The document discusses dependency theory, which argues that resources flow from poorer "periphery" states to enrich wealthier "core" states. It originated in reaction to modernization theory. There are two perspectives on dependency - the capitalist view that it facilitates development, and the socialist view that it is a form of imperialism that enriches core states. Key aspects of dependency include globalization, free markets, surplus value flowing to core states, political and technological control by core states, and neo-colonialism. While it was influential in the 1960-70s, dependency theory has lost some influence with the growth of some developing economies, though still impacts anti-poverty campaigns.
Presentation on Dependency Theory for PS 212 Culture and Politics in the Third World at the University of Kentucky, Summer 2007. Dr. Christopher S. Rice, Instructor.
Presentation on World System Theory for PS 212 Culture and Politics in the Third World at the University of Kentucky, Summer 2007. Dr. Christopher S. Rice, Instructor.
Presentation on Dependency Theory for PS 212 Culture and Politics in the Third World at the University of Kentucky, Summer 2007. Dr. Christopher S. Rice, Instructor.
Presentation on World System Theory for PS 212 Culture and Politics in the Third World at the University of Kentucky, Summer 2007. Dr. Christopher S. Rice, Instructor.
Definition of development & Underdevelopment
Theories of Development
a) Modernization theory
b) Dependency theory
c) Participation theory
d) Marxist thought of Development
Conclusion
References
This ppt file contains complete information about galobalization and its very simple to present because its very relitive to the topic.
I present this to my class and got 10/10.
Its well designed and much easy to view the whole globalization .Its contains detaid information about globalization causes of globalization effects of globalization law of globalization and analysis of advantages and disadvantages of globalization.
I you pick this presentation you just need to change the name because it don't have unrelated constants.
Presentation on Modernization Theory for PS 212 Culture and Politics in the Third World at the University of Kentucky, Summer 2007. Dr. Christopher S. Rice, Instructor.
Definition of development & Underdevelopment
Theories of Development
a) Modernization theory
b) Dependency theory
c) Participation theory
d) Marxist thought of Development
Conclusion
References
This ppt file contains complete information about galobalization and its very simple to present because its very relitive to the topic.
I present this to my class and got 10/10.
Its well designed and much easy to view the whole globalization .Its contains detaid information about globalization causes of globalization effects of globalization law of globalization and analysis of advantages and disadvantages of globalization.
I you pick this presentation you just need to change the name because it don't have unrelated constants.
Presentation on Modernization Theory for PS 212 Culture and Politics in the Third World at the University of Kentucky, Summer 2007. Dr. Christopher S. Rice, Instructor.
Dr. Alejandro Diaz-Bautista Economic Policy Import Substitution Dependency Th...Economist
Dependency theory and the import substitution period.
Alejandro Díaz-Bautista, Ph.D.
adiazbau@hotmail.com
Professor of Economics and Researcher at COLEF
Visiting Research Fellow and Guest Scholar 2008, Center for U.S.-Mexican Studies, University of California San Diego (UCSD).
Graduate School of International Relations & Pacific Studies IR/PS. University of California, San Diego.
CAUSES OF THE FAILURE OF NATIONAL DEVELOPMENTALISM IN BRAZIL AND IN THE WORLD...Fernando Alcoforado
This article aims to present the factors that led to the failure of the national developmentalism adopted in Brazil and in the world and show how to rescue it in the contemporary era. National developmentalism is understood as the effort undertaken by various governments in the world after World War II to make their countries reach the same level of development as developed capitalist countries. The identification of the factors or causes that led to the failure of national developmentalism will make it possible to rescue it with the necessary adjustments, which, in the specific case of Brazil, is very important because it was, with national developmentalism from 1930 to 1980, that the country reached the highest level of economic and social development in its history. What is also intended in this article is, by identifying the real causes of the failure of national developmentalism, to contribute to showing the paths that lead to the economic and social emancipation of the vast majority of countries in the world.
It can be said that the failure in promoting economic and social development of almost all peripheral and semi-peripheral countries of the world can be attributed to the fact that the governments of these countries have adopted strategies to promote national development in isolation in relation to the world system capitalist. The new theoretical reference of analysis of the economic system of a nation taking into account the capitalist world-system proposed by Wallerstein is opposed to the Cartesian approach that formulates the development of the national economic system dissociated of the capitalist world system. So that explains the failure of national developmentalism and socialism deployment that resulted from the fact that their mentors admit having ability to promote national economic and social development disassociated from the capitalist world-system.
Theories of Imperialism Political Theories Examples M.docxchristalgrieg
Theories of Imperialism
Political Theories
Examples: Morgenthau, Cohen
Imperialism is simply a manifestation of the balance of power and is the process by
which nations try to achieve a favorable change in the status quo. The purpose of
imperialism is to decrease the strategic and political vulnerability of a nation.
"...we are engaged in 'pegging out claims for the future'. We have to consider,
not what we want now, but what we shall want in the future. We have to
consider what countries must be developed either by ourselves or some other
nation and we have to remember that it is part of our responsibility and heritage
to take care that the world, as far as it can be moulded by us, shall receivethe
Anglo-Saxon and not another character. Remember that the task of the
statesman is not merely with the present, but with the future. We have to look
forward beyond the chatter of platforms, and the passions of party, to the future
of the race of which we are at present the trustees, and we should, in my
opinion, grossly fail in the task that has been laid upon us did we shrink from
responsibilities, and decline to take our share in a partition of the world which
we have not forced on, but which has been forced upon us." Earl of Rosebery,
Speech at the Royal Colonial Institute, 1 March 1893
Fashoda
Conservative Theories
Examples: Disraeli, Rhodes, Kipling
Imperialism is necessary to preserve the existing social order in the more developed
countries. It is necessary to secure trade, markets, to maintain employment and capital
exports, and to channel the energies and social conflicts of the metropolitan
populations into foreign countries. There is a very strong ideological and racial
assumption of Western superiority within this body of thought.
The Philippines
"I went down on my knees and prayed to Almighty God for light and guidance
... and one night late it came to me this way. We could not leave (the
Philippines) to themselves--they were unfit for self-government--and they
would soon have anarchy and misrule over there worse than Spain's was...
There was nothing left for us to do but take them all and educate the Filipinos,
and uplift and Christianize them." US President William McKinley, as quoted
in General James Rusling, “Interview with President William McKinley,” The
Christian Advocate 22 January 1903, 17. Reprinted in Daniel Schirmer and
Stephen Rosskamm Shalom, eds., The Philippines Reader (Boston: South End
Press, 1987), 22–23.
The Belgian Congo
Liberal Theories
Examples: Hobson, Angell
Imperialism is a policy choice, not an inevitable consequence of capitalism.
Increasing concentration of wealth within the richer countries leads to
underconsumption for the mass of people. Overseas expansion is a way to reduce
costs (and thereby increase or maintain profit levels) and to secure new consumption.
Overseas expansion is not inevitable, however. A state ca ...
CHAPTER 12 THE NORTH-SOUTH GAP CHAPTER OVERVIEW .docxcravennichole326
CHAPTER 12
THE NORTH-SOUTH GAP
CHAPTER OVERVIEW
Chapters 12 and 13 address the issues and concerns related to the disparities in wealth
and power between the industrialized countries in the global North and the more typically
less industrialized countries in the global South. Chapter 12 presents an overview of the
more left-of-center theories that seek to explain this phenomenon, whereas Chapter 13
examines the situation from a more classical liberal perspective.
The chapter forcefully asserts the dire prospects of people who are confronted with abject
poverty—a kind of poverty unknown to most citizens of the United States—and details
the consequences. The current state of the global South is described, including the
challenge to provide even basic human needs, hunger, urbanization, and the role of
women in development. The difference between migrants and refugees is discussed, and
the issue of human trafficking is raised.
Theories of the accumulation of wealth—how it occurs and who has been able to control
the process—are presented. A comparison between capitalist and socialist approaches is
offered, and world-system theory is explained.
Finally, the chapter addresses the impact of imperialism on the global South, both at the
time of imperialism and to the present day. The history of world civilizations, and
dominance of European civilization, is provided, along with a history of imperialism.
The effects—both positive and negative—of colonialism are described and the current
situation of postcolonial dependency is discussed. Poverty and lack of access to basic
human resources are prime causes of revolutions, and communist revolutions during the
Cold War are discussed. The changes to governments after revolutions are analyzed,
with the conclusion that, in many cases, they are not too different, at least in the long-run.
CHAPTER 13
INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT
CHAPTER OVERVIEW
Chapter 13 examines the issue of economic development from a more capitalist
perspective. One simple measure of economic development is per capita GDP. Using
this measure, the successes and failures of the South as a whole and, more importantly, of
its regions and countries, can be analyzed.
The discussion then turns to the experiences of a variety of countries in the global South.
First, the Newly Industrializing Countries (NICs) are discussed. In particular, the success
of the four tigers of East Asia—South Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong, and Singapore—are
described. Second, the Chinese and Indian experiences are discussed. Finally, brief
descriptions of a variety of other countries from Asia, Africa, Latin America, and the
Middle East are provided.
No single model of success emerges from the discussion of these countries’ experiences.
However, the authors identify several common themes concerning trade, the
concentration of capital, authoritarianism, and corruption. With respect to trade, two
...
Theories for World Sociology (Global Development)MissHSociology
Description of 7 different theoretical approaches to understanding world development.
Modernisation Theory, Neo-Liberalist Theory, Counter-Industrial Theory, Dependency Theory, World Systems Theory, Feminist Theory.
Descriptions of theories, plus evaluations.
1. Dependency Theory
Poverty: Concepts, Strategies and Development
Subject Code: 006
Assignment
To
Prof. Dr. AKM Motinur Rahman
Islamic University, Kushtia, Bangladesh.
Susanta Sarkar Subho
Roll- 071616
Session- 2016 (January- December)
Submitted by-
2. 1 | P a g e Dependency Theory (Assignment) _Susanta Sarkar Subho
List of Content
Sl Title of Content Note
I. Introduction
II. History of Dependency Theory
III. Dependency Features in Developing and Poor Countries:
a) Globalization:
b) Free Market Economy
c) Surplus Value-
d) Labor Market-
e) Political Control-
f) Social Classification and Capitalization
g) Industrialization
h) Foreign Investment-
i) World System theory:
j) Neo-colonialism-
k) Different organization:
l) Technological Control:
IV. Comparative criticism of Dependency
V. Conclusion:
3. 2 | P a g e Dependency Theory (Assignment) _Susanta Sarkar Subho
Introduction
Dependency theory is the concept that resources flow from a "periphery" of poor and underdeveloped
states to a "core" of wealthy states, enriching the latter at the expense of the former. It is a central
argument of dependency theory that poor states are impoverished and rich ones enriched by the way
poor states are integrated into the "world system".
The theory arose as a reaction to modernization theory, an earlier theory of development. There is a
conception that all societies progress through similar stages of development, that today's
underdeveloped areas are thus in a similar situation to that of today's developed areas at some time in
the past, and that therefore, the task of helping the underdeveloped areas out of poverty and to accelerate
them along this supposed common path of development, by various means such as investment,
technology transfers, and closer integration into the world market. But dependency theory rejected this
view, arguing that underdeveloped countries are not merely primitive versions of developed countries,
but have unique features and structures of their own; and, importantly, are in the situation of being the
weaker members in a world market economy,
There are two ways to discuss dependency theory. One is Capitalism perspective and another is socialist
of Marxists perspective. Capitalists argued that Dependency is system of modernization flow of the
world system. In the system underdeveloped countries or poor countries are included in a view to
exchange mechanism to get over come from poverty and economic development. It has both way flows.
But, Socialist group argues with the theory of Imperialism. The developed or economically strength
states win the power of poorer state where there see a market of business and to rule the nation and
develop a salivary group. This is an ancient style of engulfed powers. Mostly the European countries
had a history of imperialism. In change of time the system of imperialism changed its system. After the
world ware second it possess as colonialism and after 1970 it shapes as Neo-colonialism.
Basically we found two major arrangement of Dependency. One is Poor nations provide natural
resources, cheap labor, a destination for obsolete technology, and markets for developed nations,
without which the latter could not have the standard of living they enjoy. And another is Wealthy
nations actively prolong a state of dependence by various means. This influence may be multifaceted,
involving economics, media control, politics, banking and finance, education, culture, and sport.
History of Dependency Theory
Dependency theory originates with two papers published in 1949– one by Hans Singer, one by Raúl
Prebisch – in which the authors observe that the terms of trade for underdeveloped countries relative
to the developed countries had deteriorated over time: the underdeveloped countries were able to
purchase fewer and fewer manufactured goods from the developed countries in exchange for a given
quantity of their raw materials exports. This idea is known as the Singer-Prebisch thesis. The Theory
developed in the late 1950s under the guidance of the Director of the United Nations Economic
Commission for Latin America, Raul Prebisch. Prebisch and his colleagues were troubled by the fact
that economic growth in the advanced industrialized countries did not necessarily lead to growth in the
poorer countries. Indeed, their studies suggested that economic activity in the richer countries often led
to serious economic problems in the poorer countries. Such a possibility was not predicted by
neoclassical theory, which had assumed that economic growth was beneficial to all (Pareto optimal)
even if the benefits were not always equally shared. He argued that Import-substitution industrialization
(ISI), not a trade-and-export orientation, was the best strategy for underdeveloped countries.
Prebisch's initial explanation for the phenomenon was very straightforward: poor countries exported
primary commodities to the rich countries who then manufactured products out of those commodities
4. 3 | P a g e Dependency Theory (Assignment) _Susanta Sarkar Subho
and sold them back to the poorer countries. The "Value Added" by manufacturing a usable product
always cost more than the primary products used to create those products. Therefore, poorer countries
would never be earning enough from their export earnings to pay for their imports.
Prebisch's solution was similarly straightforward: poorer countries should embark on programs of
import substitution so that they need not purchase the manufactured products from the richer countries.
The poorer countries would still sell their primary products on the world market, but their foreign
exchange reserves would not be used to purchase their manufactures from abroad.
Three issues made this policy difficult to follow. The first is that the internal markets of the poorer
countries were not large enough to support the economies of scale used by the richer countries to keep
their prices low. The second issue concerned the political will of the poorer countries as to whether a
transformation from being primary products producers was possible or desirable. The final issue
revolved around the extent to which the poorer countries actually had control of their primary products,
particularly in the area of selling those products abroad. These obstacles to the import substitution
policy led others to think a little more creatively and historically at the relationship between rich and
poor countries.
At this point dependency theory was viewed as a possible way of explaining the persistent poverty of
the poorer countries. The traditional neoclassical approach said virtually nothing on this question
except to assert that the poorer countries were late in coming to solid economic practices and that as
soon as they learned the techniques of modern economics, then the poverty would begin to subside.
However, Marxists theorists viewed the persistent poverty as a consequence of capitalist exploitation.
And a new body of thought, called the world systems approach, argued that the poverty was a direct
consequence of the evolution of the international political economy into a fairly rigid division of labor
which favored the rich and penalized the poor.
Using the Latin American Dependency Model, in his book, "How Europe Underdeveloped Africa" the
Guyanese Marxist historian, Walter Rodney, described in 1972 an Africa that had been consciously
exploited by European imperialists, leading directly to the modern underdevelopment of most of the
continent.
The theory was popular in the 1960s and 1970s as a criticism of modernization theory (the "stages"
hypothesis mentioned above), which was falling increasingly out of favor because of continued
widespread poverty in much of the world. It was used to explain the causes of overurbanization, a
theory that urbanization rates outpaced industrial growth in several developing countries.
According to Vernengo, the Latin American Structuralist and the American Marxist schools had
significant differences but agreed on some basic points:
Both groups would agree that at the core of the dependency relation between center and periphery lies
the inability of the periphery to develop an autonomous and dynamic process of technological
innovation. Technology – the Promethean force unleashed by the Industrial Revolution – is at the center
of stage. The Center countries controlled the technology and the systems for generating technology.
Foreign capital could not solve the problem, since it only led to limited transmission of technology, but
not the process of innovation itself.
Baran and others frequently spoke of the international division of labor – skilled workers in the center,
unskilled in the periphery – when discussing key features of dependency.
5. 4 | P a g e Dependency Theory (Assignment) _Susanta Sarkar Subho
Baran placed surplus extraction and capital accumulation at the center of his analysis. Development
depends on a population's producing more than it needs for bare subsistence (a surplus). Further, some
of that surplus must be used for capital accumulation - the purchase of new means of production if
development is to occur; spending the surplus on things like luxury consumption does not produce
development. Baran noted two predominant kinds of economic activity in poor countries. In the older
of the two, plantation agriculture, which originated in colonial times, most of the surplus goes to the
landowners, who use it to emulate the consumption patterns of wealthy people in the developed world;
much of it thus goes to purchase foreign-produced luxury items- e.g. automobiles, clothes, etc. and
little is accumulated for investing in development. The more recent kind of economic activity in the
periphery is industry, but of a particular kind. It is usually carried out by foreigners, although often in
conjunction with local interests. It is often under special tariff protection or other government
concessions. The surplus from this production mostly goes to two places: part of it is sent back to the
foreign shareholders as profit; the other part is spent on conspicuous consumption in a similar fashion
to that of the plantation aristocracy. Again, little is used for development. Baran thought that political
revolution was necessary to break this pattern.
In the 1960s, members of the Latin American Structuralist School argued that there is more latitude in
the system than the Marxists believed. They argued that it allows for partial development or "dependent
development" – development, but still under the control of outside decision makers. They cited the
partly successful attempts at industrialization in Latin America around that time (Argentina, Brazil,
Mexico) as evidence for this hypothesis. They were led to the position that dependency is not a relation
between commodity exporters and industrialized countries, but between countries with different
degrees of industrialization. In their approach there is a distinction made between the economic and
political spheres: economically, one may be developed or underdeveloped; but even if (somewhat)
economically developed, one may be politically autonomous or dependent. More recently, Guillermo
O'Donnell has argued that constraints placed on development by neoliberalism were lifted by "the
military coups in Latin America that came to promote development in authoritarian guise" (Vernengo's
words, summarising O'Donnell, 1982).
The importance of multinational corporations and State promotion of technology were emphasized by
the Latin American Structuralists.
Fajnzybler has made a distinction between systemic or authentic competitiveness, which is the ability
to compete based on higher productivity, and spurious competitiveness, which is based on low wages.
The third-world debt crisis of the 1980s and continued stagnation in Africa and Latin America in the
1990s caused some doubt as to the feasibility or desirability of "dependent development".
Vernengo (2004) has suggested that the sine qua non of the dependency relationship is not the
difference in technological sophistication, as traditional dependency theorists believe, but rather the
difference in financial strength between core and peripheral countries particularly the inability of
peripheral countries to borrow in their own currency. He believes that the hegemonic position of the
United States is very strong because of the importance of its financial markets and because it controls
the international reserve currency the US dollar. He believes that the end of the Bretton Woods
international financial agreements in the early 1970s considerably strengthened the United States'
position because it removed some constraints on their financial actions.
"Standard" dependency theory differs from Marxism, in arguing against internationalism and any hope
of progress in less developed nations towards industrialization and a liberating revolution. Theotonio
dos Santos described a 'new dependency', which focused on both the internal and external relations of
less-developed countries of the periphery, derived from a Marxian analysis. Former Brazilian President
6. 5 | P a g e Dependency Theory (Assignment) _Susanta Sarkar Subho
Fernando Henrique Cardoso (in office 1995-2002) wrote extensively on dependency theory while in
political exile during the 1960s, arguing that it was an approach to studying the economic disparities
between the center and periphery. The American sociologist Immanuel Wallerstein refined the Marxist
aspect of the theory, and called it the "World-system." It has also been associated with Galtung's
Structural Theory of Imperialism.
With the economic growth of India and some East Asian economies, dependency theory has lost some
of its former influence. It still influences some NGO campaigns, such as Make Poverty History and the
fair trade movement.
Later, world systems theory expanded on dependency arguments. It postulates a third category of
countries, the semi-periphery, intermediate between the core and periphery. In this model, the semi-
periphery is industrialized, but with less sophistication of technology than in the core; and it does not
control finances. The rise of one group of semi-peripheries tends to be at the cost of another group, but
the unequal structure of the world economy based on unequal exchange tends to remain stable.
Dependency Features in Developing and Poor Countries:
a) Globalization:
Globalization is more saying matter in this present world. It is a universal theory which aims to see
everything in a same angle. As a result all nation either poor or reach come closer with different aspects.
But, there are seen few differentiation in compression of power and ability. Mostly the poor nations
are being influenced by the reached nation. This is one kind of dependency.
b) Free Market Economy
Open market is one another impact of dependency. When the developing or periphery nation come in
contrition of open market system then they have to challenge with their industries, economics and so
on. The poor nation’s market control, economic control belongs to the rich nation. Developed nation
wishes to Invest in poor countries for different opportunities like low cost labor market, raw materials
etc. and the production sell market will be developed in those poor or dependent countries.
c) Surplus Value-
Surplus growth of the poor nation flows to the industrialized nation as because, the dependent country
people wants to lead a luxurious life while surplus growth in hand. And all luxurious commodities and
elements are produced by the industrialized countries. Poor or developed countries then depend on
import business. This is why, socialist country believes there would not be import business with
developed nations.
d) Labor Market-
In developing countries or periphery nation, there are a low cost labor market for the developed nation,
and brain drain theory is taken place in there.
e) Political Control-
Political control of the developing or poor countries depend on the will of the Developed countries. In
response of politicization of the developing nation, the developed government controls the government
of the developing government. Political parties, election and political will depends on the developed
nation.
f) Social Classification and Capitalization
Dependency theory creates a social class. One class becomes in power or holding control power of
society and another class become objects of playing power of upper class people. This are the facts that
are seen in a wealthy nation become wealth and social capital becomes in control under those wealthy
nations.
g) Industrialization
Developing countries become source of raw material for industrialized countries. The developing
countries exports raw materials with a low rate. After production, the developed nation exports the
7. 6 | P a g e Dependency Theory (Assignment) _Susanta Sarkar Subho
goods towards the developing nation with a high rate. As a result the economic differences become
high.
h) Foreign Investment-
The developed nation finds the less developed countries to build industries with a brand of
multinational company. First they takes a financial feasibility study if there would be more profit using
raw materials, labor, transport and marketing availability. Then the developed nation built
multinational company and earns the surplus capital of those developing or poor countries.
i) World System theory:
Different researchers predict that dependency is a world system. Every nation will come in an
agreement in terms of development and economic independency. This is why, creating a global market/
border less market, international relation, international politics, diplomacy, international treaty, brain
drain, social capital and investment, foreign investment and industry etc. All these are under a
systematic flow of relation among the world nations. Naturally poor and rich nation will come together
exchanging or sharing needs.
j) Neo-colonialism-
Socialist thinker believes that the present world system or world relation between two nations; rich and
poor is one kind of new dominion and control system. The rich nation wants to develop relation with
the poor state in a view different particular interest. At first, the rich nation will have an apex place.
They will nurse the poor countries in political phenomenon. Developed nations will provide different
assistance in terms of development and become the game player of the poor state. Marxist predicts,
though there is not Imperialism in place, not colonialism yet; the satellite and periphery mechanism of
the developed nation remain on the poor countries.
k) Different organization:
When dependency theory becomes international policy of the developed nation to control the poor
nation, the socialist counties do not support the system and all the socialist counties develop a united
organization to protect the rich counties. In other side, capitalist countries develop such different
organization. And different developing countries and leaders develops non-alignment organization
viewing both kinds of relations.
l) Technological Control:
Science the industrial revolution, science and technological control are in developed countries. Now-
a-days it is seen that all kind of higher technologies are in control in hand of developed countries.
Internet is one of the greatest control of technology.
Comparative criticism of Dependency
Theme Dependency owned Dependency rejected
Anarchy No Autocratic countries in dependency
owned countries
There remains autocracy
Peoples will Most of the dependency owned
countries have democratic government
and people enjoy their liberty. People
controls political power.
Most of the countries are
autocratic and people of those
countries are being controls
by the state.
Corruption Less opportunities of corruption Full of corruption
Aid In any complex situation, there are
available Aid or assistance
Such features are not seen
Social
infrastructure
Well social infrastructure Not such indication
International
policies
For the intense international treaty or
agreement developing countries could
not take any immenseness steps
No hazards such treaty
8. 7 | P a g e Dependency Theory (Assignment) _Susanta Sarkar Subho
Theme Dependency owned Dependency rejected
Observation on
developing
countries
In different off scenes of the developing
state, developed countries tries to set an
observation eyes
No care such observation
Availability of
international goods
As for the open market system, there
are a competition among the industries
and availability of different nation’s
goods. And the developing countries
development is tread based
development
Embargo of foreign products
Economic
development
Personal wealth preservation in
capitalism is bless of democracy and
national development of the developing
state are remarkable. The present GDP
of India and Bangladesh are the
examples.
The GPD of South Korea and
North Korea are far
difference.
Bless of
Globalization
Developing countries lie in a global
village in presence of globalization
Nationalization
Multi-nationalist
integrity
Multi-national integrity is very worse
situation in developing countries
No crises in nationality
Terrorism International terrorism has taken place
in different ideological believes
Less threat of international
terrorism
Technological
advantage
Any kind of technological invention
and bless of science touch the
developing nation
Country based or league
based countries technology
only the way of science bless
Conclusion:
Dependency is discussed and criticized by different researcher and thinker. Dependency has different
view of angle discussion. A group of thinker predicts it is a process of development and a collaborative
approaches to change a scarcity situation of poor counties. Another group of thinkers argue that
dependency is one kind of threat of independence of a country or its population. The developed nation
bonds relation with different interest and oppress independent nationality. Both sides has proven
argument. If we summaries the discussion we may say that in different circumstances, different nations
comes closer and takes different measures to change a situation. This is what not a matter, it is the way
forward to development.
9. 8 | P a g e Dependency Theory (Assignment) _Susanta Sarkar Subho
Reference:
1. Dependency Theory: An Introduction, Vincent Ferraro, Mount Holyoke College, South Hadley,
MA, July 1996.
2. Causes of underdevelopment and concepts for development, AN INTRODUCTION TO
DEVELOPMENT THEORIES By DR. FRITHJOF KUHNEN* The Journal of Institute of Development Studies,
NWFP Agricultural Vol. VIII, 1986, 1987 University, Peshawar.
3. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dependency_theory
4. https://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/depend.htm
5. http://www.meteck.org/dependency.html