The document outlines learning outcomes related to defining and explaining variation. It discusses how variation occurs within and between species, and can be continuous or discontinuous. Both genetic and environmental factors are described as causes of variation. Examples of continuous and discontinuous traits in plants and animals are provided.
According to Hardy (England,1908) and Weinberg (Germany,1909), gene and genotype frequency of a Mendelian population remain constant generation after generation unless there is selection,mutation,migration or random drift.
According to Hardy (England,1908) and Weinberg (Germany,1909), gene and genotype frequency of a Mendelian population remain constant generation after generation unless there is selection,mutation,migration or random drift.
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Although Darwin's book title suggested that he provided us with insights on the origin of species, in fact, he only focused on the process of divergence within species and assumed the same process "eventually" led to something that could be called a new species.
This event was taped live as part of the Periodic Tables: Durham's Science Cafe series at the Broad Street Cafe. Periodic Tables is a Museum of Life and Science program. For more info please visit us at http://www.ncmls.org/periodictables
Darwin theory of evolution was the first insight for understanding life on earth. To get more information about Darwin and his work; contact myassignmenthelp.net
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
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2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
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This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
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Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
1. LEARNING OUTCOMES
Define the term variation.
Discuss the fact that variation occurs within, as
well as between, species.
Describe the differences between continuous
and discontinuous variation, using examples of a
range of characteristics found in plants, animals
and other organisms.
Explain both the genetic and the environmental
causes of variation.
2.
Give a definition of Variation
Variation is the range of differences that
there are between individual organisms.
3. Variation can be within species
(Think of all the differences between individual humans)
These are different varieties of the same species
5. Variation can be
CONTINUOUS,
ie have any value between
two extremes.
Eg:
Height of human
Body mass of cats
Trumpet length of daffodils
Leaf width of shrub
Length of bacteria
All these features
show normal
distribution (see graph)
6.
Variation can be
DISCONTINUOUS , in this
case there only a few
possible categories that
the characteristic can fall
into.
EG:
Flower colour in a single
species
Human blood group or
ear lobe type
Bacteria that are or are
not resistant to an
antibiotic
7. Genetic variation
Each tomato is different because it
comes from a plant with
different alleles, that code for
different characteristics
Environmental variation
These plants are genetically
identical, the flower colour
difference is due to the effects
of soil pH.
8. GENETIC
Differences that are due
to the DNA inside the
cells of the organism
rather than the effect
that its surroundings
have on it.
ENVIRONMENTAL
Differences that are due
to the external
environment. For
example availability
of water, nutrients,
light, prevailing
winds.
9.
Many of the differences between species
are present because they help the
individuals to survive.
We call these differences ADAPTATIONS.
You should understand that there are
Adaptations to:
ANATOMY or body FORM,
PHYSIOLOGY or body FUNCTION
BEHAVIOUR
10.
SAGUARO CACTUS
Accordion folded stem is
fleshy to store water
Roots mostly less than 15cm
deep but cover huge area
1 deep tap root
Can absorb 750 litres water
in a single storm
Leaves reduced to spines to
reduce transpiration rate
Waxy cuticle reduces
transpiration
Stomata only open at night
11. Adaptations of
Marram Grass, a
xerophyte
Rolled leaf
Thick cuticle
Sunken stomata
Epidermal hairs
What is the purpose of
these adaptations?
Explain how they work
using AS vocabulary
Make notes on the
diagram provided
12.
Outline the behavioural, physiological and
anatomical (structural) adaptations of
organisms to their environments
You should be able to suggest several
different types of adaptations of
organisms that help them to survive.
Make note of some examples from the
“Journey of Life” DVD
Choose one example from the DVD and
research further
13.
Explain the consequences of the four
observations made by Darwin in proposing his
theory of natural selection.
What are the 4 observations that Darwin made?
1. Offspring generally appear similar to parents.
2. No two individuals are identical. (Why not?)
3. organisms have the ability to produce large
numbers of offspring
4. Populations in nature tend to remain fairly
stable in size.
SO what are the consequences?
14.
Because individuals over produce, yet
populations remain stable COMPETITION must
take place.
In COMPETITION there are “winners” and
“losers”. Winners are better adapted with more
useful characteristics, they are more able to
survive and breed, so pass on their beneficial
alleles.
Over time when this happens continually,
accumulated changes can give rise to a new
species.
15. Outline how variation, adaptation and
selection are major components of
evolution.
Differences in organisms
How do they arise
Where do these changes happen
How can they be passed on
16.
Variation in organisms characteristics are
caused by the organisms having different alleles
of genes.
Some differences enable the organism to
survive better (compete more successfully)
The ones with beneficial alleles survive, breed
and pass on their alleles to the next generation
Those without beneficial alleles die before they
reproduce, so their alleles are less likely to be
passed on.
The beneficial alleles increase in frequency in
the population and may eventually produce a a
new species.
17. Competition for food, water
Predation
Disease
Physical and chemical factors
Competition for mates
Competition for space, nesting sites, territory etc
An allele that helps an organism compete better is
“selected for”, increases in frequency
An allele that fails to help an organism survive is
usually “selected against”, decreases in
frequency
18. Darwin proposed that
Natural Selection could lead
to new species being
produced over time.
This was his explanation for
the large number of different
species of finch found in the
Galapagos Islands.
Each species has adaptations
to its body, beak and feet
that allow it to feed on
specific types of food in
specific areas.
19.
20.
Speciation occurs when there is a
“Reproductive Barrier”, some thing that
stops members of an original population
passing their alleles freely among all
members, ie PREVENTS FREE GENE FLOW
The barrier may be a geographical barrier
= ALLOPATRIC speciation
The barrier may be behavioural,
biochemical, or anatomical =SYMPATRIC
speciation
21.
22.
When there is NO geographical barrier
Initially individuals in the original species
may have variations that can be divisive
of the population.
Eg in birds some might have slightly:
different shaped beaks
shorter wings,
better nocturnal vision,
different colour plumage or courting
behaviour, etc
23.
24.
Fossil record- simplest organisms in oldest rocks, old
species extinct, new species develop. Reptile/bird link,
horse evolution, human evolution.
Biochemical- Similar biochemistry of all living things,
closely related species have similar biochemistry, the
longer ago they diverged the more different the
biochemistry.
Amino acid sequences in cytochrome c (used in
respiration)
Polypeptide chains of DNA and RNA polymerase in higher
organisms with extra sub units to help regulation of DNA
and RNA production.
DNA differences are greater between species which are
not closely relsted
25. •Offspring generally appear
similar to their parents.
•No two individuals are identical
•Organisms have the ability to
produce large numbers of
offspring
•Populations in nature tend to
remain fairly stable in size.
26. (From fossils)
•In the past, there were species
different from those present today.
•Old species died out.
•New species have arisen.
•The new species are often similar to
the older ones in the same
place………
27.
28. Darwin felt more
modern species
had variations that
meant they were
better adapted to
the environment.
29.
Links between major groups (Archaeopteryx)
•Well documented evolution (Equus
and Homo sapiens) in the fossil record.
30. Biological Molecules
If one species gives rise to another, both
are likely to have the same biological
molecules.
Biological molecules in closely related
species are identical or very similar.
In species that took separate evolutionary
paths a long time ago, the biological
molecules are likely to differ more.
(cytochrome and certain proteins)
31. Protein variation.
Proteins such as DNA polymerase and
RNA polymerase are found in all living
things.
Higher organisms have added extra
subunits to make the processes of DNA
and protein synthesis more efficient.
32. DNA
•Genes can be compared by sequencing the bases in the
DNA.
•Shows that closely related species evolved relatively
recently as separate species.
•Distantly related species have more changes to their DNA.
(Therefore must have evolved as separate species further
back in time)
33.
This evidence can be used to support
decisions made about classification.
Phylogeny is the study of evolutionary
relationships between organisms (p201)
Decisions are made using the criteria from
the previous slide and other tests
Natural Classification groups organisms
according to how closely related they are;
this should match the evolutionary tree
produced by considering how recently
organisms shared a common ancestor.
Editor's Notes
DNA polymerase: DNA replication. RNA polymerase: translating genetic information in DNA.