The document discusses the history and development of the microscope. It notes that the first compound microscope was invented in 1590 by Hans Janssen and Zacharias Janssen. Anton van Leeuwenhoek is considered the "father of microbiology" for his improvements to the microscope and discoveries of microorganisms in the 1670s using his homemade microscopes. The document outlines the key differences between optical/light microscopes and electron microscopes, and provides examples of different types of modern microscopes like scanning electron microscopes and confocal laser scanning microscopes.

2. DEFINITION
A microscope derived from the Greek word
‘micron’= small and ‘scopos’= to look/ see
MICROSCOPE: an instrument for viewing
objects that are too small to be seen by the
naked or unaided eye.
MICROSCOPY: the science of investigating
small objects using such an instrument.

3. HISTORICAL
BACKGROUND
• 1590— Hans Janssen and his son Zacharias
Janssen, invented the first compound
microscope.

4. • 1609—Galileo Galilei developed a compound
microscope and he called it the "occhiolino" or
"little eye."

5. • 1620— Christian Huygens, developed a simple
2-lens ocular system that was chromatically
corrected.

6. ANTON VAN LEEUWENHOEK –
He is commonly known as “THE
FATHER OF MICROBIOLOGY", and
considered to be the first microbiologist. He
is best known for his work on the
improvement of the microscope and for his
contributions towards the establishment of
microbiology.

7. He discovered bacteria, free-
living and parasitic microscopic
protists, sperm cells, blood cells,
microscopic nematodes, etc.

8. MICROSCOPE USED BY ANTON VAN
LEEUWENHOEK
An old pocket microscope

9. What you can see in the
microscope?
MICROSCOP
IC

10. When viewed up close beneath the unblinking eye
of the microscope, the tiniest mites and most
harmless of insects become terrifying beasts to
haunt your dreams."

11. Electron microscopic view of parasite

12. Mouth of a round worm parasite

13. Hook worm- seen in stools. An intestinal
parasite, a parasitic disease that is common in
the tropics and subtropics.

14. SCABIES

15. DIFFERENT TYPES OF
MICROSCOPE

16. X-RAY MICROSCOPE

17. NEUTRON MICROSCOPE

18. SCANNING HELIUM ION MICROSCOPE (SHIM
OR HEIM)

19. SCANNING ACOUSTIC MICROSCOPE
(SAM)

20. Electron Microscope
High level of technical skill is needed
Specimen preparation often takes
several days
Only dead and dried specimen
can be seen
All lenses are electromagnets
Very costly and heavy running cost

21. EXAMPLES OF ELECTRON
MICROSCOPE

22. TRANSMISSION ELECTRON
MICROSCOPY (TEM)

23. SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY
(SEM)

24. SCANNING PROBE MICROSCOPES

25. Optical/ Light Microscope
–Techniques are simple
–Specimen preparation normally
takes a few minutes to a few hours
–Live and dead specimen
can be seen
–Condenser, objective and eye
piece lenses are made of glass
–Cheap and negligible running cost

26. EXAMPLES OF OPTICAL
MICROSCOPE

27. STEREO MICROSCOPE/
BINOCULAR DISECTING MICROSCOPE

28. CONFOCAL LASER SCANNING
MICROSCOPE

29. COMPOUND MICROSCOPE— an
optical instrument for forming
magnified images of small
objects, consisting of an objective
lens with a very short focal length
and an eyepiece with a longer
focal length, both lenses
mounted in the same tube.

30. SIMPLE MICROSCOPE—
uses a single lens
COMPOUND MICROSCOPE—
uses a set of lenses or lens
system

31. COMPOUND MICROSCOPE

32. COMPOUND MICROSCOPEO
M
Mechanical Parts— used to support
and adjust the parts
Magnifying Parts— used to
enlarge the specimen
Illuminating Parts— used to
provide light

52. LET’S HAVE AN EXCERCISE

53. ANSWERS
a. COARSE ADJUSTMENT KNOB
b. FINE ADJUSTMENT KNOB
c. ARM OR THE NECK
d. IRIS DIAPHRAGM LEVER
e. FINE ADJUSTMENT
f. MICROSCOPE BASE
g. OCULAR or THE EYEPIECE
h. BODY TUBE
i. DUST SHIELD
J. OBJECTIVE
k. OBJECTIVE
l. STAGE
m. CONDENSOR
n. MIRROR OR ELECTRIC LAMP