Magnetic Resonance Angiography and VenographyAnjan Dangal
Introduction to MR Angiography and Venography Procedure of Brain . Includes Indication, MRI protocol, planning and anatomy as well as brief intoduction to physics behind MRA and MRV principle.
Objectives of this presentation are
Introduction to ct
Cross sectional anatomy
Common important pathologies
This presentation is aimed to educate beginers to help in ct interpretetion.
This presentation provides a comprehensive review of major sulci of brain which help in defining the different lobes of brain.Very useful for first year residents.
Its important to recognise the myelination pattern in neonates and infants. This presentation talks about the myelination pattern and imaging of white matter diseases in children.
Brain CT Anatomy and Basic Interpretation Part ISakher Alkhaderi
Detailed anatomy and Radiological guidelines for radiologist and general physicians to facilitate use of BRAIN CT SCAN in medical diagnosis and emergencies supported by images and scientific data.
Magnetic Resonance Angiography and VenographyAnjan Dangal
Introduction to MR Angiography and Venography Procedure of Brain . Includes Indication, MRI protocol, planning and anatomy as well as brief intoduction to physics behind MRA and MRV principle.
Objectives of this presentation are
Introduction to ct
Cross sectional anatomy
Common important pathologies
This presentation is aimed to educate beginers to help in ct interpretetion.
This presentation provides a comprehensive review of major sulci of brain which help in defining the different lobes of brain.Very useful for first year residents.
Its important to recognise the myelination pattern in neonates and infants. This presentation talks about the myelination pattern and imaging of white matter diseases in children.
Brain CT Anatomy and Basic Interpretation Part ISakher Alkhaderi
Detailed anatomy and Radiological guidelines for radiologist and general physicians to facilitate use of BRAIN CT SCAN in medical diagnosis and emergencies supported by images and scientific data.
Atomic structure refers to the organization and composition of atoms, which are the fundamental building blocks of matter. Atoms are incredibly small and consist of several subatomic particles, primarily protons, neutrons, and electrons. Understanding atomic structure is essential in the field of chemistry and forms the basis for our understanding of the physical and chemical properties of elements and compounds.
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
1. M A A J I D M O H I U D D I N M A L I K
L E C T U R E R C O P M S A D E S H U N I V E R S I T Y
B A T H I N D A P U N J A B 1 5 1 0 0 1
M a i l a t : ma a j i d ma l i ko f f i c i a l @ g ma i l . c o m
RADIOLOGICAL ANATOMY OF
NORMAL CT BRAIN
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2. INTRODUCTION
Computed tomography (CT) of the head uses special x-ray
equipment to help assess head injuries, severe headaches,
dizziness, and other symptoms of aneurysm, bleeding, stroke,
and brain tumors. It also helps your doctor to evaluate your
face, sinuses, and skull or to plan radiation therapy for brain
cancer. In emergency cases, it can reveal internal injuries
and bleeding quickly enough to help save lives.
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3. WHAT IS CT SCANNING OF THE
HEAD?
Computed tomography, more commonly known as a CT or
CAT scan, is a diagnostic medical imaging test. Like
traditional x-rays, it produces multiple images or pictures of
the inside of the body.
The cross-sectional images generated during a CT scan can
be reformatted in multiple planes. They can even generate
three-dimensional images. These images can be viewed on a
computer monitor, printed on film or by a 3D printer, or
transferred to a CD or DVD.
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4. CONTINUE
CT images of internal organs, bones, soft tissue and
blood vessels provide greater detail than traditional
x-rays, particularly of soft tissues and blood vessels.
CT scanning provides more detailed information on
head injuries, stroke brain tumors and other brain
diseases than regular radiographs (x-rays).
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5. TECHNIQUE
Patient is placed on the CT table in a supine position and the
tube rotates around the patient in the gantry.
To prevent unnecessary irradiation of the orbits, Head CTs are
performed at an angle parallel to the base of the skull.
Slice thickness may vary, but in general, it is between 5 and 10
mm for a routine Head CT.
Intravenous contrast is not routinely used, but may be useful
for evaluation of tumors, cerebral infections.
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8. Skull ANATOMY
The purpose of the bony skull is to protect the brain
from injury. The skull is formed from 8 bones that fuse
together along suture lines. These bones include:
1. Frontal
2. Parietal (2)
3. Temporal (2)
4. Sphenoid
5. Occipital
6. Ethmoid
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9. CONTINUE
The face is formed from 14 paired bones including:
1. Vomer- 1
2. Platine-2
3. Lacrimal –2
4. Mandible –1
5. Maxilla – 2
6. Nasal – 2
7. Zygomatic – 2
8. Inferior nasal concha-2
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11. CONTINUE
The surface of the cerebrum has a folded appearance
called the cortex. The cortex contains about 70% of
the 100 billion nerve cells. The nerve cell bodies color
the cortex grey-brown giving it its name-gray matter.
Beneath the cortex are long connecting fibers between
neurons, called axons, which make up the white
matter.
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12. ANATOMY OF THE BRAIN
The brain is composed of the cerebrum, cerebellum, and brain stem.
The cerebrum is the largest part of the brain and is composed of right and left
hemispheres. It performs higher functions like interpreting touch, vision and
hearing, as well as speech, reasoning, emotions, learning, and fine control of
movement.
The cerebellum is located under the cerebrum. Its function is to coordinate muscle
movements, maintain posture, and balance.
The brainstem includes the midbrain, pons, and medulla. It acts as a relay center
connecting the cerebrum and cerebellum to the spinal cord. It performs many
automatic functions such as breathing, heart rate, body temperature, wake and
sleep cycles, digestion, sneezing, coughing, vomiting, and swallowing. Ten of the
twelve cranial nerves originate in the brainstem.
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13. SUTURES
The main sutures of the skull are the coronal, sagittal,
lambdoid and squamosal sutures. The metopic suture (or
frontal suture) is variably present in adults.
Coronal suture - unites the frontal bone with the
parietal bones
Sagittal suture - unites the 2 parietal bones in the
midline
Lambdoid suture - unites the parietal bones with the
occipital bone
Squamosal suture - unites the squamous portion of the
temporal bone with the parietal bones
Metopic suture - (if present) unites the 2 fontal bones
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14. MENINGES
The meninges are thin layers of tissue found between the brain
and the inner table of the skull. The meninges comprise the dura
mater, the arachnoid, and the pia mater. The dura mater and
arachnoid are an anatomical unit, only separated by
pathological processes.
The falx cerebri and the tentorium cerebelli are thick infoldings
of the meninges which are visible on CT imaging. Elsewhere the
meningeal layers are not visible on CT as they are closely applied
to the inner table of the skull.
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16. THE TENTORIUM CEREBELLI - AN INFOLDING OF THE DURA MATER - FORMS A
TENT-LIKE SHEET WHICH SEPARATES THE CEREBRUM (BRAIN) FROM THE
CEREBELLUM
THE TENTORIUM IS ANCHORED BY THE PETROUS BONES
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17. CSF SPACES
The brain is surrounded by cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) within the sulci, fissures
and basal cisterns. CSF is also found centrally within the ventricles. The sulci,
fissures, basal cisterns and ventricles together form the 'CSF spaces', also known
as the 'extra-axial spaces'. CSF is of lower density than the grey or white matter
of the brain, and therefore appears darker on CT images.
An appreciation of the normal appearances of the CSF spaces is required to
allow assessment of brain volume.
Sulci
The brain surface is formed by folds of the cerebral cortex known as gyri.
Between these gyri there are furrows, known as sulci, which contain CSF.
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19. FISSURES
The fissures are large CSF-filled clefts which separate structures of the
brain.
Fissures.
The interhemispheric
fissure separates the
cerebral hemispheres
- the two halvesof
the brain
The Sylvian fissures
separate the frontal
and temporallobes.
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20. VENTRICLES
The ventricles are spaces located deep inside the brain which contain CSF.
Lateral ventricles
The paired lateral
ventricles are located on
either side of the brain
The lateral ventricles
contain the choroidplexus
which produces CSF.
Note : The choroid plexus
is almost always calcified
in adults.
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21. THIRD VENTRICLE
Third ventricle
The third ventricleis
located centrally
The lateral ventricles
communicate with the
third ventricle via
small holes (foramina
of Monro).
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22. FOURTH VENTRICLE
Fourth ventricle
The fourth ventricle is located
in the posterior fossa
between the brain stem and
cerebellum
It communicates with the
third ventricle above via a
very narrow canal, the
aqueduct of Sylvius (not
shown).
Basal cisterns
CSF in the basal cisterns
surrounds the brain stem
structures.
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23. BRAIN PARENCHYMA AND LOBES
The brain consists of grey and white matter structures which
are differentiated on CT by differences in density. White matter
has a high content of myelinated axons. Grey matter contains
relatively few axons and a higher number of cell bodies. As
myelin is a fatty substance it is of relatively low density
compared to the cellular grey matter. White matter, therefore,
appears blacker than grey matter.
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24. BRAIN LOBES
The brain has paired, bilateral anatomical areas or 'lobes'. These do not exactly correlate with
the overlying bones of the same names.
Brain lobes - CT brain
(superior slice)
On both sides the frontal
lobes are separated from
the parietal lobes by the
central sulcus
(arrowheads)
Note: The frontal lobes
are large and the
parietal and occipital
lobes are relatively small
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25. CONTINUE
Brain lobes - CTbrain
(inferior slice)
The most anterior
parts of the frontal
lobes occupy the
anterior cranialfossae
The temporal lobes
occupy the middle
cranial fossae
The cerebellum and
brain stem occupy the
posterior fossa
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26. GREY MATTER STRUCTURES
Important grey matter structures visible on CT images of the brain include the cortex, insula,
basal ganglia, and thalamus.
Cortical grey matter
The grey matter of the
cerebral cortex is formed
in folds called gyri
Note that the cortex
appears whiter(denser)
than the underlying
white matter.
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27. Basal ganglia andthalamus
The thalamus and thebasal
ganglia are readily
identifiable with CT
Basal ganglia = lentiform
nucleus + caudatenucleus
Basal ganglia - clinical
significance
Insults to the basalganglia
may result in disorders of
movement.
Thalamus - clinical
significance
Insults to the thalamusmay
result in thalamic pain
syndrome.
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28. WHITE MATTER STRUCTURES
White matter of the brain lies deep to the cortical grey
matter.
The internal capsules are white matter tracts which
connect with the corona radiata and white matter of the
cerebral hemispheres superiorly, and with the brain stem
inferiorly.
The corpus callosum is a white matter tract located in the
midline. It arches over the lateral ventricles and connects
white matter of the left and right cerebral hemispheres.
Key points
The internal capsules and corpus callosum are clinically
important white matter tracts.
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30. Corpus callosum - CTbrain
- sagittal image
Sagittal CT images show
the corpus callosum as a
midline structure arching
from anterior to posterior
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