An ecological niche describes how a species interacts with and fits into its environment, including obtaining resources like food and shelter, and reproducing. A niche encompasses all biotic (living) and abiotic (non-living) factors. The fundamental niche is the full range of environmental conditions a species can tolerate without competition from other species. Species niches depend on factors like temperature, resources, and predators. Niches can overlap if species partition resources in non-competing ways, like dolphins and seals eating different types of fish.
Community ecology, study of the organization and functioning of communities, which are assemblages of interacting populations of the species living within a particular area or habitat.
presentation contain different type of interactions, competition-intra and inter-specific, mechanism of competition-Exploitation and Interference, Mathematical models of Competition i.e. Hutchinson Ratio, Exponential Growth, Logistic Model, Lotka-Volterra Competition Model, Tilman's Resource Model, Results of Competition i.e. Range restriction, Competitive Displacement, Competitive Exclusion , Competitive Displacement Hypothesis, Ecological Niche, Evolution of new species, Factors Affecting Competition, Case studies
Ecology is the scientific study of organisms `at home' which is called as the `environment'. The term `environment' refers to those parts of the world or the total set of circumstances which surround an organism or a group of organisms.
Energy Flow in Environment : Ecological EnergeticsKamlesh Patel
What is Energy:
The ability or capacity to do work,
Radiant, Chemical, thermal, mechanical, nuclear, electrical.
What is Energy Flow:
The existence of flora and fauna in ecosystem depends upon the cycle of minerals and flow of energy. Energy is needed for all the biotic activities. The only source of this energy is the sun. The entrance, transformation and diffusion of energy in ecosystem are governed by laws of thermodynamics.
Community ecology, study of the organization and functioning of communities, which are assemblages of interacting populations of the species living within a particular area or habitat.
presentation contain different type of interactions, competition-intra and inter-specific, mechanism of competition-Exploitation and Interference, Mathematical models of Competition i.e. Hutchinson Ratio, Exponential Growth, Logistic Model, Lotka-Volterra Competition Model, Tilman's Resource Model, Results of Competition i.e. Range restriction, Competitive Displacement, Competitive Exclusion , Competitive Displacement Hypothesis, Ecological Niche, Evolution of new species, Factors Affecting Competition, Case studies
Ecology is the scientific study of organisms `at home' which is called as the `environment'. The term `environment' refers to those parts of the world or the total set of circumstances which surround an organism or a group of organisms.
Energy Flow in Environment : Ecological EnergeticsKamlesh Patel
What is Energy:
The ability or capacity to do work,
Radiant, Chemical, thermal, mechanical, nuclear, electrical.
What is Energy Flow:
The existence of flora and fauna in ecosystem depends upon the cycle of minerals and flow of energy. Energy is needed for all the biotic activities. The only source of this energy is the sun. The entrance, transformation and diffusion of energy in ecosystem are governed by laws of thermodynamics.
The five main forms of interaction between population are: 1. Mutualism 2. Commensalism 3. Parasitism 4. Competition 5. Predation.
Dr. K. Rama Rao
Govt. Degree College
TEKKALI; Srikakulam Dt. A. P
Phone: 9010705687
Age structured populations, habitat and niche, niche types, diff bw fundamental and realized niche, niche width and overlap, competitive exclusion principle, resource partioning and its types, character displacement.
Understandings:
The distribution of species is affected by limiting factors
Community structure can be strongly affected by keystone species
Each species plays a unique role within a community because of the unique combination of its spatial habitat and interactions with other species
Interactions between species in a community can be classified according to their effect
Two species cannot survive indefinitely in the same habitat if their niches are identical
Mutualism describes an interaction that benefits both species. A well-known example exists in the mutualistic relationship between alga and fungus that form lichens. The photosynthesizing alga supplies the fungus with nutrients and gains protection in return. The relationship also allows lichen to colonize habitats inhospitable to either organism alone. In rare cases, mutualistic partners cheat. Some bees and birds receive food rewards without providing pollination services in exchange. These "nectar robbers" chew a hole at the base of the flower and miss contact with the reproductive structures.
Both species involved in the interaction are benefited. These interactions take place in three patterns:
Facultative mutualism – Species survive on their own under favorable conditions
Obligate mutualism – One species is dependent for survival on the other
Diffusive mutualism – One entity can live with multiple partners
These relationships have three purposes:
Defensive mutualism
Trophic mutualism
Dispersive mutualism
Which of these hypotheses cannot be tested by an experiment Biologi.pdfinfo998421
Which of these hypotheses cannot be tested by an experiment? Biological interactions between
barnacle species are responsible for their distribution patterns. Night-feeding fishes rely on their
sense of smell to locate prey. The growth of salt marsh gross is limited by nitrogen availability.
Certain humpback whale behaviors are important for attracting a mate. Goldfish prefer to eat
brightly-colored foods. TRUE/FALSE The oceans cover less than half of the earth\'s surface.
Ocean productivity is the amount of food produced by marine organisms and the number of
organisms this food supports. Aristotle developed one of the first taxonomical classification
schemes. Today it is generally believed that animals cannot live below the lit regions of the
ocean. Ecology is: a type of life style. the study of the interaction of organisms and their
environment. a place where organisms live. what happens when a predator consumes a prey
item. the study of the physical environment in an ecosystem. Organisms that live under similar
environmental conditions and location, and interact directly or indirectly are part of the same:
ecosystem. biosystem. abiotic habitat. biotic habitat. population. An example of abiotic
factors influencing marine organisms is: predation. competition for food. parasitism. salinity.
bacterial disease. Habitat refers to where an organism: lives. feeds. reproduces. forages. All
of the above.
Solution
Answers
15. False
Oceans cover about 70%of the surface of the earth
16. True
17. True
Aristotle developed the first classification system which divided all known organisms into two
groups plants and animals
18. False
Multiple choice
19. b study of interaction of organism\'s their environment
Ecology is the scientific analysis and study of interactions among organisms and their
environment . It is an interdisciplinary field that includes biology, geography and science .
20. a ecosystem
Interactions describes the different ways organisms obtain their food and energy . Some
organisms can make their own food and other organisms have to their food by eating other
organism
22. a lives
A habitat is an ecological or environmental area that is inhabited by a particular species of
animals plants or other type of organism . It is the natural environment in which an organism
lives ..
IDENTIFYING CHARACTERISTICS OF IMPORTANT EDIBLE CRUSTACEANS.pptxDr. Karri Ramarao
Crabs, prawns, crayfish and lobster are examples of edible crustaceans that are among the main sources of nutrient-rich food for people. A crustacean's nutritional value is determined by its biochemical makeup, which includes its protein, amino acids, lipids, fatty acids, carbohydrates, vitamins, and minerals.
Habitat: All ctenophores are exclusively marine.
Habits: They feed on plankton, swim by cilia. Power of regeneration is well marked. Bioluminescence
Body form is variable
Symmetry:
Symmetry is biradial (radial + bilateral).
The spicules or sclerites are definite bodies, having a crystalline appearance and consisting in general of simple spines or of spines radiating from a point.
They have an axis of organic material around which is deposited the inorganic substance, either calcium carbonate or hydrated silica.
A number of different substances are used as liming materials, the chemical used for the liming of soil and water are the oxides, hydroxides and silicates of calcium or magnesium
Gynogenesis, a form of Parthenogensis, is a system of asexual reproduction that requires the presence of sperm without the actual contribution of its DNA for completion. The paternal DNA dissolves or is destroyed before it can fuse with the egg
A Secchi disk is a metal disk, 8 inches (20 centimeter) in diameter, It is an 8-inch (20 centimeter) diameter, black and white disk attached to a dowel rod, PVC pipe, rope or chain The depth that the Secchi disk can no longer be seen through the water is the Secchi depth.
Biostatistics is also known as biometry, the development and application of statistical methods to a wide range of topics in biology. It encompasses the design of biological experiments, the collection and analysis of data from those experiments and the interpretation of the results.
The alimentary canal of Scoliodon comprises:
the mouth,
buccal cavity,
pharynx,
oesophagus,
stomach,
intestine and
rectum opening in the cloaca through anus.
Fishes possess dermal scales on the body for protection. Each scale is made of dentine that is secreted by dermal papilla which is a group of specialized neighbouring tissues. The exposed
portion of scale is covered with a layer of hard enamel to minimise wear and tear. Ancient
fishes generally had thick bony scales while the modern fishes have evolved thin and flexible
scales for more agility.
Catadromous migration: The movement of large number of individuals from fresh water to sea water, generally for spawning as happens in the case of eels.
Anadromous fishes live and feed in ocean waters but their spawning grounds lie in the tributaries of rivers.
Fish culture is classified based on the number of fish species as monoculture and polyculture. This is the culture of single species of fish in a pond or tank. The culture of trout, tilapia, catfish , carps are typical examples of monoculture.
Classification of Nematodes
Nematodes are classified into the following classes:
1. Phasmidia or Secernentea
• These are mostly parasitic.
• Caudal glands are absent.
• Unicellular, pouch-like sense organs called plasmids are present.
• The excretory system has paired lateral canals.
• Eg., Ascaris, Enterobius
2. Aphasmidia or Adenophorea
• They are free-living organisms.
• The excretory system has no lateral canals.
• Caudal glands are present.
• Phasmids are absent.
• Eg., Capillaria, Trichinella
The most common fish diseases, particularly in freshwater aquaria, include columnaris, gill disease, ick (ich), dropsy, tail and fin-rot, fungal infections, white spot disease, pop-eye, cloudy eye, swim bladder disease, lice and nematode worms infestation, water quality induced diseases, constipation, anorexia, ...
Identification and study of important cultivable FishesDr. Karri Ramarao
In India mostly major carps are use to cultivable freshwater fish and some catfish also use to culture. The important cultivable species are Catla catla, Labeo rohita, Cirrhinus mrigalaIn India mostly major carps are use to cultivable fish and some catfish also use to culture. The important cultivable saline water species areMugils, Lates etc,.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
2. An ecological niche is the role and
position a species has in its
environment; how it meets its
needs for food and shelter, how it
survives, and how it reproduces.
A species' niche includes all of its
interactions with the biotic and
abiotic factors of its environment.
4. Concept of Ecological Niche:
For a species to maintain its
population, its individuals must
survive and reproduce.
The fundamental niche of a species
includes the total range of
environmental conditions that are
suitable for existence without the
influence of interspecific
competition or predation from
other species.
5. The ecological niche describes how
a species interacts within an
ecosystem.
The niche of a species depends on
both biotic and abiotic factors,
which affect the ability of a species
to survive and endure
7. Biotic factors affecting a species'
niche include food availability and
predators.
Abiotic factors affecting ecological
niche include temperature,
landscape characteristics, soil
nutrients, light and other non-
living factors.
8. An example of an ecological niche
is that of the dung beetle.
The dung beetle, as its name
suggests, consumes dung both in
larval and adult form.
Dung beetles store dung balls in
burrows, and females lay eggs
within them
10. The dung beetle in turn influences
the surrounding environment by
aerating soil and rereleasing
beneficial nutrients.
Therefore, the dung beetle
performs a unique role in its
environment.
11. Importance of Ecological Niches
Ecologists use the concept of the
ecological niche to help understand
how communities relate to
environmental conditions, fitness,
trait evolution and predator-prey
interactions in communities.
This becomes ever more important as
climate change affects community
ecology.
12. Interspecies competition:
Ecologists refer
to coexistence when describing
ecological niches. Two competing
species cannot exist in one
ecological niche. This is due to
limited resources.
Some species of ants, the insects
will compete for nests and prey as
well as water and food.
14. Competitive exclusion principle:
Ecologists use the competitive
exclusion principle to help
understand how species coexist.
The competitive exclusion
principle dictates that two species
cannot exist in the same ecological
niche. This is due to competition
for resources in a habitat.
16. In R* Theory, multiple species
cannot exist with the same
resources unless they differentiate
their niches.
When resource density is at its
lowest, those species populations
most limited by the resource will
be competitively excluded.
17. In P* Theory, consumers can exist at
high density due to having shared
enemies.
Competition plays out even at the
microbial level.
For example, if Paramecium
aurelia and Paramecium
caudatum are grown together, they
will compete for resources. P.
aurelia will eventually overtake P.
caudatum and cause it to go extinct.
19. Overlapping Niches
Given the fact that organisms
cannot exist in a bubble and must
therefore naturally interact with
other species, occasionally niches
can overlap.
To avoid competitive exclusion,
similar species can change over
time to use different resources.
21. Resource partitioning: Partitioning
means separating. Simply put, species
can use their resources in ways that
reduce depletion. This allows the
species to coexist and even evolve.
Ex: Dolphins and Seals, which eat
similar species of fish. However, their
home ranges differ, allowing for a
partitioning of resources.
23. in the jack pine forest of
Michigan, the Kirtland’s warbler
occupies an area ideally suited
for the bird.
The birds prefer nesting on the
ground between the trees, not in
them, among small undergrowth.
