Science, Education and Innovations in the context of modern problems..pdf

Science, Education and Innovations in the context of modern problems - SEI (2790-0169)
IMCRA - International Meetings and Conferences Research Association
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SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONDITIONS OF INTER-STATE MIGRANT WORKERS IN
KERALA WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO IRON AND STEEL INDUSTRIAL UNITS IN
KANJIKODE IN PALAKKAD DISTRICT
1
Dr. K. Shobha, 2
Shiny .L,
1 & 2
Associate Professor of Economics, Ph.D. Scholar of Economics, Department of
Economics Government Arts College, Coimbatore, India
Abstract
Labour shortage problem in Kerala is solved to an extent by migrant workers from other
states .The present study is focused on analysis of reasons for inter-state migration in iron and
steel industrial units in Palakkad district.About 640 samples were selected for the study. The
statistical techniques used in the analysis are percentage method and chi-square test. The
study revealed that iron and steel industrial units in Palakkad district mainly depends on migrant
labourers.
Index terms:Push factor, Pull factor, Unorganized sector
INTRODUCTION
Human migration is the movement of people from one place to another with the inten-
tions of settling, permanently or temporarily, at a new location (geographic region). The
movement is often over long distances and from one country to another, but internal migration
is also possible; indeed, this is the dominant form globally. People may migrate as individuals,
in family units or in large groups.
Growth in the number of international migrants has been robust over the last two decades,
reaching 281 million people living outside their country of origin in 2020, up from 173 million in 2000
and 221 million in 2010. Currently, international migrants represent about 3.6 per cent of the world’s
population.The report, International Migration 2020 Highlights, by the Population Division of the
UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs (UNDESA), provides the latest estimates of the num-

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ber of international migrants by country of destination, origin, age and sex for all countries and areas
of the world.
The report found that two thirds of all international migrants live in just 20 countries. The
United States of America remained the largest destination, hosting 51 million international migrants in
2020, equal to 18 per cent of the world’s total. Germany hosted the second largest number of mi-
grants worldwide, at around 16 million, followed by Saudi Arabia (13 million), the Russian Federation
(12 million) and the United Kingdom (9 million).
India topped the list of countries with the largest Diasporas in 2020, with 18 million persons
from India living outside of their country of birth. Other countries with a large transnational community
included Mexico and the Russian Federation (11 million each), China (10 million) and Syria
(8 million). Diasporas contribute to the development of their countries of origin through the promotion
of foreign investment, trade, access to technology and financial inclu-
sion (https://www.un.org/en/desa/international-migration-2020-highlights). The present study has
analyzedthe motivational factors for inter-state migration in iron and steel industrial units in
Kanjikode, Palakkad district. The hypothesis tested was that there was no significant difference
between push and pull factors.
Review of Literature
AnjuBala (2017) presented a paper on “Migration in India: Causes and consequences”.
The study describes the factors responsible for migration. In rural areas, due to less employ-
ment opportunities, low wages, drought, lack of basic amenities, landlessness, social factors
act, people migrate to urban areas to get more employment opportunities, higher income, better
wages, better facilities activities. A large part of migrated population particularly in large and
metropolitan cities lives in marginal settlements, slums and squatter areas with limited infra-
structure services threatening health, environmental degradation of urban areas, traffic and
other problems of urban areas. Migration is the movement of people from one place to another.
People move in search of employment, better educational and health facilities etc. The male
migration constitutes the highest level of migration in India due to employment purpose. The
female usually migrates as accompanists of males through several other factors like after mar-
riage or family transfer. More people migrate to urban areas because small land holding, low
income, low living standard, less agricultural productivity compels them to migrate in urban ar-
eas where diversification of economy and urbanization provides a lot of job opportunities. But
overcrowding in cities causes many environmental problems such as land, water, and air pollu-

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tion, over utilization of resources. So, there is a need to provide employment facilities in rural
areas to minimize the rural to urban migration and to prevent to move to cities. A large percent-
age of the rural population should be able to make decent living through non-agricultural occu-
pations. All basic amenities like roads, electricity, safe drinking water, health facilities (health
centers), job opportunities in business and service sectors should be develop by the govern-
ment in rural areas.
Humera Sultana and Ambreen Fatima (2017) studied “Factors Influencing Migration of
Female Workers: A Case of Bangladesh”. The study revealed that as lack of education creates
obstacles for females to enter labour markets, the enhancement of training and skill programs
before migration can be fruitful for the success. There is also a need to promote equal and non
gender bias employment opportunities for female workers in developing countries. Moral and
ethical support of civil society with collaboration of NGOs can facilitate female migrants’ work-
ers. In log of real GDP per capita of Bangladesh, an indicator of development of origin country
shows significant but negative effect confirming the theory that low development of country
pushes workers to migrate. In contrast, economic development in the destination country at-
tracts the workforce from the least developed countries by providing economic opportunity and
good standards of living. Labour market indicators of Bangladesh such as size of manufactur-
ing, service, and agriculture sectors contribute significantly in motivating the females to migrate.
Meanwhile, demographic factors such as high fertility rate of Bangladesh discourage females to
migrate by increasing the number of dependent at home while fertility rate of destination country
increases the demand for female migrant, mainly to work as domestic workers. The result
shows that lag-dependent variable, i.e., the past decision of female migrants has significant
positive effect on the current decision of migration. Migration rate of the last year influences the
current amount of flow of migration.
Arup Mitra (2017) conducted a study on “Rural to Urban Migration and Urban Labour
Market” with the help of National institute of labour economics and research and development
(NILERD).The study reveals that rural to urban migration in the Indian context is not exception-
ally high if we consider the aggregate rates for all urban areas. However, when it comes to large
cities, the rates are higher. Such city size bias enters into the decision making process of the
migrants because large cities are endowed with higher levels of infrastructure, investment and
job opportunities. Though migrants are not able to graduate to the organised or high productivity
sector, they seem to be better-off even in the informal sector, after migration, and particularly in

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large cities compared to small towns. Migration, urban informal sector employment and the inci-
dence of SCs in urban and rural areas are all positively connected, suggesting that the socially
backward groups are more likely to migrate and land up in the urban informal sector. This pat-
tern is accompanied by a decline in the incidence of poverty in both rural and urban areas: the
informal sector activities in large cities are able to provide relatively better job opportunities and
higher living standards. Urbanisation and migration show beneficial effects in terms of reduction
in both rural and urban poverty, though this process is not strongly evident. Also, states with a
higher poverty incidence in rural areas unravel a similar situation in the urban areas.
Based on review of literature researcher found that earlier studies have not concen-
trated much on reasons for inter-state migration in iron and steel industrial units in Kerala. Pre-
sent study is an attempt to fill this gap by analysing inter-state migration in iron and steel indus-
trial units in Kerala.
Methodology
Ahead in demographic transition among Indian states, Kerala has evolved as one of the
most attractive destinations for migrant workers from rest of India. The state offers the best
wage rates for workers in the unorganized sector in the country, manifold compared to most
other states (Labour Bureau,2020).The state which is still known as a remittance economy
where migration from Kerala directly or indirectly impacts every household in the State, is also
known for measures taken for the welfare of inter-state migrant workers it receives (Planning
commission,2008).
Iron and steel related industrial units in Palakkad district areconcentrated in the Indus-
trial Development Area (IDA) and NewIndustrial Development Area (NIDA) in Kanjikode. These
unitsproduce iron/steel rods, bars, pipes, ingots and other alliedproducts, mainly from scrap
iron. The industry depends onmigrant labour, significantly from Bihar and Odisha. Iron andsteel
was one of the first few sectors in Kerala that engagedmale workers from eastern India signifi-
cantly. Workers fromUttar Pradesh, Jharkhand, West Bengal, Karnataka and Tamil Naduhave
also made their presence felt in this sector. Like in most of theindustrial settings, workers live on
the factory premises. Workerswith families live outside. Buxar, Nalanda, Vaishali, East Cham-
paranin Bihar, and Ganjam, Mayurbhanj and Kendujhar in Odisha aresome of the districts from
where migrants come to work in the ironand steel industry here (cmid.org.in).
The data were collected from primary sources. Based on census method about 640 re-
spondents were selected for the study.The statistical techniques used in the analysis wereper-

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centage method, likert scaling and chi-square test.The present study is an exploratory one
based essentially on primary data. It is a known fact that primary data has its own limitations. To
have accuracy in the data collected, the investigator has applied cross checking method. In this
way, gross inaccuracy in the given data was minimized.
Findings of the Study
Migration in geography usually refers to the movement of humans from one place to
another. It occurs when the perceived interaction of Push and Pull factors overcome the fric-
tion of moving. Push factors: elements of the origin that are perceived negatively leading to a
desire to leave. Pull factors: elements of the destination that are perceived positively leading to
place-attraction. Friction of Moving: costs in time, finance and emotions in leaving one location
and moving to another. The strength of the Pull and/or Push factors need to overcome these
costs to cause potential migrants to turn that into an actual relocation. Causes of Migration:
People migrate for many different reasons. These reasons can be classified as economic, so-
cial, political or environmental: • economic migration - moving to find work or follow a particular
career path • social migration - moving somewhere for a better quality of life or to be closer to
family or friends • political migration - moving to escape political persecution or war • environ-
mental causes of migration include natural disasters such as flooding Some people choose to
migrate, eg someone who moves to another country to enhance their career opportunities.
Some people are forced to migrate, eg someone who moves due to war or famine. A refugee
is someone who has left their home and does not have a new home to go to. Often refugees
do not carry many possessions with them and do not have a clear idea of where they may fi-
nally settle. Push factors are the reasons why people leave an area. They include: • lack of
services • lack of safety • high crime • crop failure • drought • flooding • poverty • war Pull fac-
tors are the reasons why people move to a particular area. They include: • higher employment
• more wealth • better services • good climate • safer, less crime • political stability • more fer-
tile land • lower risk from natural hazards • Migration usually happens as a result of a combina-
tion of these push and pull factors (https://www.patnauniversity.ac.in, Uma Shankar Yadav,
Ravindra Tripathi, Mano Ashish Tripathi, Nasir Mammadov, 2022).
An analysis of the influencing factors which were instrumental in migrating was be-
ing carried out. The motivational factors for migrating by the sample respondents were classified
as push and pull factors. Push factors included heavy workload, lack of liking job, no regular
employment, social conflict, family problem, casteism, unemployment, low wages, landlessness,

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indebtedness and flood. The pull factors were better employment, better wage,better living con-
dition, regular employment, better social overhead, job for family members, easy to get job,
working hours are limited, proper distribution of wages and no risk in doing.
Push Factors
The push factors are those that compel a person, due to different reasons, to leave
that place and go to some other place. For instance, low productivity, unemployment and un-
derdevelopment, poor economic conditions, lack of opportunities for advancement, exhaustion
of natural resources and natural calamities may compel people to leave their native place in
search of better economic opportunities (Gursharan Singh Kainth, 2010).
The migrants in the selected sample were asked to indicate the reason for migration as
‘strongly agree’, ‘agree’, ‘neutral’, ‘disagree’ and ‘strongly disagree’. The responses were given
weights as 5, 4, 3,2 and 1 respectively. The total weighted score for each of the factors were
calculated and are presented in the following table.
Table 1. Push Factors
Factors Strongly
Agree
Agree Neutral Disagree Strongly dis-
agree
Unemployment 89(13.9) 482(75.3) 49(7.7) 20(3.1) 0
Low wages 109(17) 489(76.4) 33(5.2) 9(1.4) 0
Landlessness 11(1.7) 163(25.5) 46(7.2) 410(64.1) 10(1.6)
Indebtedness 11(1.7) 193(30.2) 60(9.4) 369(57.7) 7(1.1)
Flood 13(2) 82(12.8) 15(2.3) 519(81.1) 11(1.7)
Heavy workload 6(.9) 124(19.4) 45(7) 449(70.2) 16(2.5)
Lack of liking
job
25(3.9) 369(57.7) 33(5.2) 213(33.3) 0
No regular em-
ployment
36(5.6) 466(72.8) 28(4.4) 110(17.2) 0
To enjoy nu-
clear family
55(8.6) 65(10.2) 26(4.1) 494(77.2) 0
Social conflict 4(0.6) 45(7) 159(24.8) 414(64.7) 18(2.8)

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Family problem 15(2.3) 46(7.2) 136(21.3) 435(68) 8(1.3)
Casteism 3(0.5) 51(8) 190(29.7) 381(59.5) 15(2.3)
Source: Field Survey, 2019
Table 1 shows the push factors for migration. About 75.3 percent of respondents had
agreed unemployment was the push factor for migration but 3.1 percent of respondents dis-
agreed. About 76.4 percent of respondents had agreed low wages was the another push factor
for migration and 1.4 percent of respondents had disagreed. About 64.1 percent of respondents
had disagreed that landlessness was the push factor for migration and about 1.6 percent of re-
spondents strongly disagreed. About 57.7 percent of respondents had disagreed that indebted-
ness was the reason for migration and about 1.1 percent of respondents strongly disagreed.
About 81.1 percent of respondents had disagreed that floods was the another push factor for
migration and about 1.7 percent of respondents strongly disagreed. About 70.2 percent of re-
spondents had disagreed that heavy workload was the push factor for migration and about 0.9
percent of respondents had strongly agreed.
Table 2
Push Factors - Chi-Square Test
Factors Chi-square
value
Df Sig
Unemployment 879.038 3 .000
Low wages 936.075 3 .000
Landlessness 899.109 4 .000
Indebtedness 744.219 4 .000
Flood 1520.938 4 .000
Heavy workload 1073.234 4 .000
Lack of liking job 505.275 3 .000
No regular employment 805.850 3 .000
To enjoy nuclear family 934.763 3 .000
Social conflict 915.016 4 .000
Family problem 1001.609 4 .000

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Casteism 798.250 4 .000
The test statistic are statistically significant( p < .0005). Therefore, the null hypothesis is
rejected and it can be concluded that there are statistically significant differences in the push
factors. The perception of the migrants differs in the above said factors.
Pull Factors
The Pull Factors are factors which attract the migrants to an area. Opportunities for bet-
ter employment, higher wages, facilities, better working conditions and attractive amenities are
pull factors of an area (K.K.Thet, 2014).
Table 3. Pull Factors
Factors Strongly
Agree
Agree Neutral Disagree Strongly
disagree
Better em-
ployment
63(9.8) 550(85.9) 27(4.2) 0 0
Better wage 69(10.8) 533(83.3) 28(4.4) 10(1.6) 0
Better living
condition
20(3.1) 534(83.4) 48(7.5) 38(5.9) 0
Regular em-
ployment
31(4.8) 535(83.6) 41(6.4) 29(4.5) 4(0.6)
Better social
overhead
11(1.7) 492(76.9) 95(14.8) 42(6.6) 0
Job for fam-
ily members
11(1.7) 102(15.9) 14(2.2) 452(70.6) 61(9.5)
Easy to get
job
10(1.6) 546(85.3) 35(5.5) 49(7.7) 0
Working
hours are
limited
0 48(7.5) 81(12.7) 507(79.2) 4(.6)
Proper dis-
tribution of
7(1.1) 470(73.4) 81(12.7) 82(12.8) 0

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wages
No risk in
doing
0 61(9.5) 45(7) 530(82.8) 40(.6)
Table 3 shows pull factors of migration. About 85.9 percent of respondents had agreed
that better employment was the pull factor for migration and about 4.2 percent of respondents
had neutral opinion. About 83.3 percent of respondents had agreed that better wage was the
pull factor for migration and about 1.6 percent of respondents had disagreed. Around 83.4 per-
cent of respondents agreed that better living condition was the pull factor for migration and
about 3.1 percent of respondents strongly agreed. About 83.6 percent of respondents agreed
that regular employment was the reason for migration and about 0.6 percent of respondents
strongly disagreed. About 76.9 percent of respondents agreed that better social overhead was
the reason for migration and about 1.7 percent of respondents strongly agreed. About 70.6 per-
cent of respondents disagreed that job for family members was the reason for migration and
about 1.7 percent of respondents strongly agreed. About 85.3 percent of respondents agreed
that easy to get job was the reason for migration and about 1.6 percent of respondents had
strongly agreed.
Table 4. Pull Factors – Chi-Square Test
Factors Chi-square value Df Sig
Better employment 799.991 2 .000
Better wage 1170.838 3 .000
Better living condition 1168.150 3 .000
Regular employment 1623.469 4 .000
Better social overhead 941.088 3 .000
Job for family members 1068.953 4 .000
Easy to get job 1246.512 3 .000
Working hours are limited 1022.063 3 .000
Proper distribution of wages 823.963 3 .000
No risk in doing 1151.638 3 .000

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The test statistic are statistically significant ( p < .0005). Therefore, the null
hypothesis is rejected and it can be concluded that there are statistically significant differences
in the pull factors. The perception of the migrants differs in the above said factors.
Conclusion
In Kanjikode iron and steel units produce rods, bars, pipes, and other allied products,
mainly from scrap iron. The industry depends on migrant labourers, significantly from Bihar and
Odisha. Iron and steel is one of the first few sectors in Kerala that engages male workers from
eastern India. Workers from Uttar Pradesh, Jharkhand, West Bengal, Karnataka and Tamil
Naduhave also made their presence felt in this sector. The analysis brings out the reasons for
inter-state migration in Kerala. The study revealed that unemployment and low wages are the
important push factor for migration. Better employment, better wage, better living condition, bet-
ter social overhead, easy to get job and regular employment were the important pull factor for
migration.
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PERCEPTION OF GARMENT EXPORTERS ON LETTER OF CREDIT IN TIRUPUR CITY
Dr. M. Mahalakshmi,
Professor, PG & Research Department of Commerce with Computer Applications,
Hindusthan College of Arts & Science (Autonomous), Coimbatore – 28.
Mrs. S. Kalpana,
Research Scholar, PG & Research Department of Commerce, Hindusthan College of
Arts & Science (Autonomous), Coimbatore – 28
Mr. S. Balakrishnan,
Assistant Professor, PG & Research Department of Commerce with Computer Applica-
tions, Hindusthan College of Arts & Science (Autonomous), Coimbatore – 28.
Mrs. L. Lalpriya,
Assistant Professor, SJSMV College of Arts and Science, Ondipudur,
Coimbatore – 16.
Mrs. G. Kowsalyadevi,
Assistant Professor, KG College of Arts and Science, KGISL Campus, Saravanampatti,
Coimbatore – 35.
ABSTRACT
Since its inception in the early 1900s, the letter of credit has served as a cornerstone of
international commerce. They continue to play an important part in the world's commerce today.
For any firm looking to expand into the foreign market, a Letter of Credit is a critical payment
instrument that may assist to mitigate certain risks and costs. Exporting and importing goods
would include a number of activities in terms of paperwork exchange, physical cargo transporta-
tion, and payment settlement, all of which would need to be explicitly specified and set up in or-
der to assure a seamless commercial transaction between the parties. In this study the authors
tried analyse the perception of garment exporters over Letter of credit in Tiruppur city. The data
has been collected from 100 respondents by using convenient sampling technique with the help
of structured questionnaire. Letter of credit makes the exporters a smooth flow of transactions

19
for every dealings. It gives the stable mechanism; especially from the Importer and the Ex-
porter’s angle. The Letter of Credit gives more security and confidence among the traders in
Tiruppur city.
Keywords: Letter of credit, Exporters, garments etc
INTRODUCTION
Among the payment options available to businesses doing business internationally, let-
ters of credit have a prominent position. The term "letter of credit" comes from the French word
"accreditation," which means "authorization to accomplish anything." Accreditation comes from
the Latin word "acridities," which means "trust." in order to serve as a rules that define l / c that
would be acknowledged widely by all nations, the ICC developed the Uniform Customs and
UCP), which was embraced by far more than 175 countries and was most recently revised in
1993 for implementation with effect from January 1, 1994.
As international commerce has progressed over the years, a number of different pay-
ment systems and processes have been developed that are now accepted worldwide by all fi-
nancial institutions and other associated parties. For new customers who have never done
business with the exporter before, business transactions are often conducted using either the
advance payment or Letter of Credit options.
L/C is one of the simplest payment systems accessible to an exporter to guarantee that
he receives his money accurately, and it also ensures that the exporter complies with the im-
porter's requirements in terms of quality, quantity, shipping directions, and paperwork, among
other things. A letter of credit is a written promise by a bank to pay debts to beneficiaries (ex-
porter) upon sight of a certain amount of money, subject to the terms and circumstances stipu-
lated by the importers (applicant). The letter of credit should indicate a deadline for execution as
well as the papers that will be required to certify the issuer's completion and fulfilment.
EXPORT – IMPORT LETTER OF CREDIT
A commercial letter of credit from a foreign nation is referred to as an export credit first
from seller's (recipients) standpoint. The same letter of credit is referred to as an import credit by
the buyer (applicant). In the case of an export credit, the granting bank makes an irrevocable
commitment to pay the seller if all of the terms and conditions of the L/C are met by the papers
that are supplied.
This bridge of confidence is built by at least two bankers, i.e., banker of seller and
banker of buyer and this trust are managed by way of an instrument known as “Letter of credit”.

20
And no doubt for providing such facility, both bankers earn by way of charges those are either
borne by buyer, seller or both of them as agreed mutually between buyer and seller.
A L/C is a promise made by the purchaser's bank manager to a bank of the Vendor
that its financial institution will honour the receipt introduced by Vendor on the due date and
make payment, provided that the Vendor has bound to comply with all the rules and specifica-
tions set forward by importing country in the L/C or the Purchaser's order form and has gener-
ated document evidence to prove adherence, as well as all required reshipping documents.
Rawal et. al (2021). A letter of credit is sometimes referred to as "L/C" in certain circles. In this
case, the vendor is assured that they will get money, and the buyer is assured that no payment
will be made until the products are received. Using an L/C has many advantages, the most im-
portant of which is that it provides protection to both the seller and the buyer.
STEPS IN AN IMPORT/ EXPORT LETTER OF CREDIT TRANSACTION
The Sales Contract
Sales contracts are written agreements between the buyer and seller that outline the
parameters of the transaction. When a buyer and seller enter into a contract, they must include:
an item's definition, its quantity, its dollar value, its service conditions (time for shipping and
submission of papers), and its language and form of payment.
Application and Agreement
When the company's letter of credit application and agreement documents are signed
by the client and the financial institution, they establish a repayment and refund contract. The
issuing bank receives instructions from the consumer using this method. Therefore, thorough
and precise application information is critical to prevent having to have an l/c changed. When a
letter of credit is issued, the client agrees to refund the issuing bank for any drawing payments
made in line with the L/C provisions.
Issuance of the Letter of Credit
Forwarded to advisory bank through narrative or air cargo, the financial institution puts
together an L/C in accordance with the application's specifications (a branch or correspondent
of the issuing bank). In accordance with their consumers' requests, the financial institution in-
forms the counselling bank whether or not to add its confirmation.
Advising
No promise is given by consulting bank when it sends the letter of credit to the recipient
(the seller). Nonetheless, if the advised bank has indeed been requested to confirm the letter of

21
credit and approves, it will include a provision promising to respect draughts from the recipient
so long as the paperwork show that L/C terms and conditions have indeed been followed.
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
With the use of a "indemnification" arrangement, Prahathi & Mahalakshmi (2019), L/C
establishes a legal contract between the issuing bank as promisor and seller as promise, in or-
der to reimburse the issuers for draughts received or paid under the credit facility. Karim & Ray
(2017), focused on the nature and problem of export financing and the role of the financial insti-
tutions which are providing financial support to exporters' credit needs arising on pre-shipment
and post shipment stages (Yadav Uma Shankar, Nasir Mammadov, & Ravindra Tripathi., 2022).
There are two key principles to remember while working with a L/C: the concept of autonomy
and stringent compliance, according to Hao & Xiao's (2013) research. Both exporters and im-
porters benefit from the amulet of these two factors, but theL/C transaction is at danger because
of this amulet.
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
Tirupur is a Dollar city which makes several international transactions. Letters of credit
are essential in international commerce since the identity of the importer and the exporter is sel-
dom disclosed. This information is crucial in understanding how exporters handle letters of
credit. Thus, this research tries to get an understanding of the views of exporters on L/C.
OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
 To find out what letter of credit means to garment exporters.
 The significance of an L/C in international commerce, including exporters and im-
porters.
 Analysis of why letter of credit is preferred.
 To research and improve L/C concerns.
SCOPE OF THE STUDY
The export and import of products and services in exchange for other currencies is
known as international commerce. Due to macroeconomic shifts, the exporter is exposed to the
danger of not accepting funds for exports. Documentation credit may help mitigate this danger.
Letter of credit is the most often used mode of payment for exporters, since it is the most saf-
est and least hazardous. Avoiding payment issues and being familiar with the many sorts of L/C
and the items within the bank's control are revealed in this research.

22
RESEARCH DESIGN
Planning and organising an inquiry in such a way that it can address the research
questions is called research methodology. As a guide, it provides a framework for the collecting
and analysis of data Descriptive statistic was used in this project to determine how happy the
exporters was with the L/C received.
DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH
In exploratory study, interviews and reality inquiries are used to gather information on
market features. Descriptive research's primary goal is to describe the current condition of cir-
cumstances.
SAMPLE SIZE: The sample size taken in this study was 100 respondents in Tirupur
city.
AREA OF THE STUDY: Participants in Tirupur have provided the data for the research.
SAMPLING TECHNIQUE: The sampling method utilised in this research is an easy-to-
use method.
DATA COLLECTION: The sampling method utilised in this research is an easy-to-use
method.
PRIMARY DATA: When a researcher collects his or her own raw data, he or she will be
referring to data that has never been seen before.
SECONDARY DATA: Secondary data refers to data that has previously been gathered
by someone else and is used by the investigator in his or her investigation. It's not the most re-
cent information, but rather information that has been gathered and packaged by someone else.
Books, papers, newspapers, and websites are the primary sources of this data.
TOOLS USED FOR ANALYSIS:
 Simple percentage method
 Ranking method
 Chi square test
ANALYSIS & INTERPRETATION
The method through which qualitative data and the resulting information are made
available to those who need it. Typically, this data is gathered using standardised question-
naires from Tiruppur District exporters.

23
Table – 1 : Chi- square
Year of Ex-
perience
Persons Responsible
1-5
years
6-10
years
11-15
years
16 years
and
above
Total
Exporter 9 18 0 14 41
Customs House Agent 1 1 11 5 18
Importer 2 11 13 6 32
Co-Exporter 4 4 1 0 9
Degrees of freedom = 9
Level of significance = 0.05
Table Chi- square Value = 17.9
Calculated Chi- square value= 51.135
Result = Rejected
The hypothesis is rejected because the computed value (51.135) exceeds the table
value (17.9), and there is a strong correlation among years of experience and the man in charge
of drafting the L/C.
Table 2 : Reason for Preferring Letter of Credit
S. No Reason for preferring L/C I II III IV Weighted
Score
Rank
1 Minimize risk 150 73 43 15 28 IV
2 International trade 322 28 15 1 366 II
3 Availing bank finance 352 15 10 3 382 I
4 Secure form of payment 225 78 32 1 336 III
Computed table value
Availing bank finance has been ranked I (weighted score of 382) followed by Interna-
tional trade ranked II (weighted score of 366), secure form of payment ranked III (score of 336)

24
and the least preference is to minimize risk (Score 28). Exporters prefer Letter of credit for the
reason of availing bank finance.
LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY
 The quantity of respondents is restricted.
 The exporters' hectic schedules also make it very difficult to gather information.
 The amount of time allotted to the investigation is insufficient, and the amount of
data gathered is brief.
 Tirupur is the only city studied in this research.
FINDINGS OF THE STUDY
 There are a large number of responders that are above the age of 46.
 Professionals make up 48 percent of those who took the survey.
 More over four-fifths of those who responded (44 percent) are involved in a partner-
ship-type organisation.
 37% of those polled had a yearly income of more than 5 cores rupees.
 Majority of the respondents (73%) use only export for their trade expansion.
 Due to inadequate facilities for production, most of the exporters are exporting 3
months once.
 Majority of the respondents prefer export to USA.
 The major of the respondents (89%) produced above 75000 pieces for a month.
 68% of the respondents have export business by merchants from buying office.
 The majority of the respondents (53%) said they are manufacturer exporters.
 Majority of the respondents make sales agreement by using written format.
 Most of the respondents are preferred irrevocable with confirmed LC for their trans-
action.
 Most of the respondents are preparing the L/C through exporter which is necessary
for export.
 Most of the respondents prefer letter of credit for availing the bank finance.
 Among 62% of the respondents are using purchase order as a substitute document.
 Majority of the respondents are facing the problem of date expiry in invalid letter of
credit.
 Discrepancy in L/C documents is the major problem faced by the exporters.

25
 Most of the respondents are received the L/C amount from 7 to 15 days.
 Majority of the respondents made their L/C transaction in State Bank of India.
 The respondents are strongly agreed with the satisfaction of L/C transaction with
the mean value of 4.2 respectively.
 The respondents are highly agreeing with the acceptability regarding L/C transac-
tion such as bank may scrutinize the documents properly to avoid the discrepancies with the
mean value of 4.34 respectively
 People who are responsible for writing the L/C have a strong correlation with their
years of experience.
 Problems with invalid L/C are closely linked to one's level of education.
 In terms of L/C transactions, there is no correlation between yearly turnover and the
issue.
 In terms of age and kind of L/C, there is no significant correlation.
 There is no correlation between the kind of concern and the number of days it takes
to get an L/C payment.
SUGGESTIONS OF THE STUDY
 Banks can ensure that the letter of credit is accurate by examining the documenta-
tion thoroughly.
 L/C costs may be reduced by banks, since they are excessive.
 There may be ways in which banks might help reduce risk for their customers
(whether importers or exporters).
 The letter of credit payment option is a long and moment one. As a result, the Re-
serve Bank of India (RBI) may take action to address this issue.
 The Reserve Bank of India does not have a letter of credit structure that must be fol-
lowed. As a result, the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) may establish a standard L/C format and
focus mostly on e - banking services for its customers.
CONCLUSION
When it comes to domestic and international commerce, letters of credit are a critical
tool. Both the producer and the importer have peace of mind knowing they can rely on them to
deliver the items as promised. The smoothness of the transaction is further enhanced by the
use of a L/C. For the Importer and Exporter, this provides a sense of security. As an example, if

26
the parties have never done business before, this letter of credit gives them the confidence and
security to do so. Exporters are likewise putting increased emphasis on this. International com-
merce relies heavily on the L/C.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
BOOKS
 C.R. Kothari (2004)– Reasearch Methodology, 2nd
revision Edition, New Age Inter-
national Publishers, New Delhi.
 M.I. Mahajan (2007) –Export policy, procedure and documentation,16th
Edition,
Snow White Publishers Pvt Ltd, Mumbai.
 Paras Ram (2009) – Export – Import finance and Letter of credit (L/C), 7th
edition,
Anupam Publishers, New Delhi.
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145. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6461554
INSURANCE PENETRATION AND DENSITY IN INDIA
Dr. Senthil Kumar M K1
,
Assistant Professor, Department of Commerce, Sri Ramakrishna College of Arts and
Science (Autonomous), Coimbatore – 6.
Dr. M. Nandhini2
,
Associate Professor, Department of BCom(BPS), Sri Ramakrishna College of Arts and
Dr. Vidya P3
,
Assistant Professor, Department of BCom(CA), Sri Ramakrishna College of Arts and
Kalaivani R4
,

29
Assistant Professor, Department of Commerce, Sri Ramakrishna College of Arts and
Dr. N. Saranya5
, A
ssistant Professor, Department of Commerce CA, KPR College of Arts Science and
Research, Coimbatore.
Abstract
Insurance is necessary because the business environment, both in the life and non-life
insurance sectors, is characterised by risk and unpredictability. In risk mitigation, it is essential,
and it has grown into a method of protecting people's interests from financial loss and uncer-
tainty through time. It may be regarded as a social device that helps to decrease or eliminate
the danger of loss of life or property as a result of an accident. Because it ensures that a proc-
ess runs smoothly, insurance contributes significantly to a society's economic development by
maintaining process stability. Through the expansion of financial resources, the insurance busi-
ness helps the development of financial institutions while also lowering the risk. As a result of
this background, the emphasis of this article is on the prevalence and density of insurance in
India.
Keywords: Insurance, Penetration and Density.
Introduction
The insurance industry in India has seen substantial growth over the last decade,
thanks to the introduction of a wide range of complicated products and services. There has
been a vigorous contest as a consequence, with a positive and healthy ending.. The insurance
business in India is critical to the country's overall economic well-being. Consumers' savings
chances are improved, their future is protected, and the insurance business benefits from the
creation of a large pool of assets. With the assistance of these funds, the insurance business
provides a considerable contribution to the financial markets, resulting in increased large-scale
infrastructure development in India.
India's insurance penetration is now 3.7% of GDP, compared to the global average of
6.31%. In India, the life insurance industry is increasing at a rate of 11% to 12%. General insur-
ance is rising at an annual rate of up to 18%. The average annual growth rate for solo health
insurance is 35%. The government distributes money to the middle class and workers through

30
lowering taxes in the budget. This will assist the insurance industry as well, albeit in a more indi-
rect manner, with the expectation of increased penetration. Experts inside the insurance busi-
ness believe that an increase in government funding in the healthcare sector would aid in clos-
ing the large protection gap and making insurance more affordable. Rawal et. al (2021), Poon-
godi M et. al(2022), Poongodi M et. al (2021), Dhiman P et.al (2022), Sahoo S.K et.al (2022),
K.A et. al(2022) , Dhanraj R.K et. al (2020), Poongodi M et. al (2019), Poongodi M et. al (2020),
M. M. Kamruzzaman et. al (2014), M. M. Kamruzzaman et. al (2021), Md Selim Hossain et. al
(2019), Mingju Chen et. al (2019)
Review of Literature
Rajender kandukuri (2015) this articles study about the development of India’s Insur-
ance penetration form the year 2001 (2.71%) upto year 2009 (5.20%). Because of legislative
changes and unfavourable market circumstances, the penetration level decreased from 3.9 per-
cent in 2013 to 3.3 percent in 2014. In 2015, the overall penetration rate was 3.4 percent, com-
pared to a global average of 6.2 percent in the same year. An effort has been made in this pa-
per to examine permeation throughout the globe with particular reference to the role.
Saurav Dash, Rudra P. Pradhan, Rana P. Maradana, Kunal Gaurav, Danish B. Zaki,
Manju Jayakumar, (2017) this paper over the period 1980–2014, this study investigates the
causal link between insurance penetration and per capita economic process in 19 European
Union nations. IMP and the per capita incomes process are seen to have both unidirectional
and bidirectional causation based on the findings. During the time period under consideration,
these findings are often non-uniform among the nations of the Eurozone. The policy conclusion
is that economic plans should take into account the inequalities that exist between the insurance
industry and the per capita economic process in order to ensure that the Eurozone continues to
expand in a sustainable manner.
Jayabrata Ghosh (2020) this article is an effort to demonstrate the movement of the
volume of life insurance business in India as a result of the reformation of the sector in the year
2000, which had the goal of bringing in the private industry into the life insurance industry. In
addition, a worldwide comparison of the situation of life insurance penetration and density in the
year 2017-2018 is being conducted as part of this study.
Venkatesh Ganapathy (2021) A need for researching and assessing the insurance ser-
vice supply chain exists, and the advantages of doing so are highlighted for the industry as a
whole in this study. More research investigations are required to present a conceptual model to

31
describe the relevance of the blended supply chain notion in the insurance business and how
this method might contribute to national health. The results, on the other hand, are normative in
character.
Objectives of the study
 • To conduct research about the prevalence and density of insurance industry in In-
dia.
 • To do research on the Indian insurance industries, including life and non-life..
Research Methodology
This paper is fully based on secondary data and information published by several gov-
ernmental and private institutions namely IRDAI Annual Report, policyholder.gov.in, outlook-
asia-pacific, etc.
Insurance Penetration and Density
When calculating healthcare density, take into consideration the ratio of premium to
population (per capita premium), and when calculating penetration, take into consideration the
proportion of insurance costs to GDP. When a nation's insurance penetration and density are
measured, it shows the rate of expansion of the insurance industry in that nation.
Life Insurance Sector
Since 2001, the insurance density of life insurance has increased from USD 9.1 to USD
55.7 per dollar of insured value in 2010. The trend was downward until the year 2013, after
which it began to rise steadily. Since 2016, it has been steadily growing. It was estimated that
the level of life insurance density was USD 58, and that the penetration had increased from 2.15
percent in 2001 to 4.60 percent in 2012. (2009). Since then, it has followed a downward pattern
until the year 2014, and then an upward trend from 2015 to 2017. Following a little decrease in
2018, it was raised to 2.82 percent in 2019. This follows a tiny decrease in 2018.
Non-Life Insurance Sector
The penetration of the non-life insurance sector in the country has increased from 0.56
percent in 2001 to 0.94 percent in 2019, and the concentration has increased from USD 2.4 in
2001 to USD 19 in 2019. The infiltration of the non-life health coverage industry in the region
has increased from 0.56 percent in 2001 to 0.94 percent in 2019.
Industry

32
This industry has recorded a rise in insurance penetration over the first decade of liber-
alization, with the rate rising from 2.71 percent in 2001 to 5.20 percent in 2009. Percentage of
the population with internet access decreased, reaching 3.30 percent in 2014. In the period
2015 to 2019, insurance premiums increased from 3.76 percent to 3.76%. Since 2001, the in-
surance density has increased from USD 11.5 per 1,000 people to USD 64.4 per 1,000 people
in 2010. This density has been decreasing up until 2016, then it began to grow starting in 2017.
Indian Insurance in the Global Scenario
During the year 2019, India's share of the global insurance industry was 1.69 percent
(1.58 percent in 2018). Total insurance premium (both life and non-life) increased by 9.21 per-
cent (6.9 percent inflation-adjusted adjusted real growth) in the year 2019, whereas global total
insurance premium increased by 2.34 percent (2.9 percent inflation adjusted eal growth) in the
same year (Uma Shankar Yadav, Nasir Mammadov, & Ravindra Tripathi, 2022).
Over the course of the year 2019, the percentage of life insurance business in total
premiums was 46.34 percent, while the share of non-life insurance premiums was 53.66 percent
worldwide. With a 74.94 percent share of the life insurance market, India ranked first in the
world, while the non-life insurance sector accounted for 25.06 percent of the total.
Based on information given by Swiss Re, the life insurance industry in India ranks 10
out of 88 countries in which data is available. During the year 2019, India's share of the global
life insurance market was 2.73 percent. Compared to the previous year, the life insurance pre-
mium in India climbed by 9.63 percent (7.30 percent inflation adjusted actual growth) in 2019,
while the worldwide life insurance premium increased by 1.18 percent (2.20 percent inflation
adjusted real growth).
During the year 2019, the Indian non-life insurance industry saw growth of 7.98 percent
(5.70 percent inflation adjusted actual growth). 3.35 percent gain in the worldwide non-life pre-
mium was recorded over the same time period (3.50 percent inflation adjusted real growth).
Non-life insurance premiums in India were 0.79 percent of worldwide non-life insurance premi-
ums, placing India 15th in terms of non-life insurance market size in 2015.
COVID-19 Pandemic Crisis
Because of the crisis, the insurance industry will have a near 3 percent point decelera-
tion in average annual worldwide premium growth in 2020 and 2021 compared to pre growth
trajectory, according to sigma prediction.

33
The life insurance industry will be more adversely impacted than the non-life insurance
industry. Despite the fact that worldwide life premiums growth slowed to 2.2 percent in 2019, it
was still much higher than the 1.5 percent average of the preceding ten years. The crisis will
cause life strong example to decelerate by 4.5 percent in 2020 and 2021, resulting in a 1.5 per-
cent shrinkage of the overall market in those years. The need for group and individual savings
businesses will increase as unemployment and wages rise, whereas the demand for individual
mortality businesses should remain unchanged (Boikova A.V. 2020).
Premium increase in non-life insurance was 3.5 percent in 2019, which was somewhat
higher than the 10-year average. Swiss Re forecast a 1.1 percentage point slowdown in premi-
ums increase, resulting in an aggregate sector expansion of 1.6 percent for the 2020-21 period.
Conclusion
The insurance industry contributes significantly to the growth and shape of our country's
economy. It is one of the chances for individuals to save money and invest in their future, as
well as contributing to the growth of India's capital markets. India scored 10th in life insurance
and 14th in non-life insurance when compared to other countries. When compared to the finan-
cial year 2020 (3.76%), the contribution of insurance to GDP has increased to 4.2 percent in the
financial year 20217
. During the pandemic, insurance penetration in both the life and non-life
insurance sectors increased. Life penetration has grown from 2.8 percent to 3.2 percent, while
non-life penetration has climbed from 0.94 percent to 1 percent. In Future, we should expect
tremendous changes in the Indian economy with implications for the person, sector, and nation.
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36

37
INTERNATIONAL STUDENT PERCEPTIONS TOWARDS A SUSTAINABLE UNIVER-
SITY BRAND: UNIVERSITI SAINS MALAYSIA
Mohamad Saifudin1, Mohamad Saleh2, Ali Mehellou3, Sharifah Nadiah4, Syed
Mukhiar5 and Rani Ann Balaraman6
1School of Communication, Universiti Sains, Malaysia
Abstract. Many tertiary businesses had been around the world recognized because eco
friendly research institutes subsequent philosophical stances plus implementations, hence causing
interpersonal has effects on with regard to potential future durability. In spite of, quite a few ecological
educational institutions was battling to determine particular pictures plus manufacturers next several
difficulties, therefore removing important part bridal within contemporary society. Therefore, this par-
ticular homework expects to learn Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM) intercontinental students’ view-
point being a lasting bank having logos effort, especially via social gaming. After the whistling in addi-
tion to social networking ideas, a new study technique was appointed covering 391 foreign USM
learners. Resultantly, the majority of participants owned or operated inadequate understanding of
USM like a self-sufficient foundation subsequent inferior durability advertising treatments. In this par-
ticular problematic vein, USM was required to enhance a lot more team plus learner knowledge plus
participation by using lasting college company marketing and advertising applying societal systems.
In addition, exterior durability advertising simply by tertiary finance companies should certainly match
interior brethren regarding university or college local community version. As a result, this specific
study prolonged present functions regarding reading simply by addressing previous academic
suggestions and even integrating appropriate hypotheses plus self- sufficient marketing and ad-
vertising techniques like an innovative plus achievable composition.
Key phrases: Self-sufficient College, Lasting University or college Company, Advertis-
ing, Overseas Learners, Social networking

38
Keywords: Key phrases: Self-sufficient College, Lasting University or college Company,
Advertising, Overseas Learners, Social networking
INTRODUCTION
Up to now, durability means the particular central complexness associated with numer-
ous formal daily activities, such as the Un (Amaral, Martins as well as Gouveia, 2015) being an es-
sential view several companies in addition to promoting research (Connelly, Ketchen and Slater,
2011). Following an essentials associated with durability ideas in order to communities, surround-
ings, and even financial systems, degree creations (universities) regarded as together with caused
improved understanding plus knowledge-sharing regarding durability (Mazon, Ribeiro, sobre
Tormento, Castro and Conflagración, 2020; Tretyakova and Kotomina, 2020). Regarding this, typ-
ically the growth plus need for environmentally friendly educational institutions had been thoroughly
viewed as by way of a lot groundwork in addition to several neighborhood and even global com-
panies, including the UNESCO Knowledge to get Ecological Progress (2005-2014) (Dagiliu
¯tė,
Liobikienė as well as Minelgaitė, 2018; Pristine, 2013). On this factor, world-wide durability between
college students plus tertiary organizations demonstrated predominanent (Perrault and Cs, 2017).
The particular eco friendly higher education institutions idea encompassed ecological, in-
terpersonal, together with monetary difficulties where college routines plus programs caused damag-
ing result decrease within several sizes (Mazon tout autant que ’s., 2020; Tretyakova and Kotomina,
2020). In addition , Tretyakova in addition to Kotomina (2020) meant that will ecological establish-
ments corresponded to be able to self-sufficient advancement ideas by 5 connected with each other
représentation (green university or college and even sensible colleges, balanced life-style, together
with public plus social multiplicity plus fantastic plus ethnic customs management). The existence of
lasting corporations demonstrated necessary for environmentally friendly growth subjects differ-
ences plus sustainability- oriented involvement amongst learners (Sady, Żak and Rzepka, 2019).
Over an international level, a few tertiary establishments (the Institution associated with The
us, Higher education institutions associated with The state of colorado, in addition to Stanford
University) have been famous like eco friendly organizations that will actualised sustainability-
oriented devoir and even dreams together with socially caused the required transformation to some
even more ecological upcoming (Tretyakova as well as Kotomina, 2020). Despite, some other equiva-
lent develop to create self-sufficient college or university brand names and pictures subsequent a

39
number of complexities, which includes fiscal plus recruiting, durability notion implementations within
curricula plus review shows, inadequate supervision in addition to marketing and advertising solutions,
and even ineffective internal- external stakeholder connection (Fissi, Romolini, Gori and Contri,
2021; Pristine, 2013). Particularly, Maiorescu, Sabou, Bucur together with Zota (2020) a fact of
which inadequate university student involvement within durability procedures was obviously a
large difficult task.
Durability advertising encompassed methods plus exercises that will triggered lasting estab-
lishments to get certain sustainability-related locates, which includes customer (student) in addition
to stakeholder pleasure and even brand name impression together with revenue development
(Jung, Betty as well as Ellie, 2020). Usually, durability marketing and advertising engaged 3 key
measurement or maybe the multiply the important point (environment, world, plus economy) in addi-
tion to several subjects (external-internal and even social-environmental concentration, legal-ethical-
discretionary motive, advertising and marketing investments, plus fiscal performance) (Chabowski,
Veta and Gonzalez-Padron, 2012; Kumar and Christodoulopoulou, 2014).
Inspite of the go up involving durability research subsequent higher customer awareness
upon sustainability- oriented complexity (Kim as well as Oh yeah, 2020), the quantity of scientific
studies (particularly upon worldwide learners and native eco friendly association brands) stayed rare.
Nearly all previous performs associated with novels descends from Developed facets together with
varied academic managing together with backdrops via modern countries similar to Malaysia. As a
result, this particular explore had been conducted for additional information in global students’ pay-
ing attention regarding ecological school brand name plus company promoting within Universiti
Sains Malaysia (USM) using tips about related improvements
LITERATURE REVIEW
Provided the particular essentiality associated with durability within present communities
through interpersonal, environment, plus monetary viewpoints, lasting brand name advancement
along with environment ideals in addition to communications possibly founded marketplace options
for various businesses and company development via interpersonal relationships (Escribano, Gas-
par and Salvador, 2020; Jung ainsi que ing., 2020). With this problematic vein, numerous organiza-
tions, which includes advanced schooling equivalent wanted to include durability by means of person-
alisation and even marketing techniques (sustainable institutions). Within Fissi ou ’s. (2021), the word
‘sustainable university’ exhibited a greater schooling organization highlighting durability by way of

40
ecological, interpersonal, together with monetary procedures plus implementations consistent with
training, study, plus local community participation functions with regard to sociable change in addition
to environmentally friendly life styles. Therefore, these organizations considerably affected the intro-
duction of eco friendly organizations via related procedures plus programs. Rawal et. al (2021),
Poongodi M et. al(2022), Poongodi M et. al (2021), Ramesh TR et.al (2022), Boikova A.V. 2020,
Ahila A et.al (2022), Muniyappan et. al(2022) , Y. Shi et. al (2020), Guobin Chen et.al (2020),
Yuanjin Xu et. al (2021), Ding Li et. al (2021) , Bin Yuan et. al (2021), Chi Z et. al (2021)
Lasting organizations were particularly unique from all other alternatives concerning cultural
efforts plus worldwide difficulty promises coming from environment, interpersonal, and even econom-
ic views. Previous analysis furthermore indicated that durability (as the brand) probably motivated
numerous establishments to acquire several public, ecological, or even economical goals plus bene-
fits (MM Kamruzzaman et. al 2022). Unilever exhibited quick business development much like
Common Electrical (with typically the Ecomagination R and d programme) annually right after starting
the particular ecological residing strategy (Schroeder, 2015). Nonetheless, various companies (uni-
versities) integrated durability like a brand name together with particular difficulties, which include
durability idea vagueness, insufficient college employees’, students’ together with business players’
consciousness plus involvement, inadequate institutional frames, bad shipping associated with sus-
tainability-oriented understanding, plus ineffective internal-external stakeholder relationship (Fissi ainsi
que approach., 2021; Maiorescu ain way., 2020). As a result, self-sufficient establishments need-
ed a lot more options in addition to techniques to handle this kind of obstacles.
Current studies have emphasised the basics associated with Durability Advertising Tech-
niques (SMS) plus actions inside sustainability-related research (Mazon ou ing., 2020; Taoketao,
Feng, Track and Nie und nimmer, 2018). Generally, TEXT MESSAGE worried durability modifica-
tions throughout tactical advertising advertising blend (the degree that corporations incorporated
sustainability-based particulars using advertising decisions) (Kumar, Rahman and Kazmi, 2013;
Taoketao tout autant que ing., 2018). On the other hand, durability marketing and advertising de-
noted lasting rapport-building and even servicing having clients plus societal together with real life
configurations (Kumar ain ’s., 2013). For instance , durability advertising and marketing procedures
denoted among the methods by using good brand name picture effects, especially if these techniques
had been fiscal, interpersonal, plus environment (Jung tout autant que approach., 2020; Kumar as
well as Christodoulopoulou, 2014). Within the research environment, Bian plus Moutinho (2011) ex-
posed that will brand name picture mediated consumers’ company option.

41
At the same time, eco-friendly, plus marketing had been furthermore viewed as effective du-
rability manufacturer strategies (Fissi au même tire que way., 2021; Meister reineke
(umgangssprachlich) de plus ’s., 2020; Kumar and Christodoulopoulou, 2014; Kumar de surcroît
ing., 2013). Concerning TEXT overall performance, companies have been suggested to control
book systems, like the Web plus numerous sociable systems (Facebook, Youtube . com,Tweets,
in addition to appropriate websites), institutional web pages, occasions (workshops and even semi-
nars), together with ads (Mazon ainsiq ue ’s., 2020). General, TXT has been considered essen-
tial for companies to consider durability like a company (sustainable institutions).
Present promoting study furthermore established essential advertising functions associated with
college students (consumers) within language schools (universities) to enhance brand name graphic plus
status, marketplace protection, earnings, plus success (Foroudi, Yu, Gupta and Foroudi, 2019). Basi-
cally, tertiary organizations denoted the particular roots regarding elites (leaders, supervisors, in addi-
tion to policymakers) that caused nearby or even international interpersonal growth in order to coun-
ter-top constant ecological, interpersonal, and even monetary difficulties experienced simply by hu-
manity (Fissi de même que ing., 2021; Popescu ainsi que approach., 2020). Therefore, learners
might be viewed as viewpoint frontrunners along with amazing advantages in the direction of lasting
university or college advancement by company picture together with popularity in house (on campus)
or even outwardly (outside campus) inside nearby or even worldwide internet sites (communities)
(Dagiliu
¯tė ainsi que ’s., 2018; Foroudi ou way., 2019). Subsequent info plus conversation technolo-
gies improvement, student tasks within college manufacturer marketing and advertising shown in-
creased effectiveness plus velocity and much more comfort. Particularly, possible college students
used essays, university or college displays, or perhaps grounds appointments prior to the creation
of the web, social networking systems, and also the precise product information plus conversation
technological innovation (Foroudi ou ing., 2019). With this line of thinking, environmentally friendly
associations ought to change present college student connections and also the precise product in-
formation plus technologies enhancement because successful DIENST FÜR
KURZNACHRICHTEN toward consumers’ (prospective students) in addition to varied stakehold-
ers’ information shipping and delivery to improve environmentally friendly brand name picture and
even standing particularly bodies. Quite simply, college student (customer)-university (organisa-
tion) aide or even co-creations included students’ aide in the direction of college or university photo,
brand name, together with status (Foroudi ain ’s., 2019; Ind, Iglesias and Schultz, 2013).
Good international increase associated with social media marketing utilization toward durabil-

42
ity plus eco-friendly advertising and marketing, Minton, Shelter, Orth, Betty plus Kahle (2012) empha-
sised typically the essentiality associated with social websites inside knowing durability subsequent
person characteristics (interactivity, social networking, in addition to social correlations). Up to now,
sociable conversation generally went through extreme changes (inter- nally or even externally)
within just organizations making use of electronic press systems (Facebook, WhatsApp, Tweets,
and even YouTube) (Scholtz, Hamburger and Zita, 2016). Therefore, diverse organizations (higher
schooling institutions), particularly eco friendly schools, emphasised electronic digital programs with
regard to connection, promoting, marketing, together with company administration because ecologi-
cal conversation methods along with particular advantages (high velocity plus inexpensive, papers
utilization, in addition to transportation). With this abnormal vein, social networking denoted a compe-
tent marketing and advertising technique affecting individual behaviour and even behaviors (Scholtz
tout autant que ing., 2016).
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
Connelly de surcroît ing. (2011) suggested pertinent marketing and advertising durability re-
view ideas (similar to the analysis context). Next research setting up plus base depending on earlier
research ideas, whistling plus social networking ideas had been bundled to be a guide to check
into typically the USM environmentally friendly brand name problem for any tone knowledge of and
additional decoration upon school involvement within eco friendly advertising business implementa-
tions (Connelly ou ’s., 2011). The main element determinant main the particular whistling prin- ciple
intended a good organization (university) taking or perhaps moving impulses, limitations, or even
information (sustainability-oriented information) with various approaches to connect important capa-
bilities, principles, or even goals in order to clients in addition to stakeholders (investors, buyers, plus
students) or perhaps some other companies needing this kind of expertise (Connelly ain ap-
proach., 2011).
Just like the previously mentioned idea, the particular social media opposite number intend-
ed a helpful assump- tive point of view where efficiency final results were basically depending on
online social network projects within data transactions (sustainable know-how and even implementa-
tions) together with positive aspects (organisational roman- tic relationships between each other or even
organisation-individual rapport) (Connelly ainsiq ue ’s., 2011). Typically the viewpoint chief view
shown an important tactic within the online social networking hypothesis to get person plus group
facts shipping toward conceptual or perhaps behavioral use (Liu, Sidhu, Beacom as well as

43
Valido, 2017). Famously, viewpoint boss contracts gained value having details in addition to con-
versation technologies progress (computer-assisted relationship, the online world, and even social
media marketing networks) (Liu tout autant que way., 2017). The research style down below had
been advised using the use together with forecasts associated with both equally above mentioned
hypotheses the following:
METHODOLOGY
The study technique has been used to deal with the research queries. Particularly, an
overall total associated with 391 studies were dispersed in order to USM worldwide college stu-
dents along with calculated sample subsequent 3 surveys takers requirements: (a) USM global col-
lege students, (b) authorized within USM, (c) undergrad plus post- graduate learners (Y. Shi et. al
2020). Trade pupils plus alumni had been ignored good previously mentioned requirements. In addi-
tion, the particular snowball testing method has been used to find typically the participants through pre-
vious surveys takers connections. All of the participants were designated along with specific aveu
with regard to privacy to cope with the particular review concerns without having anxiety about
reasoning.
The particular set of questions has been ready in addition to allocated within British next re-
spondents’ intercontinental history. The particular participants (selected personally and even via e-
mail together with interpersonal media) have been supplied with imprinted or even digital (Google
Form) study duplicates to become properly finished (Li ainsi que ing., 2020). Concerning the face-
to-face set of questions, the research information were collected within highly-populated grounds
places (student dormitories, spiel admission, plus canteens). In addition , the particular participants
were briefed around the research goal plus review reaction period (10 in order to fifteen minutes) in
addition to privacy with regard to educational factors (Tartari ou ’s., 2020). Particularly, the study in-
tegrity has been given the green light by typically the USM Human being Study Integrity Panel
(USM/JEPeM19090524).
FINDINGS
Contrary views had been acquired among the list of respondents’ solutions after the 391
USM intercontinental university student studies. For instance, nearly all participants (n=178) in-
tended lack of knowledge or even lack of understanding of the particular USM brand name durabil-
ity whilst additional brethren (n=160) conceded over the positivity plus possible of this college com-

44
pany. Endure, thirty-two participants mentioned that will USM manufacturer durability was in an ideal
stage. Surveys takers 381 said the following: “I believe this [USM] can characterize that [sustainable
college brand] perfectly. ” Basically, typically the declaration contradicted 7 participants whom
opined that this current USM brand name durability showed inadequate plus “need a lot more promo
in addition to socialisa- tion” next Surveys takers 376.
In line with the study, the majority of participants (n=240) recognized that will USM du-
rability advertising guidelines possibly extra benefit in order to institutional brand name durability.
Therefore, marketing and advertising demonstrated important for lasting university or college manu-
facturers. Surveys takers 390 mentioned the following: “indeed marketability is the foremost, or even it
isn’t really incorrect easily the just method to advertise their video likes a self-sufficient university or
college (Guobin Chen et. al 2020). However, an even more incorporated online marketing strategy
with the bridal of most stakeholders is certainly ideal. ” Contrarily, a few participants (n=135) had
been hazy regarding advertising characters for the purpose of lasting college or university company
whilst couple of (n=15) compared the particular essentiality associated with advertising and mar-
keting to get a lasting school manufacturer.
Concerning environmentally friendly higher education brand name promoting, a lot of partici-
pants (n=103) suggested that will USM create a comprehension involving eco friendly college or
university brand name advertising amongst collage workers plus learners. For instance , Surveys
takers fish hunter 360 recommended USM “to become more energetic and even connect a lot more
throughout Language. ” The actual, 65 participants advised USM to use social websites for the rea-
son that marketing and advertising techniques for a new environmentally friendly institution company.
For instance , Surveys takers 324 mentioned of which “USMought to concentrate read more about
social internet marketing to be able to increase a lot more [of their own ecological higher educatoin
institutions brand]”. In the same way, Surveys takers 346 pointed out that will USM should certainly
“post read more about [sustainability] social networking. ” Perhaps surprisingly, 43 participants pre-
sented the important part associated with learner wedding within marketing and advertising USM
manufacturer durability simply by hiring foreign college students because ambassadors. For in-
stance, Surveys takers 326 mentioned that will USM need to “engage a lot more individual- uals to-
gether with coach learners about how exactly [they can] take part in this [promoting typically the self-
sufficient school brand]. ”
Within handling just how USM can improve eco friendly college stamping, many participants
(n=116) conceded of which USM can put into practice even more advertising personalization tech-

45
niques, like elevated USM-student aide via exercising upon university or college brand name durabil-
ity advertising. Surveys takers 390 pointed out that will “training should emphasis to develop many
personal (students, educators, plus staff) to produce their selves because ‘sustainability company
ambassadors with respect to USM’. ” Some other marketing and advertising technique ten- denies
have been associated with a lot more USM brand name durability things to do plus implementations
about grounds.
DISCUSSION
Up to now, numerous educational institutions globally using the lasting college idea experi-
enced numerous difficulties. For instance, numerous self-proclaimed environmentally friendly organi-
zations were not really properly recognized. The research results exhibited that many participants
(USM worldwide students) had inadequate understanding of lasting organizations, particularly relat-
ing to the USM brand name. The particular shortage might be related to not enough durability ad-
vertising methods. Likewise, Mohamad Saleh, Kassim, Tukur, Syed Mukhiar plus Balaraman
(2021) exposed that will USM brand name identification (as the eco friendly university) has been
negatively associated with worldwide students’ purpose to choose USM like a research location.
Therefore, environmentally friendly establishments similar to USM required to concentrate on in your
area plus internationally placement the ‘sustainable university or college brand’ along with focused
advertising efforts. For instance , good [sustainable] in addition to eco-friendly company placement
via advertising can stimulate a lot more consciousness one of the focus on populace [international
students] and even effect particular choices (Chin, Mohd Lawi, Sulaiman, Mas’od, Muharam and
Huam, 2019).
The analysis results true the particular essentiality associated with TEXT MESSAGE
plus related actions to enhance typically the USM brand name picture together with status like a
lasting college or university (Foroudi ainsi que ing., 2019). For instance, the particular college admin-
istration can stress TEXT plus appropriate procedures. Since the phrase ‘sustainability’ by yourself
demonstrated too little to have a company (Perrault and Clark Simon, 2017), an alternative strategy
has been necessary for suitable ecological brand name marketing and advertising methods
(Gruborand as well as Milovanov, 2017). With this problematic vein, tertiary corporations may set up
book advertising and marketing groups together with specific marketing and advertising goals with re-
gard to strategized promoting tries in the direction of a new self-sufficient school manufacturer re-
garding wider target audience protection by means of advertisements (social media).

46
Particularly, effective SMS-student role-social press system integrations corresponded in or-
der to previous functions associated with books (Foroudi ainsi que ing., 2019; Ind ou ’s., 2013).
Subsequent respondents’ suggestions, USM necessary to reveal proactivity plus participation via
lasting college brand name advertising upon electronic mass media. For instance, several social
networking systems (Facebook, Youtube . com, plus Instagram) had been accessible with assort-
ed features in addition to targeted populace intended for durability advertising (Khan, Wang, Ehsan,
Nurunnabi and Hashmi, 2019). In addition , improved social media marketing wedding possibly af-
fected concentrate on human population choices (Pop, Săplăcan as well as Altbier, 2020) upon
university or college choice. Regarding this, colleges required to recognize which usually social
networking was considered suitable because environmentally friendly university or college company
marketing and advertising systems in nearby plus worldwide amounts. Effective advertising and
marketing by means of social networking in comparison to standard conversation equivalent
(Motameni and Nordstrom, 2014) might socially help the particular USM manufacturer picture and
even durability, particularly including potential global college students.
The research participants furthermore emphasized the particular essentiality regarding USM
proactiveness to get improved recognition together with understanding about eco friendly college or
university manufacturers amongst workers plus learners. Regardless of the common focus on mar-
keting and advertising techniques in addition to goals of which mainly encompassed exterior areas,
worldwide pupils needed a lot more attention and even wedding concerning ecological school brand
names. With this problematic vein, USM had to make sure higher understanding plus participation
between global college students together with workers pertaining to large institutional dedication plus
strong promoting strategies. For instance, college or university someone plus ambassadors can
provide familiarity with USM brand name durability inside college student sectors. General, exterior
durability marketing techniques via tertiary companies must be incorporated using inner durability
advertising with regard to increased school local community proposal (Selby, Smith and Kagawa,
2009).
A few participants furthermore pointed out the significance of USM worker in addition to
pupil coaching in durability problems to become competent USM ambassadors’ subsequent ear-
lier research. For instance , Legislation, Hillsides plus Hau (2015) uncovered that will personnel
coaching upon environment programs possibly afflicted changes within ecological information, be-
haviour, and even behaviors. As a result, tertiary organizations like USM necessary to create exten-
sive efficient teaching programs regarding learners together with workers instead of periodic occasions

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