis
7. Radiation dose
Reaction to Contrast
eg. Average effective dose chest x-ray is about 20mSV,
brain CT 2200mSV which is close to amount of back
ground radiation that an average person receives in a
year from atmosphere even if they don’t have any
diagnostic imaging of any kind 2400mSV
8. Plain : NCCT
Contrast: CECT
contrast is not used in case of TRAUMA and CVA
contrast goes to vascular and viable tissue
19. MRI uses a strong magnetic field ( not x-ray) to
create images of the body
Radiofrequency pulse(RF) are generated to
interrogate the hydrogen atoms that make up
the human body
Powerful computer process the returning RF
signal
to form medical images
As a rule MRI produces high resolution images
in multiple planes
20. Depending on the coils and pulse sequence
selected MRI examination can be tailored to
yield the desired diagnostic information
Pulse sequence: T1, T2,DW, STIR, etc……
21. MRI is used extensively for the study of blood
vessel flow dynamics , 3D volume rendering and
stereotactic surgical guidance
26. Research make use of cutting edge
technologies to
visualize not only anatomical images but also
early
changes that occur in brain function before
there
is any visible abnormality in structural imaging
eg. Functional MRI include diffusion perfusion and
task activation research pulse sequence
30. DIGITAL SUBSTRACTION ANGIOGRAPHY
It uses X-rays and injected contrast media to
demonstrate the arteries and vein in real time .
It is NEUROANGIOGRAPHY when technique is
applied to the vessel in brain
To see the blood vessel clearer DSA uses
computers to remove / substract bone and other
structures so that blood vessels stand out
31. To study the architecture of blood vessels
Detecting and diagnosing vascular anomaly
Bleeding in brain and spinal cord
Narrowing / spasm of blood vessel
Stroke /Paralysis/ Hemiplegia
Mass
34. Nuclear Medicine uses very small amount of
radioactive material called
Radiopharmaceuticals
Isotopes are specific for the part, injected or
given orally
Isotopes are distributed throughout the blood
stream and are attracted to specific organs/
tissue
35. Isotope in the tissue emit gamma radiation which
is detected and counted by gamma camera
The processed data over time provides
functional and anatomical information about the
part being imaged
36. BRAIN SPECT__ single photon emission tomography for
cerebral ischaemia, epilepsy
MIBI HEART PERFUSION SCAN__For Ischaemic heart
disease
BONE SCAN__ For cancer, stress Fracture
THYROID UPTAKE SCAN__ For Thyroid nodule
V/Q SCAN__ For Pulmonary embolism
37. SINGLE PHOTON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY
Mapping of Dopamine transport system in
movement disorder like Parkinsonism
Specific tracer working at neuromuscular
junction
38. It is expensive
Positron tracer like carbon, nitrogen , oxygen are
used for focal brain metabolism
Main use in ONCOLOGY
44. It is the technique used to treat blood vessel
disease, tumour , clot/ thrombus etc in the brain
and spinal canal
Procedure is like angiography and then pushing
the therapeutic agent like Thrombolytic agent in
case of Infarction
