Evolution- Laila Bangwar & Lujane Pagganwala
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This document presents an overview of evolution through natural selection. It defines evolution as cumulative heritable changes in a population over time. It provides evidence for evolution through fossil records showing changes over generations, as well as examples of artificial and natural selection leading to changes in populations. Specifically, it discusses how overproduction of offspring combined with variation and environmental pressures results in natural selection of traits increasing the chance of survival, and gives examples of antibiotic resistance in bacteria and pesticide resistance in rats evolving through this process.
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2) Selective breeding of domesticated animals demonstrates that artificial selection can cause evolution by promoting desirable traits.
3) Similarities in homologous structures across species, despite differences in function, show adaptive radiation and evolution from a common ancestor.
4) Gradual divergence of populations into separate species is shown through continuous geographic variation in related populations.
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2) Selective breeding of domesticated animals demonstrates that artificial selection can cause evolution by promoting desirable traits.
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1. Natural selection requires variation within a population, a struggle for survival, and differential reproduction.
2. Variation arises through mutations during DNA replication, meiosis, sexual reproduction, and viral infection. During struggles for survival, individuals with adaptations that allow them to compete better for food, mates and living space are more likely to survive and reproduce, passing on their traits.
3. Over time, natural selection can act on variations to change the characteristics of a population as better adapted traits become more common through reproduction.
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Evolution ( Macro and Micro Evolution).pptx
Microevolution refers to small genetic changes within a population over a short time, like sparrows in different climates evolving different body sizes. Macroevolution involves genetic changes over long periods that result in new species, genera, and traits, as seen with human evolution from early hominins like Homo habilis. While microevolution can lead to speciation through natural selection over generations, some argue macroevolution requires entirely new structures and is not simply an extension of microevolution. Examples provided show most new organs evolve through modification of existing structures, not entirely novel innovations.
Natural selection
This document discusses key concepts of evolution through natural selection including overpopulation, variation, survival of the fittest, and the formation of new species. It explains how organisms tend to overproduce offspring leading to competition over limited resources. Individuals within a population vary in traits and advantageous variations increase the chances of survival and are passed on, known as survival of the fittest. Over time, inheritance of advantageous traits can lead to the evolution of new species through adaptive radiation.
naturalselection2016-160210163545 (1).pptx
This document discusses Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection. It explains that organisms vary in traits, and traits that increase survival and reproduction in the current environment will be passed on to offspring, leading to evolution of new species over time as environments change. The key mechanisms are overpopulation causing competition over limited resources, variation in traits among individuals, and survival of the fittest where individuals with advantageous traits are more likely to survive and pass on those traits.
Chapter 1
1. Biology is the study of life and living organisms, from cells to ecosystems. It explores life across environments and scales using various approaches.
2. The document outlines several key branches and concepts in biology including taxonomy, the classification of organisms, and evolution, which explains both the unity and diversity of life through common descent and natural selection.
3. Evolution is the core theme of biology as it accounts for life's history on Earth over billions of years and the relationships between all existing and extinct organisms.
Evolution
The document summarizes key concepts in evolution including:
1. Early theories like abiogenesis, spontaneous generation, and Oparin-Haldane's chemical evolution hypothesis were disproven by experiments from Redi, Spallanzani, and Pasteur showing life only comes from life.
2. Miller-Urey experiment provided evidence that amino acids could form from simple inorganic molecules, supporting chemical evolution.
3. Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection proposed that variation within species and inheritance of traits with differential survival and reproduction could account for evolution over generations.
4. Modern evolutionary synthesis combined genetics, population genetics, and paleontology showing microevolution accumulates over time to produce macroevolution
Organism and Its Environment
This document discusses various concepts related to how organisms adapt to their environments, including adaptation, evolution, natural selection, ecological niches, and species interactions. It defines key terms like adaptation, evolution, Darwin's theory of evolution, mechanisms of evolution, ecological niche, niche types, speciation, extinction, and organism interactions. Examples are provided to illustrate concepts like natural selection, genetic drift, mutation, migration, microevolution vs macroevolution, fundamental vs realized niche, and speciation patterns. Factors that can influence speciation and extinction like continental drift, climate change, and catastrophic events are also outlined.
01 biology - characteristics of life
This document summarizes key characteristics of life from a biology perspective. It discusses that biology studies both the diversity and shared characteristics of living organisms. The shared characteristics include levels of organization, acquiring materials and energy through metabolism, maintaining internal homeostasis through responses to stimuli, ability to reproduce and develop through inheritance of genetic material, and capacity to adapt and evolve over generations. It also covers evolution as the core concept of biology, explaining life's diversity and common descent through natural selection and genetic variation over time. Furthermore, it discusses taxonomy and the hierarchical classification of living things into domains, kingdoms, and binomial scientific names.
Zoology review final
The document provides an overview of topics to be covered in a zoology review, including the scientific method, food webs, keystone and invasive species, osmosis and diffusion, taxonomy, population sampling, reproduction, animal adaptations, and exam topics. Key concepts are defined, such as the levels in a food pyramid and food web, producers and consumers, isotonic and hypertonic solutions, asexual and sexual reproduction, and abiotic and biotic factors. Examples are given of adaptations in amphibians and cephalopods, feeding strategies of carnivores and prey, and reproduction through budding or fragmentation. Students are prompted to think of examples and explanations relating to these ecology and z
Evolution.pptx
Evolution is the process of change over generations in a species' characteristics through natural selection. Natural selection occurs as individuals with favorable traits are more likely to survive and pass on those traits, while unfavorable traits may die out. Over many generations, this leads populations to adapt to their environments and can result in new species forming. Gene frequencies in populations also change over time through various mechanisms like mutation, migration, genetic drift, and natural selection, driving microevolution within species.
Concepts of Evolution.pptx
Evolution is the process of change over generations in a population's inherited traits due to natural selection, where individuals with traits better suited to the environment are more likely to survive and reproduce, passing on their beneficial genes. Key concepts include: variation within populations provides different traits for natural selection to act upon; competition for limited resources means not all individuals survive to reproduce; and over many generations, beneficial traits accumulate while harmful traits are eliminated from the gene pool. Mutation introduces new variation that natural selection can then act on.
natural selection tutorial general Biology 2
This document provides an overview of evolution and natural selection. It discusses how Darwin proposed natural selection as the mechanism for evolution, with genetic variation within populations and environmental pressures resulting in some individuals being better able to survive and reproduce. Over generations, this leads to adaptation and potentially speciation. The document also notes other factors like genetic drift, mutation, and migration that can influence gene frequencies randomly or non-randomly. It provides examples like genetic bottlenecks and founder effects to illustrate these concepts. An interactive quiz is included to help reinforce the key points.
Sealey evolution
This document provides an overview of the key concepts and evidence for the theory of evolution through natural selection. It explains that evolution means change over time as life adapts to survive obstacles. Charles Darwin observed variations between populations and that traits enabling survival and reproduction were selected for. His theory of natural selection and evidence like vestigial organs, homologous and analogous structures, and speciation have supported evolution as the foundation of biology.
Evolution notesbiodiversity Notes
The document discusses Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection, including the concepts of overproduction of offspring, inherited variation from mutations, competition for limited resources leading to survival of the fittest, adaptations that increase reproductive success, the differences between artificial and natural selection, and the importance of biodiversity for ecological stability.
Chapter 15 Evolution - All Sections 15.1 - 15.3
Darwin's voyage on the HMS Beagle and observations of species on the Galapagos Islands led him to develop the theory of natural selection. Natural selection proposes that heritable traits better suited to the environment will help individuals survive and reproduce, leading to evolution over generations as beneficial traits become more common. Darwin published his theory in On the Origin of Species in 1859. Modern evidence from fossils, comparative anatomy, biogeography, and molecular biology provide strong support for evolution by natural selection.
1 evolution nat-selection_and_phenotypes.194154809
Natural selection is the major mechanism of evolution that acts on phenotypic variations. It results from competition for limited resources that leads to differential survival of individuals with more favorable phenotypes, allowing them to produce more offspring and pass down their traits. Three types of natural selection are stabilizing selection, which selects for average traits; directional selection, which selects against one extreme of a trait; and disruptive selection, which selects against individuals in the middle of two trait extremes. Genetic variation within populations is important for adapting to changing environments through natural selection.
Lecture 1 bio
This document provides an overview of biology and its branches from an introductory lecture. It defines biology and lists its main branches such as anatomy, ecology, molecular biology, and physiology. It also outlines characteristics of living things like homeostasis, adaptation, reproduction, growth and response to stimuli. Finally, it discusses the levels of cellular organization and provides a brief tour of the cell.
evolution__biodiversity_ppoint.ppt
Evolution and biodiversity occurred over billions of years as follows:
- Chemical evolution began 4.7-4.8 billion years ago as life evolved on Earth. Biological evolution began around 2.3-2.5 billion years ago.
- Species evolve over time through genetic mutations and natural selection, which can lead to microevolution within a population or macroevolution where new species are formed.
- Biodiversity has increased through speciation as new species evolve but has also decreased due to extinction, both through natural causes and more recently by human impacts threatening many species.
evolution__biodiversity_ppoint.ppt
Evolution and biodiversity occurred over billions of years as follows:
- Chemical evolution began 4.7-4.8 billion years ago as life evolved on Earth. Biological evolution began around 2.3-2.5 billion years ago.
- Species evolve over time through genetic mutations and natural selection, which can lead to microevolution within a population or macroevolution where new species are formed.
- Biodiversity has increased through speciation as new species evolve but has also decreased during mass extinction events, such as when the dinosaurs went extinct 65 million years ago. However, adaptive radiations then led to explosions of new species.
Theory of evolution by natural selection
Charles Darwin first proposed the theory of evolution by natural selection. Natural selection is the process by which organisms with traits better suited to their environment tend to survive and reproduce more, passing on those favorable traits. For natural selection to occur there must be genetic variation within a population, the variations must be heritable, individuals must compete for limited resources, and favorable traits must increase reproductive success over time. These conditions lead to adaptations becoming more common and populations changing.
U6 L1 Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection
This document outlines Charles Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection. It discusses how Darwin was influenced by his observations on a voyage, including different finch species on the Galapagos Islands. Darwin proposed that organisms vary in traits, some traits help organisms survive and reproduce more successfully, and these traits become more common over generations through natural selection, resulting in evolution of species over time as they adapt to their environments.
Similar to Evolution- Laila Bangwar & Lujane Pagganwala (20)
1 evolution nat-selection_and_phenotypes.194154809
1 evolution nat-selection_and_phenotypes.194154809
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Rodents, Birds and locust_Pests of crops.pdf
Mole rat or Lesser bandicoot rat, Bandicotabengalensis
•Head -round and broad muzzle
•Tail -shorter than head, body
•Prefers damp areas
•Burrows with scooped soil before entrance
•Potential rat, one pair can produce more than 800 offspringsin one year
Signatures of wave erosion in Titan’s coasts
The shorelines of Titan’s hydrocarbon seas trace flooded erosional landforms such as river valleys; however, it isunclear whether coastal erosion has subsequently altered these shorelines. Spacecraft observations and theo-retical models suggest that wind may cause waves to form on Titan’s seas, potentially driving coastal erosion,but the observational evidence of waves is indirect, and the processes affecting shoreline evolution on Titanremain unknown. No widely accepted framework exists for using shoreline morphology to quantitatively dis-cern coastal erosion mechanisms, even on Earth, where the dominant mechanisms are known. We combinelandscape evolution models with measurements of shoreline shape on Earth to characterize how differentcoastal erosion mechanisms affect shoreline morphology. Applying this framework to Titan, we find that theshorelines of Titan’s seas are most consistent with flooded landscapes that subsequently have been eroded bywaves, rather than a uniform erosional process or no coastal erosion, particularly if wave growth saturates atfetch lengths of tens of kilometers.
Discovery of An Apparent Red, High-Velocity Type Ia Supernova at 𝐳 = 2.9 wi...
We present the JWST discovery of SN 2023adsy, a transient object located in a host galaxy JADES-GS
+
53.13485
−
27.82088
with a host spectroscopic redshift of
2.903
±
0.007
. The transient was identified in deep James Webb Space Telescope (JWST)/NIRCam imaging from the JWST Advanced Deep Extragalactic Survey (JADES) program. Photometric and spectroscopic followup with NIRCam and NIRSpec, respectively, confirm the redshift and yield UV-NIR light-curve, NIR color, and spectroscopic information all consistent with a Type Ia classification. Despite its classification as a likely SN Ia, SN 2023adsy is both fairly red (
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∼
0.9
) despite a host galaxy with low-extinction and has a high Ca II velocity (
19
,
000
±
2
,
000
km/s) compared to the general population of SNe Ia. While these characteristics are consistent with some Ca-rich SNe Ia, particularly SN 2016hnk, SN 2023adsy is intrinsically brighter than the low-
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Ca-rich population. Although such an object is too red for any low-
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cosmological sample, we apply a fiducial standardization approach to SN 2023adsy and find that the SN 2023adsy luminosity distance measurement is in excellent agreement (
≲
1
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) with
Λ
CDM. Therefore unlike low-
�
Ca-rich SNe Ia, SN 2023adsy is standardizable and gives no indication that SN Ia standardized luminosities change significantly with redshift. A larger sample of distant SNe Ia is required to determine if SN Ia population characteristics at high-
�
truly diverge from their low-
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counterparts, and to confirm that standardized luminosities nevertheless remain constant with redshift.
JAMES WEBB STUDY THE MASSIVE BLACK HOLE SEEDS
The pathway(s) to seeding the massive black holes (MBHs) that exist at the heart of galaxies in the present and distant Universe remains an unsolved problem. Here we categorise, describe and quantitatively discuss the formation pathways of both light and heavy seeds. We emphasise that the most recent computational models suggest that rather than a bimodal-like mass spectrum between light and heavy seeds with light at one end and heavy at the other that instead a continuum exists. Light seeds being more ubiquitous and the heavier seeds becoming less and less abundant due the rarer environmental conditions required for their formation. We therefore examine the different mechanisms that give rise to different seed mass spectrums. We show how and why the mechanisms that produce the heaviest seeds are also among the rarest events in the Universe and are hence extremely unlikely to be the seeds for the vast majority of the MBH population. We quantify, within the limits of the current large uncertainties in the seeding processes, the expected number densities of the seed mass spectrum. We argue that light seeds must be at least 103 to 105 times more numerous than heavy seeds to explain the MBH population as a whole. Based on our current understanding of the seed population this makes heavy seeds (Mseed > 103 M⊙) a significantly more likely pathway given that heavy seeds have an abundance pattern than is close to and likely in excess of 10−4 compared to light seeds. Finally, we examine the current state-of-the-art in numerical calculations and recent observations and plot a path forward for near-future advances in both domains.
Methods of grain storage Structures in India.pdf
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•Totalfoodgrainproductioninindiais311milliontonnesandstorageis145mt.InIndia,annualstoragelosseshavebeenestimated14mtworthofRs.7,000croreinwhichinsectsaloneaccountfornearlyRs.1,300crores.
•InIndiaoutofthetotalproduction,about30%ismarketablesurplus
•Remaining70%isretainedandstoredbyfarmersforconsumption,seed,feed.Hence,growerneedstoragefacilitytoholdaportionofproducetosellwhenthemarketingpriceisfavourable
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Mechanics:- Simple and Compound Pendulum
a compound pendulum is a physical system with a more complex structure than a simple pendulum, incorporating its mass distribution and dimensions into its oscillatory motion around a fixed axis. Understanding its dynamics involves principles of rotational mechanics and the interplay between gravitational potential energy and kinetic energy. Compound pendulums are used in various scientific and engineering applications, such as seismology for measuring earthquakes, in clocks to maintain accurate timekeeping, and in mechanical systems to study oscillatory motion dynamics.
Anti-Universe And Emergent Gravity and the Dark Universe
Recent theoretical progress indicates that spacetime and gravity emerge together from the entanglement structure of an underlying microscopic theory. These ideas are best understood in Anti-de Sitter space, where they rely on the area law for entanglement entropy. The extension to de Sitter space requires taking into account the entropy and temperature associated with the cosmological horizon. Using insights from string theory, black hole physics and quantum information theory we argue that the positive dark energy leads to a thermal volume law contribution to the entropy that overtakes the area law precisely at the cosmological horizon. Due to the competition between area and volume law entanglement the microscopic de Sitter states do not thermalise at sub-Hubble scales: they exhibit memory effects in the form of an entropy displacement caused by matter. The emergent laws of gravity contain an additional ‘dark’ gravitational force describing the ‘elastic’ response due to the entropy displacement. We derive an estimate of the strength of this extra force in terms of the baryonic mass, Newton’s constant and the Hubble acceleration scale a0 = cH0, and provide evidence for the fact that this additional ‘dark gravity force’ explains the observed phenomena in galaxies and clusters currently attributed to dark matter.
The Limited Role of the Streaming Instability during Moon and Exomoon Formation
It is generally accepted that the Moon accreted from the disk formed by an impact between the proto-Earth and
impactor, but its details are highly debated. Some models suggest that a Mars-sized impactor formed a silicate
melt-rich (vapor-poor) disk around Earth, whereas other models suggest that a highly energetic impact produced a
silicate vapor-rich disk. Such a vapor-rich disk, however, may not be suitable for the Moon formation, because
moonlets, building blocks of the Moon, of 100 m–100 km in radius may experience strong gas drag and fall onto
Earth on a short timescale, failing to grow further. This problem may be avoided if large moonlets (?100 km)
form very quickly by streaming instability, which is a process to concentrate particles enough to cause gravitational
collapse and rapid formation of planetesimals or moonlets. Here, we investigate the effect of the streaming
instability in the Moon-forming disk for the first time and find that this instability can quickly form ∼100 km-sized
moonlets. However, these moonlets are not large enough to avoid strong drag, and they still fall onto Earth quickly.
This suggests that the vapor-rich disks may not form the large Moon, and therefore the models that produce vaporpoor disks are supported. This result is applicable to general impact-induced moon-forming disks, supporting the
previous suggestion that small planets (<1.6 R⊕) are good candidates to host large moons because their impactinduced disks would likely be vapor-poor. We find a limited role of streaming instability in satellite formation in an
impact-induced disk, whereas it plays a key role during planet formation.
Unified Astronomy Thesaurus concepts: Earth-moon system (436)
一比一原版美国佩斯大学毕业证如何办理
原版一模一样【微信：741003700 】【美国佩斯大学毕业证成绩单】【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
【主营项目】
一.毕业证【q微741003700】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
办理美国佩斯大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】外观非常简单，由纸质材料制成，上面印有校徽、校名、毕业生姓名、专业等信息。
办理美国佩斯大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】格式相对统一，各专业都有相应的模板。通常包括以下部分：
校徽：象征着学校的荣誉和传承。
校名:学校英文全称
授予学位：本部分将注明获得的具体学位名称。
毕业生姓名：这是最重要的信息之一，标志着该证书是由特定人员获得的。
颁发日期：这是毕业正式生效的时间，也代表着毕业生学业的结束。
其他信息：根据不同的专业和学位，可能会有一些特定的信息或章节。
办理美国佩斯大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】价值很高，需要妥善保管。一般来说，应放置在安全、干燥、防潮的地方，避免长时间暴露在阳光下。如需使用，最好使用复印件而不是原件，以免丢失。
综上所述，办理美国佩斯大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】是证明身份和学历的高价值文件。外观简单庄重，格式统一，包括重要的个人信息和发布日期。对持有人来说，妥善保管是非常重要的。
一比一原版(macewan学位证书)加拿大麦科文大学毕业证如何办理
原版一模一样【微信：741003700 】【(macewan学位证书)加拿大麦科文大学毕业证成绩单】【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
【主营项目】
一.毕业证【q微741003700】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
办理(macewan学位证书)加拿大麦科文大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】外观非常简单，由纸质材料制成，上面印有校徽、校名、毕业生姓名、专业等信息。
办理(macewan学位证书)加拿大麦科文大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】格式相对统一，各专业都有相应的模板。通常包括以下部分：
校徽：象征着学校的荣誉和传承。
校名:学校英文全称
授予学位：本部分将注明获得的具体学位名称。
毕业生姓名：这是最重要的信息之一，标志着该证书是由特定人员获得的。
颁发日期：这是毕业正式生效的时间，也代表着毕业生学业的结束。
其他信息：根据不同的专业和学位，可能会有一些特定的信息或章节。
办理(macewan学位证书)加拿大麦科文大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】价值很高，需要妥善保管。一般来说，应放置在安全、干燥、防潮的地方，避免长时间暴露在阳光下。如需使用，最好使用复印件而不是原件，以免丢失。
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Evolution- Laila Bangwar & Lujane Pagganwala
- 1. Evolution BIOLOGY PRESENTATION DONE BY: LAILA BANGWAR & LUJANE PAGGANWALA
- 2. What is Evolution “Defined as a process of Cumulative change in the Heritable characteristics of a population.”
- 4. Evidence for evolution by Fossil records • There are several ways of proving evolution through the process of natural selection. • Fossil records are one of the ways.
- 6. Artificial Selection • Another way to prove evolution is by artificial selection. • What is artificial selection?
- 8. Homologous anatomical structures • Homologous anatomical structures is another way that evolution is proven • What is Homologous anatomical structures?
- 10. Over-production of offspring • Many times populations over produce offspring, more then what the environment can handle or support. • Some organisms which do so are: -Plants -Mushrooms -Fish
- 12. Why the environment cannot support the over production of off springs • The environment cannot support all the offspring due to lack of availability of water and other nutrients in order for the offspring to survive.
- 13. Consequences of over-production • The result of overproduction causes a competition between the organisms in order to survive. Also known as the struggle of survival. • It could be explained as survival of the fittest, as Charles Darwin himself referred it, though it is much more complicated then just that.
- 14. Variation • Some members of a species show variation. • Usually those who sexually reproduce, show more variation
- 16. Natural selection • Charles Darwin’s most famous theory. • What is natural selection? • Steps involved in evolution by natural selection: -overproduction of offspring -Variation in offspring, both harmful and beneficial -environmentally adapted genetic characteristics -Passing on of favorable genetic characteristics -All this accumulates to result in evolution.
- 17. Examples of evolution-in response to environmental change • Evolution usually is a time consuming process, but sometimes natural selection may take place quicker, in months or decades, instead of a million years. • Two examples of natural selection could be: - Antibiotic resistance in bacteria - Pesticide resistance in rats
- 18. Antibiotic resistance in bacteria • Antibiotics are basically medications which kill bacteria. • In certain conditions, some bacteria may become resistant to the antibiotic. • This takes place due to two reasons which are: -Mutations -Plasmid transfer
- 20. Pesticide resistance in rats • Pesticides are those chemicals which are used to kill organisms that are pests such as rats. • Just like how bacteria become resistant to some antibiotics, pests (in this case, rats) become resistant to pesticides, in some conditions.
- 22. Evolution
- 23. Bibliography • Charles Darwin & Evolution. (n.d.). Charles Darwin & Evolution. Retrieved August 14, 2014, from http://darwin200.christs.cam.ac.uk/pages/index.php?page_ d3 • Introduction to Evolution. (n.d.). Vimeo. Retrieved August 17, 2014, from http://vimeo.com/19451460 • Ward, W., & Damon, A. (2007). Pearson baccalaureate: higher level (plus standard level options) : biology developed specifically for the ib diploma. Harlow, [England: Pearson Education.
- 24. THE END.