Breast mass is a major concern. Aim of this study is to understand the tissue character of any breast mass, if it is solid then to decide about further strategy for regular follow up and or biopsy
A brief Introduction into the spleen (size, shape, location, function etc). Procedure for splenic ultrasound, Sonographic appearance of the normal spleen.
Pathologies of the Spleen (Splenic rupture , Splenic Hemangioma ,Sonographic appearance of)
Sonographic evaluation of breast Dr. Muhammad Bin Zulfiqar
In this we will discuss role of high resolution Ultrasound in breast pathologies.
We will further discuss the role of Elastography in characterization of BIRADS.
A brief Introduction into the spleen (size, shape, location, function etc). Procedure for splenic ultrasound, Sonographic appearance of the normal spleen.
Pathologies of the Spleen (Splenic rupture , Splenic Hemangioma ,Sonographic appearance of)
Sonographic evaluation of breast Dr. Muhammad Bin Zulfiqar
In this we will discuss role of high resolution Ultrasound in breast pathologies.
We will further discuss the role of Elastography in characterization of BIRADS.
Introduction to mammography and its equipment.
Different views on mammography & supplementary views.
Birads mammographic lexicon
Birads ultrasound lexicon
Imaging of suspicious mammary lymph nodes
Categories in BIRADS 2013.
Introduction to mammography and its equipment.
Different views on mammography & supplementary views.
Birads mammographic lexicon
Birads ultrasound lexicon
Imaging of suspicious mammary lymph nodes
Categories in BIRADS 2013.
Seminar presentation by student under supervision of endocrinology specialist from HRPZ. References as mentioned in the slides. Mostly from Malaysia CPG.
Etiology of the most common breast masses, Triple assessment approach And management of the common causes of the breast masses. Brief intro on anatomy and physiology of the breast.
Lecture class on pathology of breast for 3rd & 4th year MBBS students based on "Robbins & Cotran: Pathologic Basis of Disease'. Images are collected from internet.
Tubular Adenoma of the Breast: A Rare Case Presentation and Review of Literat...Crimsonpublisherssmoaj
Tubular Adenoma of the Breast: A Rare Case Presentation and Review of Literature by Emmanuel Owusu Ofori* in Crimson Publishers: Surgery Open Access Journal
Tubular adenomas are a rare breast entity constituting 0.3-1.7% of all benign tumours first described in 1968 typically affecting women in their reproductive ages (15-49 years). Few cases have been reported in the literature. They are rarely found before menarche or after menopause. Preoperatively, tubular adenomas are difficult to differentiate from fibroadenoma, phyllodes and tubular carcinoma. We report the case of a 25-year-old female who reported to our clinic with 4-month history of painless left breast mass which had not seen any significant changes in size. Histological findings were consistent with tubular adenoma.
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carotid space is important space for neck.
internal jugular vein is important vein in neck
many nerve tumour are necessary to understand for any mass in neck
it is painful condition for boys , coming in emergency, ultrasound is basic imaging .it is to see testes and accordingly guide the surgeon whether testes could be saved
it is a young boy ,suddenly became unconscious, found high blood pressure on clinical exam,. on USG bilateral adrenal mass confirmed on contrast CT scan. Radiological diagnosis was made phaeochromocytoma
263778731218 Abortion Clinic /Pills In Harare ,sisternakatoto
263778731218 Abortion Clinic /Pills In Harare ,ABORTION WOMEN’S CLINIC +27730423979 IN women clinic we believe that every woman should be able to make choices in her pregnancy. Our job is to provide compassionate care, safety,affordable and confidential services. That’s why we have won the trust from all generations of women all over the world. we use non surgical method(Abortion pills) to terminate…Dr.LISA +27730423979women Clinic is committed to providing the highest quality of obstetrical and gynecological care to women of all ages. Our dedicated staff aim to treat each patient and her health concerns with compassion and respect.Our dedicated group ABORTION WOMEN’S CLINIC +27730423979 IN women clinic we believe that every woman should be able to make choices in her pregnancy. Our job is to provide compassionate care, safety,affordable and confidential services. That’s why we have won the trust from all generations of women all over the world. we use non surgical method(Abortion pills) to terminate…Dr.LISA +27730423979women Clinic is committed to providing the highest quality of obstetrical and gynecological care to women of all ages. Our dedicated staff aim to treat each patient and her health concerns with compassion and respect.Our dedicated group of receptionists, nurses, and physicians have worked together as a teamof receptionists, nurses, and physicians have worked together as a team wwww.lisywomensclinic.co.za/
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
2. Lump in Breast
A lump in the breast is a cause of great concern.
High frequency, high-resolution USG helps in its evaluation.
This is exemplified in women with dense breast tissue where
USG is useful in detecting small breast cancers that are not
seen on mammography
The American College of Radiology has also brought out a
BIRADS-US classification system for categorizing focal breast
lesion
3. Breast cancer
Breast cancer is among the most common causes of cancer
deaths today, coming fifth after lung, stomach, liver and
colon cancers.
Refinement of high-frequency technology, particularly with
7.5–13 MHz probes, has brought out a totally new facet in
USG breast imaging
4. Ultrasound for breast mass
Harmonic imaging and real-time compounding has been shown to
improve image resolution and lesion characterization.
More recently, USG elastography seems to be quite promising. Initial
results indicate that it can improve the specificity and positive
predictive value of USG in the characterization of breast masses
The reason why any lesion is visible on mammography or USG is the
relative difference in the density and acoustic impedance of the lesion,
respectively, as compared to the surrounding breast tissue.
This is exemplified in women with dense breast tissue, where USG is
useful in detecting small breast cancers that are not detected on
mammography
7. Normal breast parenchymal
patterns
In the young non-lactating breast, the parenchyma is primarily
composed of fibro glandular tissue,
with little or no subcutaneous fat.
With increasing age and parity, more and more fat gets deposited
in both the subcutaneous and retromammary layers
11. Simple Cyst
Breast cysts are the commonest cause of breast lumps in women
between 35 and 50 years of age.
A cyst occurs when fluid accumulates due to obstruction of the
extra lobular terminal ducts,
either due to fibrosis or because of intra ductal
epithelial proliferation.
A cyst is seen on USG as a well-defined, round or oval,
single or multiple anechoic structure
with a thin wall .
14. Complex cyst
When internal echoes or debris
are seen, the cyst is called a
complex cyst.
These internal echoes may be
caused by floating cholesterol
crystals, pus, blood or milk of
calcium crystals
15. Chronic abscess of the
breast
Patients may present with fever, pain, tenderness to touch and
increased white cell count.
Abscesses are most commonly located in the central or subareolar
area.
An abscess may show an ill-defined or a well-defined
outline. It may be anechoic or may reveal low-level
internal echoes and posterior enhancement
17. Galactocoel
lacteal cyst or milk cyst
I t is a retention cyst containing milk or a milky substance that is
usually located in the mammary gland
It is caused by a protein plug that blocks off the outlet
It is seen in lactating women on cessation of lactation
Patient typically presents with a painless breast lump occuring
over weeks to month
19. Fibrocystic disease
This condition is referred to by many different names:
fibrocystic disease, fibrocystic change, cystic disease, chronic
cystic mastitis or mammary dysplasia.
About half of these breast masses are usually classified as
indeterminate and will eventually require a biopsy.
20. Fibrocystic disease on U/S
extremely variable depends on the stage and extent of
morphological changes.
In the early stages, the USG appearance may be normal, even
though lumps may be palpable on clinical examination
There may be focal areas of thickening of the parenchyma, with or
without patchy increase in echogenicity .
Discrete single cysts or clusters of small cysts may be seen in some
Focal fibrocystic changes may appear as solid masses or thin-
walled cysts.
22. Duct ectasia
This lesion has a variable appearance.
Typically, duct ectasia may appear as a single or
multiple tubular structure filled with fluid
Old cellular debris may appear as echogenic content. If the debris
fills the lumen, it can be sometimes mistaken for a solid mass,
unless the tubular shape is identified
24. Fibroadenoma
Fibroadenoma is an estrogen-induced tumor that forms in
adolescence. It is the third most common breast lesion after
fibrocystic disease and carcinoma
It usually presents as a firm, smooth, oval-shaped, freely movable
mass ( breast mouse) on palpation.
It is rarely tender or painful. The size is usually under 5 cm,
though larger fibroadenomas are known. Fibroadenomas are
multiple in 10–20% and bilateral in 4% of cases. Calcifications
may occur.
25. Fibroadenoma on U/S
A well-defined lesion. A capsule can usually be identified.
The echotexture is usually homogenous and hypoechoic as
compared to the breast parenchyma, and there may be low-level
internal echoes
Typically, the transverse diameter is greater than the antero-
posterior diameter
27. Cystosarcoma phyllodes
This is a large lesion that presents in older women
Some authors consider it to be a giant fibroadenoma
The mass may involve the whole of the breast. It usually
reveals well-defined margins and an inhomogeneous
echo texture, sometimes with variable cystic areas.
29. Lipoma in breast parenchyma
Lipoma is a slow-growing, well-defined tumor.
It may be a chance finding or the patient may present with
complaints of increase in the size of the involved breast, though no
discretely palpable mass can be made out.
The tumor is soft and can be deformed by compression
with the transducer.
30. Lipoma on U/S and
Mammography
A thin capsulated
echo genic mass
with a stippled or
lamellar
appearance
31. Breast ultrasound
criteria for benign lesions
Smooth and well circumscribed
Hyper echoic, iso echoic or mildly hypo echoic
Thin echogenic capsule
Ellipsoid shape, with the maximum diameter being in the
transverse plane
Three or fewer gentle lobulations
Absence of any malignant findings
32. Breast ultrasound
criteria for malignant lesion
Malignant lesions are commonly hypo echoic nodular lesions with ill-
defined borders, which is ‘taller than broader’ and has spiculated
margins, posterior acoustic shadowing and micro calcifications
Three-dimensional scanners with the capability of reproducing high-
resolution images in the coronal plane provide additional important
information.
It was initially believed that color Doppler scanning would add to the
specificity of USG examination, but this has not proven to be very
efficacious
35. Gynecomastia
enlarged male breast tissue due to hormonal
imbalance
It could be uni or
bilateral
Oestrogen and
Testosterone are
not adequately
balance
36. Discussion
Although it may be impossible to distinguish
all benign from all malignant solid breast nodules
using USG criteria, a reasonable goal for
breast USG is to identify a subgroup of solid nodules
that has such a low risk of being malignant that
the option of short-interval follow-up can be
offered as a viable alternative to biopsy.
37. Combined studies
Combined studies, which included USG and mammography, have
demonstrated nearly 100% negative predictive value for palpable
breast lesions, when both are used together.
In a study based on characterization of breast masses according to
BIRADS-US criteria, people have
found no statistical differences between fine-needle aspiration cytology
and USG with regard to sensitivity and Negative Predictive value (P >
0.05).
It is also found USG characterization of breast lesions using BIRADS-
US criteria to be highly accurate.