This document discusses phylogenetic analysis and taxonomy. It introduces key terms and concepts related to phylogeny and classification, including that all species can be viewed as branches on the tree of life. It explains that phylogenetic analysis studies evolutionary relationships between species, and is informed by morphological and molecular data. The document also discusses how phylogenetic trees are hypotheses about evolutionary descent that can be tested against independent sources of data.

1. Ingrida Olendraitė
Molecular biologist
University of Vilnius
2012

2.  Key terms
 The great battle for life
 Roots of classification
 Phylogenetic branches

3. We will become acquainted with some of
the methods by which we can infer
phylogenetic relationships and we will
see how our understanding of those
relationships is reflected in the
classification of organisms.

4.  is a method of taxonomy used to group and
categorize organisms into groups such as
genus or species.
 it took on an entirely different significance
(compared with 17-18’s) after The Origin of
Species was published in 1859.

5.  is the study of evolutionary relation among
groups of organisms, which is discovered
through molecular sequencing data and
morphological data matrices.

6. “ All species, extant and extinct
form a great “Tree of Life” or
phylogenetic tree.
It is the great battle for life”

7.  Phylogenetic analysis is the study of
relationships among species
 Carolus Linnaeus and
BINOMAL NOMENCLATURE

9.  external and internal morphological
features
 differences in behaviour, cell
structure, biochemistry and chromosome
structure.
 DNA sequences

11. Persimony holds that the best
phylogenetic hypothesis is the one
that requires us to postulate the
fewest homoplasious changes.

14.  The chief way of confirming a phylogenetic
hypothesis is to see if it agrees with
independent data

15. Sites
123 456 789 10 11 12 13 14 15
Haplotype
3 ATA CTA TAT GTT GCC
2 ATA CTA CAT GTT GCC
1 ATA CTA CAC GTT GCC
4 ATA CTA CAC GTT ACC
5 ATA CTA CAC GTT ACT
6 ATA CTG CAC GTT ACT
7 ATG CTG CAC GTT ACT

16. 7 6 5 4 1 2 3

18.  The evolution of Serine protease II

19.  A phylogeny is the history by which species or other taxa
have successively originated from common ancestors.
 A phylogenetic tree is a statement about evolutionary
relationships and like all scientific statements it is a
hypothesis
 Phylogenetic trees, estimated from the characteristics of
the taxa, represent evolutionary relationships and provide a
framework for analyzing many aspects of evolution.
 Both morphological and molecular data are used in
phylogenetic analysis.

20.  “Evolution”, Douglas J. Futuyma, 2005
 http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/article/phylo
genetics_01
 http://www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbsum/

21. Questions?