Migration patterns in Pakistan include movements from northern mountainous regions, western highlands, and eastern deserts to the more populous Indus plains. Key drivers of migration have been the development of Punjab's canal colonies in the early 1900s, partition between India and Pakistan in 1947, and several Indo-Pakistani wars which caused waves of refugees. More recently, conflict in Afghanistan has led to many Afghan refugees settling in Pakistan, while illegal immigration from Bangladesh and internal rural-to-urban migration have also significantly impacted Pakistani society and infrastructure. Remittances from international emigration, especially to the Gulf and UK, now constitute a major part of Pakistan's economy.

1. Migration Patterns in Pakistan By: Ali Abbasi Fatima Lodhi Rimsha Sohail Qureshi

2. Migration Patterns related to geography Northern mountains Western highlands Indus plains Eastern deserts

10. Reasons for international immigration Canal colonies 1947 migration Indo-pak wars Afghan conflict Bangladeshi and burmese migrants

11. Development of punjab canal colonies Reasons Colonized 4.5 m hectares of land (desert & pastoral) for agriculture purpose Imported peasants from eastern punjab Development of mandi towns for export of agricultural products Effects Population increase of 18% (1901-1911) – rural areas Population increase 22% (1911 – 1921) – urban areas Emergence of “locals” and “settlers”

12. 1947 migration from India No communication link with KPK and Baluchistan Compulsory migration between India and Pakistan’s punjab Migrants had a cultural and linguistic link with punjab Pakistan population increased 6% (1.8m) No migration to KPK and Baluchistan Migration increased in Punjab - 90% to 192% (1941-1951) Migration increased in Sindh - >150% (1941-1951)s

13. Impact of this migration Caste and clan organization became weak and ineffective Go-getting culture replaced by old value system Mono-religious society emerged aiming to be mono-cultural

14. Result of indo-pak wars Pakistan and India fought wars in 1948 – Kashmir conflict. In 1965 & 1971, Thar’s population migrated to india Kargill conflict took place in 1977 – all producing refugees Kashmiris migrated to Karachi owing to geographical limitations 3500 muslim families moved to Thar and were alloted 12 acres of land, yet infrastructure and agricultural output collapsed.

15. As a result of Afghan Conflict Population growth rate Peshawar > 2% (1961-1972)- 9% (1972-1981) Quetta > 3%(1961-1972)-7%(1972-1981) 600,000Afghans settled in Karachi (NARA) Koochis of Pawandas settled permanently in Pakistan Increased numbers of Pushto speakers in Pakistan Strengthened Pukhtoon culture and religious establishment Emergence of “heroine and klashinkove” culture Major segment of unskilled labor force plus earth-work contractors

16. Bangladeshi and Burmese migrants 1971 war prompted non-bengalis to shift to Orangi Karachi Riots between Burmese muslims and Burmese government increased migration to karachi Belonging to educated class, they have worked for improving infrastructure Engaged in the fishery industry

17. Impacts of international migration Illegal encroachments Acquired CNIC plus vote that disrupts electoral process Bangladeshi and Burmese women trafficked for prostitution to karachi Cause of unemployment as these foreigners work for lowest wages

18. Rural – Urban Migration Agricultural economy shifted to a capital intensive system Industrialization in the urban areas Free their children from oppression of the feudal system Education As per 1998 census, 43% migrants moved with household head 17% because of marriage 12% for employment 9% for business

19. Impacts – urban areas Creation of informal settlements Public land unavailable, settlements being created by informal subdivision of agricultural land Along the transport corridors creating problem for infrastructural development Water and seweage discharged to water bodies Aquifiuers being depleted plus formation of soak-pits Transport has become a major issue Inner cities becoming male-dominated and hubs of corruption

20. Impacts- rural areas Migrant families have improved their homes and created new ones Lobbied for piped water Created schools under government support Creation of new types of outlets and fast foods Caste system and feudal system being demolished Artisan products replaced by industrial goods Cultural estrangement Problems regarding maintenance of agricultural infrastructure and natural resources increased with a significant decline in agricultural activities

21. Emigration 95% of emigrants are men People from Mirpur migrated to UK (1950’s and 1960’s) owing to creation of mega-irrigation project Demand of physicians and IT professionals in USA and UK Large-scale migration owing to the building boom in Middle East in 1970’s Agreement signed in 2006 between Korea and Malaysia for pakistani workers Minorities migrated owing to socio-political reasons Working class emigrants possess skills and education 5% of physicians migrated to USA and UK People in possession of agricultural land constitute a major portion of emigrants : Rawalpindi and Sahiwal Young Pakistanis wish to emigrate owing to social and economic reasons. Ismailiz migrated owing to “taalibanization” Makran coast locals work in Muscati army and police

22. Remittances – a major consequence KPK highest dependence on remittances Quarter of all income in Azad Jammu Kashmir Emigrants of Makran coast suffer owing to a very low inflow of remmitences Remittances sent via the “hundi” system Families to have washing machines, refrigirators, piped water and flush toilets, yet no difference in education or food intake Social status of women changed – greater independence Emigrants become psychologically challenged In Makran, lack of labor has increased the gap in middle and low income families Macroeconomic indicators improved

23. Emigrant organization and Socio-economic development Gateshed-Sahiwal Initiative by Dr.Bashir in UK Association of Pakistani physicians of North America Shifa International Hospital plus Shifa foundation World sindhi Congress Overseas Pakistan Foundation Health program linking gateshed council and sahiwal TMA Support medical and charity initiatives in NA. Collected 1.7m for earth quake affectees Hospital providing services plus education youngsters of Pakistan Unity of sindhi speaking people in india and pakistan Works for a welfare fund to enhance infrastructure