The document discusses the history and development of the microscope. It describes how the microscope was invented in the late 16th century and improved upon through the early 17th century. It then focuses on Anton van Leeuwenhoek in the late 17th century, describing him as the "father of microbiology" and highlighting his discoveries of many microorganisms using microscopes of his own design. Finally, it discusses different types of modern microscopes like electron microscopes and their applications.

1. MICROSCOPE

2. DEFINITION
A microscope derived from the Greek word
‘micron’= small and ‘scopos’= to look/ see
MICROSCOPE: an instrument for viewing
objects that are too small to be seen by the
naked or unaided eye.
MICROSCOPY: the science of investigating
small objects using such an instrument.

3. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
• 1590— Hans Janssen and his son Zacharias
Janssen, invented the first compound
microscope.

4. • 1609—Galileo Galilei developed a compound
microscope and he called it the "occhiolino" or
"little eye."

5. • 1620— Christian Huygens, developed a
simple 2-lens ocular system that was
chromatically corrected.

6. ANTON VAN LEEUWENHOEK –
He is commonly known as “THE
FATHER OF MICROBIOLOGY", and
considered to be the first microbiologist.
He is best known for his work on the
improvement of the microscope and for
his contributions towards the
establishment of microbiology.

7. He discovered bacteria, free-living
and parasitic microscopic
protists, sperm cells, blood cells,
microscopic nematodes, etc.

8. MICROSCOPE USED BY ANTON VAN
8
LEEUWENHOEK
An old pocket microscope

9. What you can see in the
microscope?
MICROSCOPIC
MONSTERS

10. When viewed up close beneath the unblinking
eye of the microscope, the tiniest mites and most
harmless of insects become terrifying beasts to
haunt your dreams."

11. Electron microscopic view of parasite

12. Mouth of a round worm parasite

13. Hook worm- seen in stools. An intestinal
parasite, a parasitic disease that is common
in the tropics and subtropics.

14. SCABIES

16. DIFFERENT TYPES OF
MICROSCOPE

17. X-RAY MICROSCOPE
17

18. NEUTRON MICROSCOPE

19. SCANNING HELIUM ION MICROSCOPE
(SHIM OR HEIM)

20. SCANNING ACOUSTIC MICROSCOPE
(SAM)

21. Electron Microscope
High level of technical skill is needed
Specimen preparation often takes
several days
Only dead and dried specimen
can be seen
All lenses are electromagnets
Very costly and heavy running cost

22. EXAMPLES OF ELECTRON
MICROSCOPE

23. TRANSMISSION ELECTRON
MICROSCOPY (TEM)

24. SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY
(SEM)

25. SCANNING PROBE MICROSCOPES

26. Optical/ Light Microscope
–Techniques are simple
–Specimen preparation normally
takes a few minutes to a few hours
–Live and dead specimen
can be seen
–Condenser, objective and eye
piece lenses are made of glass
–Cheap and negligible running cost

27. EXAMPLES OF OPTICAL
MICROSCOPE

28. STEREO MICROSCOPE/
BINOCULAR DISECTING MICROSCOPE

29. CONFOCAL LASER SCANNING
MICROSCOPE

30. COMPOUND MICROSCOPE—
an optical instrument for
forming magnified images of
small objects, consisting of an
objective lens with a very short
focal length and an eyepiece
with a longer focal length, both
lenses mounted in the same
tube.

31. SIMPLE MICROSCOPE—
uses a single lens
COMPOUND MICROSCOPE—
uses a set of lenses or lens
system

32. COMPOUND MICROSCOPE

33. COMPOUND MICROSCOPEO
M
Mechanical Parts— used to support
and adjust the parts
Magnifying Parts— used to
enlarge the specimen
Illuminating Parts— used to
provide light

54. LET’S HAVE AN EXCERCISE

55. ANSWERS
a. COARSE ADJUSTMENT KNOB
b. FINE ADJUSTMENT KNOB
c. ARM OR THE NECK
d. IRIS DIAPHRAGM LEVER
e. FINE ADJUSTMENT
f. MICROSCOPE BASE
g. OCULAR or THE EYEPIECE
h. BODY TUBE
i. DUST SHIELD
J. OBJECTIVE
k. OBJECTIVE
l. STAGE
m. CONDENSOR
n. MIRROR OR ELECTRIC LAMP