This document discusses globalization and its impacts on planning and cities. It defines globalization as the increasing integration and interdependence of economies, technologies, and cultures across the world. The document outlines several ways globalization impacts planning, including increasing flows of people and investment between cities. It also discusses both the positive and negative impacts of globalization on economic development, culture, politics, and the environment. Case studies on India describe how globalization has affected its cities, industries, and culture.

1. BPLN0302 :
PLANNING THEORY - I
GLOBALISATION
COMPILED BY:
 Aman Singh Rajput
 Amruta Mahakalkar
 Bhupendra Pratap Singh
 Divya Holani
 Rajesh P
 Sarthak Verma

2. STRUCTURE OF PRESENTATION
What is GLOBALIZATION?
What are it’s IMPORTANCE in PLANNING?
What are it’s POSITIVE impacts?
What are it’s NEGATIVE impacts?
What are it’s IMPACT on the CITY?
CASE STUDIES

3. SHRINKING
WORLD
GLOBAL
SOCIETY
MOSCOW
BORDERLESS
WORLD
HOMOGENITY
DEATH OF
DISTANCE
TAIPEI
LONDON MUMBAI
ONE
WORLD
SINGAPORE DUBAI

4. What is Globalization?
 Is a process which embodies a transformation
in the spatial organisation of social relations
and transactions – assessed in terms of their
1. extensity – spatial/geographical reach
2. Intensity – number & quantity of flow
3. Velocity – speed of movement of flow
4. impact – overall impact on the city
generating transcontinental or interregional
flows, and networks of activity, interaction,
and the exercise of power
 Globalization refers to all those processes by
which the people of the world are incorporated
into a single world society, global society
 The process of continuing integration of the
countries in the world

5. Broad sets of Division
DETERRITORIALIZATION : Process of the “recon- figuration of geography, so that social
space is no longer wholly mapped in terms of territorial borders.”
INTERNATIONALIZATION : The “global” in globalization is viewed “as simply another
adjective to describe cross-border relations between countries.”
MODERNIZATION : The social structures of modernity (capitalism,
industrialism, etc.) are spread the world over destroying cultures and local self-determination
in the process
UNIVERSALIZATION : Process of spreading ideas and experiences to people at all
corners of the earth so that aspirations and experiences around the world become
harmonized
LIBERALIZATION : Removing government- imposed restrictions on movements between
countries

6. IT IS THE PROCESS THROUGH WHICH PEOPLE, GOODS AND SERVICES,
TRADES, IDEAS AND INFORMATION FLOW ACROSS THE BORDERS OF
COUNTRIES WITH ADVANCEMENT IN INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES
Fast global
transactions
and greater
personal
mobility
Magok District is located to the
southwest of Seoul and it is a
futuristic high-tech city
Reductions in
transportatio
n costs and
technology
transfer
Knowledge-intensive
and high-tech
industries
Hibernia's Global Financial Network (GFN)
provides a network for financial exchanges,
global banks North America, Europe and
Asia

7. IS AN ECONOMIC CONCEPT WHERE CAPITAL, LABOUR AND COMMODITY,
MARKET, INFORMATION, RAW MATERIAL, MANAGEMENT AND
ORGANIZATION ARE INTERNATIONALIZED AND FULLY INTERDEPENDENT
THROUGHOUT THE PLANET
Golden age
for business,
commerce
and trade
Increases in
trade and
liberalization
policies
Export-based
economies
to propel
American multinational retail
corporation that runs chains of large
discount department stores
World's largest chain of hamburger fast
food restaurants, serving more than 119
countries

8. THE TRANSMISSION OF CULTURE GLOBALLY, FACILITATED BY THE
MOVEMENT OF PEOPLE, OBJECTS, SIGNS AND SYMBOLS, BOOKS AND
CULTURAL ARTIFACTS
Common
shape of
local
cultures
Minimizing
cultural
diversity
Formation
of Global
Culture
 The process of globalization
suggests simultaneously two
images:
STAGE 1
 The compression of cultures.
Things formerly held apart are
now brought into contact and
juxtaposition
Berlin celebrating
Movement organized by Holi
WWF celebrated
globally
STAGE 2
 Entails the extension of a particular culture to its
limit, the globe. Heterogeneous cultures become
incorporated and integrated into a dominant culture
which eventually covers the whole world

9. POLITICAL GLOBALIZATION MEANS INTEGRATING THE GOVERNMENTS OR
RULING POWERS OF DIFFERENT NATIONS AT INTERNATIONAL LEVEL TO
SOLVE THE PROBLEMS IMPOSING THREAT TO THE WORLD
Worldwide
infrastructur
e of inter-national
agreements
End
geopolitics
and the
advent of a
new age— the
era of global
politics
Political
integration
schemes such
as the
European
union
Group of seven industrialized
nations of the world, formed by
Canada, USA, France, Germany,
Italy, japan, and the UK
SAARC: geopolitical organization of
eight countries that are located in South
Asia

10. ENVIRONMENTAL GLOBALIZATION MEANS TO CONSTRUCT
PHYSICAL STRUCTURES IN SUCH A WAY THAT THEY ARE
SUSTAINABLE IN TERMS OF SOCIETY AND ENVIRONMENT
Economy is
a wholly
owned
subsidiary of
the ecology
Better
living for
all—
sustainably
Environment
and
globalization
deeply
welded
together
UNCED: Earth Summit
where 172 governments
participated with 116
heads of state govt
(WMO) is an intergovernmental
organization with a membership of
191 Member States and Territories

11. What are the EFFECTS of Globalization?
DEATH OF DISTANCE
 Distance – barrier against trade
 The trade of goods and services has become feasible with
technological developments and trade agreements that decrease or
eliminate tariffs
 Distance is the diffusion of production into the whole world
 Currently, through FDI, MNC’s have diffused their productions to
many countries
END OF NATION STATE
 As the development of modern nation-state depends on inter-state
relations, the definition of state becomes more evident in
the globalization process
 Globalization increases the local awareness and solidifies ―auto-awareness
instead of eliminating nation-state

12. DOMINANACE OF R & D
 Investment on knowledge forms the basics of innovativeness and
technologic development
 Developing countries have significant R & D expenditures and
expenditures on education is increasing in most OECD countries
1700 1900 2000 & above
ECONOMICS Agriculture Manufacture Information
TECHNOLOGY Plough Machine Computer
OUTPUT Food Good Information
RESOURCE Land Capital Knowledge
UNIT Family Company Network
ENERGY Muscle Fossil Fuel Brain
COMPETITION Local National Global
DEMAND Minimal Remarkable Continuity
10000 B.C
4,000 BC
14th century
late 17th
century
1970s
1980s
1990s
2000s
AGRICULTURAL
WRITING
PRINTING PRESS
INDUSTRIAL
REVOLUTION
SPACE ERA
COMMUNICATION
ERA
KNOWLEDGE
ERA
INFORMATION
ERA

13. CULTURAL EROSION
 “Particular culture” – heterogeneous culture dissolves, covers
the whole world
 “tightening of culture” – cultures flow without organizational
principle
 Local cultures have the possibilities to interpret the global and
redefine it in their authentic characteristics framework
 Anthony smith declares that ― “global culture is problematic”
GLOCALIZATION
 Combination of the terms “global” and “local”
 The creation of goods and services that are customized to
supply global markets but consistent with local values
 Glocalization does not eliminate all differences but ceases that
globalization will wipe all the differences out
 Now globalization evolves itself in order to include local values

14. CONTEMPORARY THESIS
OF GLOBALIZATION
Hyperglobalist Transformationalists Sceptic
 A new global era
 Global civilization &
government
 Promote unrestricted &
free international
interactions
 Extinction of nation-state
 Increased regionalism
 Internationalized political
economy lead by world’s
superpowers
 Strengthening of nation-state
 Unprecedented
interconnectedness
 National policies owned
not only by nation but
international governments
 Transforming government
pattern

15. What is it’s IMPORTANCE in PLANNING?
 Planning can be said to be a subset of globalization
 In planning we try to bring positive aspects of different
societies into one by combining them
 The planners’ location is in the middle of the ideological
spectrum of hyperglobist and sceptic & are viewed to be a
sign of weakness
 Appreciate the potential for growth, development which
globalization offers, at the same time concerned about
it’s ill effects.
COMPROMISE AS STRENGTH
World cities - New York, Tokyo and London : impact of the spatial planning system w.r.t
economic concepts.
 Through advancement in communication and
transport system planners try to evolve a society
such that it sustains and remains in equilibrium
between the past and future.
 Incorporates a global society forming “ethnic
enclaves”, within the complete mosaic of a city
 A planner should be able to attract private
investment without totally abandoning all labour
and environmental standards of the city

16. What are it’s POSITIVE impacts?
 A better economy – it introduces rapid development of the
capital market
 Introducing new technologies- the new technologies and
progress in telecommunication, introduction of satellites,
mobiles etc
 The new scientific research patterns
 Rise in living standards
 Better trade, more employment & increase in productivity due
to modern technology
 In cultural context, globalization has brought in different
ideologies, and thought process amongst people
 In political context, onset of western democratic system has an
impact on politics in eastern world
 National policies control the extent of globalization in that
country and vice versa.

17. What are it’s NEGATIVE impacts?
 Loss of national integrity , too much exchange of trade,
money etc. independent domestic policies are lost.
 Unemployment , mental pressure on companies that causes
many people to lose their jobs
 Cultural homogenization , people start to get westernize in
different culture lagging in their own heritage
 Increasing gap between the rich and poor.
 Developed countries are much benefited by this process rather
than underdeveloped & developing countries.
 Forfeiture among nations , Too much flow of capital amongst
countries introduces unfair and immoral distribution of income.
 Globalization also provides a chance to the evil society i.e.
Terrorists and criminals to attack, also there are increasing
number of cases of cyber crimes
Cheaper synthetic bags
overcoming jute
industries in West Bengal
United Nations is believed
to be influenced by Global
Superpower, USA
Mumbai terror attack

18. What are it’s IMPACTS on the CITY?
 The impact of global forces can be argued to have had a fundamental impact on
the society.
 W.r.t. planning, Inc. flow of immigrants may be more concerned with
substantial economic and social advancements.
 At city level actual question is access to jobs and services.
 Economic and social change impacts on civil society and political expression in
the city.
 Globalisation impacts the socio-cultural beliefs of the city people; they start to
adopt western culture
 It also impacts the city environmentally; degrading it.
 Pressures on planning comes both from the need to integrate city economics
with global forces and need to integrate fragmented interest within the city

19. Case Study
INDIA
 The Impacts Of Globalization On Indian Cities and City Policies:
 The post-1991 period has seen notable changes in India’s macroeconomic policies, with the
result that the Indian economy today is far more open and far more integrated with the
global system than anytime since the 1960s
 The pick up in GDP growth has helped improve India’s global position. Consequently India’s
position in the global economy has improved from the 8th position in 1991 to 4th place in
2001
 Changes have taken place during the same period in the nature and pattern of urban
growth.
 New townships with high quality infrastructure have sprung up on the periphery of large
cities.
 Globalization and INDIAN it outsourcing Industry :
 The emergence of the software and services outsourcing industry in India is one of the most
visible outcomes of globalization, stimulated by the spread of modern information and
communication technologies.
 low-end software services providers, such as India, have played a central role in the
development of this economy by enabling work to be performed faster, cheaper and around
the clock
 The software and services industry in India has grown rapidly from small beginnings in the
1980s, to generate total earnings of $ 13.5 billion in 2004-05, of which $ 10 billion were
from exports

20. Case Study
INDIA
 Globalization of ADITYA BIRLA GROUP
 Launched globalization journey four decades ago
 Established first overseas company in Thailand in 1969
 Anchored by 133,000 employees from 42 nationalities
 Over 1.5 million shareholders
 A metals powerhouse . One of the biggest producers
of primary aluminum in Asia
International establishments:
1. Thailand
2. Philippines
3. Indonesia
4. Egypt
5. China
6. Canada
7. Australia
8. Laos
9. North and south America
 Largest producer of carbon black
 Fourth largest producer of insulators
 Fifth largest producer of acrylic fiber.
Globalization and INDIAN IT outsourcing Industry :
 The emergence of the software and services outsourcing industry in India is one of the most
visible outcomes of globalization, stimulated by the spread of modern information and
communication technologies.
 low-end software services providers, such as India, have played a central role in the
development of this economy by enabling work to be performed faster, cheaper and around
the clock
 The software and services industry in India has grown rapidly from small beginnings in the
1980s, to generate total earnings of $ 13.5 billion in 2004-05, of which $ 10 billion were
from exports

21. Case Study
INDIA
 CULTURAL GLOBALIZATION IN INDIA
 Indian culture which in effect means Hindu culture, Hindu religion, Hindu society, Hindu
civilization
 In the Colonial Era in India from 1700-1875: All native Hindus were despicable creatures who
don't have to be treated like human beings till they take their fateful decision to embrace
Christianity
 Along with Christian religion came the rest of British or Western culture, thought and customs and
the gradual end of traditional ways of life
 The British rulers attempted to colonize our minds by eliminating all our traditional schools and
education systems through a progressive system of Western education
 After the end of colonization rule in India this western culture still flourished but now under
the heading of globalization
 Swami Vivekananda foresaw the dangers of Globalization as
early as in 1893 when he spoke at the Parliament of World
Religions in Chicago and asked “Would India die?”

22. INDIA
 Land And Housing Market Impacts :
 Globalization leads to emergence of global property market, dominated by global real estate
firm.
 Presence of global firms and global business class in the cities leads to demand for high
quality office space and residential space and scare land and housing in the globalizing
cities are diverted to catering to these new demands.
 There is also another effect of globalization on land and housing markets. For making local
economies competitive, the cities are in the process of improving city image and quality of
life through infrastructure and city beautification projects. Finance for these activities gets
raised locally through sale of lands
 All of a sudden, the role of private sector in city affairs has increased. This has brought in
corruption and promotion of vested interests through the process of contracting out the
work to private sector
 In the property markets, the vested interests are forcing the local governments to transfer
public lands to the commercially lucrative projects. In instances where such lands are
squatted upon by slums, local governments are expected to displace them and then resettle
them under the guise of public-private partnership. The outcome of many of these
processes has been eviction of the poor from prime lands and locations in many of the
globalizing cities.

23. EGYPT
Egypt’s , 2011, Revolution was however, prepared
online, through the virtual political youth
movements on Facebook and other social media
sites.
The movement adopted the non-violent resistance
methodology, which they promoted through
Facebook. As a result of this movement, President
Mubarak stepped down after 30 years in power.
INDIA
Dec 2013: Media played an important role by
providing coverage of this unfortunate incident.
As the movement to bring the gang rape victim to
justice went viral, the nation saw widespread protest
that spilled on streets across the country . This
inspired a whole generation to stand together for
women’s rights and make the state answerable for its
citizens.

24. THANK YOU