Objectives of this presentation are
Introduction to ct
Cross sectional anatomy
Common important pathologies
This presentation is aimed to educate beginers to help in ct interpretetion.
Definition of stroke and cerebrovascular disorders and pathophysiology of cerebral infarct and CT imaging overview of acute-subacute and chronic infarcts and penumbra.
causes of cerebral edema , Radiological signs of acute infarct and hemorrhagic infarct and comparison of MRI and CT in the diagnosis of acute infarct
Role of diffusion weighted imaging (DWI) and diffusion perfusion mismatch
Objectives of this presentation are
Introduction to ct
Cross sectional anatomy
Common important pathologies
This presentation is aimed to educate beginers to help in ct interpretetion.
Definition of stroke and cerebrovascular disorders and pathophysiology of cerebral infarct and CT imaging overview of acute-subacute and chronic infarcts and penumbra.
causes of cerebral edema , Radiological signs of acute infarct and hemorrhagic infarct and comparison of MRI and CT in the diagnosis of acute infarct
Role of diffusion weighted imaging (DWI) and diffusion perfusion mismatch
Imaging evaluation of spectrum of infective pathologies of CNS including encephalitis,meningitis,abscesses,congenital pathologies and hiv associated conditions etc.
Grand rounds lecture from 1/2017 on the amazing minimally invasive procedures offered in IR including microwave ablation of tumors, y90 radioembolization, UFE, arterial disease, and CVI.
Magnetic Resonance Angiography and VenographyAnjan Dangal
Introduction to MR Angiography and Venography Procedure of Brain . Includes Indication, MRI protocol, planning and anatomy as well as brief intoduction to physics behind MRA and MRV principle.
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
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Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
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Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
6. Principle of CT
• Computed tomography scanning an
x-ray source and detector, situated
180o across from each other, move
360o around the patient,
continuously sending and detecting
information on the attenuation of x-
rays as they pass through the body.
Finally, a computer manipulates and
integrates the acquired data and
assigns numerical values based on
the subtle differences in x-ray
attenuation
A CT scan is essentially a computerized assembly of several x-ray
images taken from a series of different angles
7. Technique of CT
- Head CTs are performed at an angle parallel to the base of the skull,
Orbito-meatal line (Reid’s line).
- Slice thickness is generally between 5 and 10 mm.
- The patient is placed in a supine position on the table.
- Evaluation of tumors, infections and some stroke cases may benefit
from the use of contrast, but contrast is not used in the routine head CT.
8. CT Terminology
Attenuation
Hyperattenuating (hyperdense)
Hypoattenuating (hypodense)
Isoattenuating (isodense)
Attenuation is measured in Hounsfield units
Scale -1000 to +1000 H.U
-1000 is air, Fat is -100 HU.
0 is water , Fluids is 20:40 H.U
+1000 is cortical bone & calcification
Hg. 60:70 HU.
10. Sulci and Gyri
• Sulcus
– Fissure in the brain tissue.
– Interhemispheric fissure –
divides the brain into left
and right hemispheres.
• Gyrus
– Elevated “hill” areas
between sulci.
Gyrus
Sulcus
Atamai
11. Meninges
Outer dura mater (Latin for “tough
mother”), beneath which is the subdural
space;
Arachnoid (Latin for “spider,” because it
resembles a cobweb), beneath which is the
subarachnoid space, which is accessed
during a spinal tap
Pia mater (“soft mother”), which is
attached to the brain and dips down into
sulci
A subarachnoid hemorrhage will extend down into
cerebral sulci, while a subdural hematoma will
not.
Pia and dura are vascular while arachnoid is
avascular
12. Ventricular system & CSF
Lateral ventricles – cerebral
hemispheres
Third ventricle, aqueduct and 4th
ventricle are in midline and in
continuity with the central canal
All are symmetrical and are lined
by ependyma
150 ml produced daily by choroid
plexus( mostly in lateral
ventricles)
Flows cephalad from basal
cisterns
19. What items should be included?
• Site(intracerebral-subarachnoid-dubdural-
extradural)
• Distribution
• Stage
• Association (Mass effect)
20. 20
B is for Blood
• Blood becomes
hypodense at
approximately 2 weeks.
• Blood becomes isodense
at approximately 1 week.
• Acute blood is bright white
on CT (once it clots).
21.
22. Well defined hyperdense intracerebral hematoma seen
in the Rt basal ganglia>>>> Acute Rt basal ganglia
intracerebral hematomabasal
23. 23
Subdural Hematoma
• Typically falx or sickle-
shaped.
• Crosses sutures, but does
not cross midline.
• Acute subdural is a marker
for severe head injury.
(Mortality approaches 80%)
• Chronic subdural usually
slow venous bleed and well
tolerated.
Axial CT scan of the brain,, demonstrates hyperdense subdural hematoma
with concave inner margin and mass effect >>>acute sub dural Lt. parietal
hematoma
24. Axial CT scan of the brain,,
demonstrates isodense
subdural hematoma in the LT
frontal region with midline shift
>>>Subacute subdural LT frontal
hematoma
Axial CT scan of the brain,,
demonstrates right fronto-parieto-
occipital subdural with layering
>>>acute on top of chronic
hematoma
25. Axial CT scan of the brain,,
demonstrates hyperdense epidural
hematoma with convex inner margin
and mass effect in the LT temporo-
occipital region >>>acute epidural LT
temporo-occipital hematoma
Extradural hematoma
27. 27
Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
• Blood in the
cisterns/cortical
gyral surface
– Aneurysms
responsible for 75-
80% of SAH
– AVM’s responsible
for 4-5%
– Vasculitis accounts
for small proportion
(<1%)
– No cause is found in
10-15%
28. Axial CT scan of the brain,, demonstrates hyperdense
hematoma in the basal cisterns and both Sylvian fissures
>>>acute subarachnoid hemorrhage
29. Axial CT scan of the brain,, demonstrates
hyperdense hematoma in the basal
cisterns,falx and both Sylvian fissures as
well as intraventricular
extension>>>acute subarachnoid
hemorrhage
34. What items should be included?
• Site and Distribution ((cortical-subcortical-
basal ganglia-lobe-lacunar))
• Stage(Recent –old-hemorrhagic)
• Mass effect or evacudilatation
38. Acute infarction
Axial CT of the brain
shows hypoattenuated
area in the cortical and
subcortical Rt temporal
region …..Rt temporal
recent infarction
43. Old infarction
Axial CT of the brain shows hypodense(CSF like) area in the cortical and subcortical
Rt Fronto-temporal region with evacudilatation>>>Cortical and subcortical Rt
fronto-temporal old infarction