This presentation talks about one of the most important technique in biology which is microscopy. The inclusions are the history of microscope, different types/kinds/classifications of microscope nowadays and the parts of a simple compound microscope
as a partial requirement for one of my subject for this semester
I would like you to view my presentation and comment as well
I will be very glad if you find my presentation interesting, or comment on how I can improve my craft, THANK YOU :)
This presentation is about the introduction of microscopy, its history, parts of a microscope and different types of microscopes along with a brief discussion of their working principles.
3. Microscope simple, compound & stereo - BasicsNethravathi Siri
Basics only
A compound microscope is an optical instrument used to observe the magnified images of small objects on a glass slide. Compound microscopes are so called because they are designed with a compound lens system.
These slide provide the information about history of microscopy and scientists whose contribute in the growth of microscopy
microscopy Microscopy is the technical field of using microscopes to view objects and areas of objects that cannot be seen with the naked eye (objects that are not within the resolution range of the normal eye).
A microscope is an instrument used to see objects that are too small to be seen by the naked eye.
this presentation deals with the introduction of some of the commonly used optical microscopes in forensic labs; compound microscope, stereoscopic microscope, comparison microscope, fluorescence microscope and polarized microscope.
as a partial requirement for one of my subject for this semester
I would like you to view my presentation and comment as well
I will be very glad if you find my presentation interesting, or comment on how I can improve my craft, THANK YOU :)
This presentation is about the introduction of microscopy, its history, parts of a microscope and different types of microscopes along with a brief discussion of their working principles.
3. Microscope simple, compound & stereo - BasicsNethravathi Siri
Basics only
A compound microscope is an optical instrument used to observe the magnified images of small objects on a glass slide. Compound microscopes are so called because they are designed with a compound lens system.
These slide provide the information about history of microscopy and scientists whose contribute in the growth of microscopy
microscopy Microscopy is the technical field of using microscopes to view objects and areas of objects that cannot be seen with the naked eye (objects that are not within the resolution range of the normal eye).
A microscope is an instrument used to see objects that are too small to be seen by the naked eye.
this presentation deals with the introduction of some of the commonly used optical microscopes in forensic labs; compound microscope, stereoscopic microscope, comparison microscope, fluorescence microscope and polarized microscope.
INTRODUCTION
HISTORY
TYPES OF MICROSCOPE
Compound Microscope
Dissection Microscope
Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)
Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM
CARE
PARTS AND FUNCTION
FOCUSING
CONCLUSION
REFERANCE
Microscopy is the technique of using microscopes to observe and analyze objects that are too small to be seen by the naked eye. Microscopes are instruments that magnify and resolve the details of objects, allowing scientists and researchers to study the structure, composition, and behavior of materials and specimens at a microscopic level
Microscopy is the technique of using microscopes to observe and analyze objects that are too small to be seen by the naked eye. Microscopes are instruments that magnify and resolve the details of objects, allowing scientists and researchers to study the structure, composition, and behavior of materials and specimens at a microscopic level
Compound microscopes are what most people visualize when they think about microscopes. They are available in monocular, binocular and trinocular formats. They have a number of objectives (the lens closest to the object being viewed) of varying magnifications mounted in a rotating nosepiece.
The presentation discusses all about microbial growth, it explains various nutritional and physical requirements of bacteria for growth, it is also illustrated here the standard bacterial growth curve
This presentation discusses the variety of bacteria based on their shapes, envelope structure, projecting structures and cytoplasmic membrane with corresponding representatives
You will learn in this presentation the variety of stains of microorganisms that you can find in the different parts of the human body, including their abundance and implications.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
2. Microscopy
According to MW, it is the use of or investigation with a
microscope.
A technical field of using microscopes to view objects and
objects that cannot be seen with the naked eye.
Of all the techniques used in biology it is probably the
most important.
3. History of Microscope
Timeline
~1000 AD- the first vision aid, called a reading stone, is invented.
~1284- Salvino D’Armate is credited with inventing the first wearable
eye glasses.
1590- Zacharias Janssen and his son Hans place multiple lenses in a
tube. This is a forerunner of the compound microscope and the
telescope.
1609- Galileo Galilei develops a compound microscope with a convex
and concave lens.
4. History of Microscope
1625- Giovanni Faber coins the name “microscope” for Galileo
Galilei’s compound microscope.
1665- Robert Hooke published ‘Micrographia’ in which he coins the
term “cell” when describing tissue.
1676- Antonie van Leeuwenhoek builds a simple microscope with one
lens to examine blood, yeast and insects.
1931- Ernst Ruska design and build the first Transmission Electron
Microscope (TEM).
1935- Max Knoll builds the first Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM).
5. History of Microscope
1957- Marvin Minsky patented the Confocal Microscope.
1978- Thomas and Christoph Cremer developed the first practical Confocal
Laser Scanning Microscope (CLSM).
1981- Gerd Binnig and Heinrich Rohrer developed the Scanning Tunneling
Microscope (STM).
1986- Marked by the invention of Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) by Gerd
Binnig, Heinrich Rohrer and Calvin Quate.
2014- Nobel Prize in Chemistry awarded to Eric Betzig, Stefan Hell and
William Moemer for microscope to now see matter smaller than 0.2
micrometers/ nanodimentional. Sometimes called the Super-resolution
Microscope.
6. Kinds of Microscope
1. Simple Microscopes- magnify an object directly using single lens.
2. Compound Microscopes- magnify an object using a set of lenses or a system of
lenses, show the objects in their reverse position.
7. Branches of Microscopy
1. Optical/ Light Microscopy- involves passing visible light transmitted
through or reflected from the sample through a single or multiple lenses
to allow a magnified view of the sample.
2. Electron Microscopy- the use of an electron beam with a far smaller
wavelength in order to gain higher resolution.
3. Scanning Probe Microscopy- this is a sub-diffraction technique when
there is physical contact of a solid probe tip to scan the surface of an
object, which is supposed to be almost flat.
8. Types of Microscope
1. Simple Magnifying Lens- the simplest light microscope usually hand held and
magnify object as it is. Usually useful for field work.
2. Simple Compound Microscope- magnify object but it has no light condenser
attached beneath the stage as compared to Complex Compound Microscope.
9. Types of Microscope
3. Complex Compound Microscope- combines objective, eyepiece lenses and light
condenser lens to magnify the image of small objects.
4. Stereo/Dissecting Microscope- combines two objective lenses and two eyepiece
lenses to view an object resulting to three-dimensional images of the object.
10. Types of Microscope
5. Fluorescence Microscope- uses fluorescence and phosphorescence lights to view
samples and determine their properties.
a. Ultraviolet Microscope- UV caused microscope stains to fluoresce
11. Types of Microscope
6. Electron Microscope- one of the most sophisticated types of microscopes with
highest magnification (10,000x – 2,000,000x), used to illuminate the smallest
particles which passed through magnetic field onto a photographic film.
a. Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM)- has higher resolution than of SEM
which is less than 1 nm because the electrons are directly pointed toward the
sample then lot of characteristics of the specimen can be seen.
12. Types of Microscope
b. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)- has lower resolution compared to TEM
used to view images that require tens of nm at most, scattered electrons produced
the image of the specimen after the collection and counting of it.
13. Types of Microscope
7. Scanning-Tunnelling Microscope- an instrument for imaging surfaces at the
atomic level with good resolution of about 0.1 nm lateral resolution and 0.01 nm
depth resolution.
14. Types of Microscope
8. Digital Microscope- has a digital camera attached to it and connected to a
computer screen to view the object directly. Has the advantage of taking the
picture of the object.
15. Types of Microscope
9. Digital Imager Microscope- a digital video capturing microscope mounted on
compound microscope and connected with USB or AV cable to record the activities
of mobile specimen.
16. Classes of Microscopy
1. Bright Field Microscopy- a conventional technique when the specimen
appear darker on a bright background.
17. Classes of Microscopy
2. Dark Field Microscopy- shows the specimens bright on a dark
background.
18. Classes of Microscopy
3. Phase Contrast Microscopy- this technique is useful for observing
unstained specimen that lacks color such as bacteria.
19. Classes of Microscopy
4. Fluorescent Microscopy- there is application of fluorescent dye in the
specimen for easier emission of light.
20. Classes of Microscopy
5. Oil Immersion Microscopy- a technique used to increase the resolving
power of a microscope by immersing the objective lens and the specimen in
a transparent oil of high refractive index. Essential for viewing individual
bacteria and other details of fixed specimens.
21. Parts and Functions of a Modern Microscope
Division of Parts:
1. Mechanical Parts
Used to support and adjust the parts
2. Magnifying/Optical Parts
Used to enlarge the specimen
22. Mechanical Parts
1. Base
Bottom most portion that supports the entire/lower
microscope. Can be Y-shaped or U-shaped foot.
2. Pillar
Part above the base that supports the other parts
3. Inclination Joint
Allows for tilting of the microscope for convenience of the
user
24. 4. Arm/Neck
Curved/slanted part which is held while carrying the microscope
5. Stage
Platform where object to be examined is placed
6. Stage Clips
Secures the specimen to the stage
Mechanical Parts
25. 7. Body Tube
Attached to the arm and bears the lenses
8. Draw Tube
Cylindrical structure on top of the body tube that
holds the ocular lenses
Mechanical Parts
27. 9. Revolving/Rotating Nosepiece
Rotating disc where the objectives are attached
10. Dust Shield
Lies at the top of the nosepiece and keeps dust
from settling on the objectives
Mechanical Parts
29. 11. Coarse Adjustment Knob
Geared to the body tube which elevates or lowers when
rotated bringing the object into approximate focus
12. Fine Adjustment Knob
A smaller knob for delicate focusing bringing the object
into perfect focus
Mechanical Parts
31. 13. Condenser Adjustment Knob
Elevates and lowers the condenser to regulate the
intensity of light
14. Iris Diaphragm Lever
Lever in front of the condenser and which is moved
horizontally to open/close the diaphragm
15. Mirror Holder
Used to hold the mirror in position
Mechanical Parts
33. OPTICAL PARTS
1. Mirror
Located beneath the stage and has concave and
plane surfaces to gather and direct light in order to
illuminate the object
2. Electric Lamp
A built-in illuminator beneath the stage that may be
used if sunlight is not preferred or is not available
35. 3. Ocular / Eyepiece
Another set of lens found on top of the body tube which
functions to further magnify the image produced by the
objective lenses. It usually ranges from 5x to 15x.
OPTICAL PARTS
37. 4. Iris Diaphragm
Regulates the amount of light necessary to obtain a clearer
view of the object
5. Condenser
A set of lenses between the mirror and the stage that
concentrates light rays on the specimen.
OPTICAL PARTS
39. 6. Objectives
Metal cylinders attached below the nosepiece and contains especially ground and
polished lenses
1. Scanning Objective
Gives the lowest magnification, usually 4x
Getting an overview of the specimen
2. LPO / Low Power Objective
Gives the lower magnification, usually 10x
3. HPO / High Power Objective
Gives higher magnification, usually 40x
4. OIO / Oil Immersion Objective
Gives the highest magnification, usually 100x, and is used wet either with
cedar wood oil or synthetic oil
Getting into the details of the specimen
OPTICAL PARTS
42. Operating, Handling and Care of the Microscope
1. Always carry your microscope with one hand on the Arm and one hand on the Base, and close to
your body.
2. Plug the microscope in and place excess wire on the table.
3. Always start and end focusing with low power Objectives lens
4. Use only the Fine adjustment knob when using the HPO.
5. Adjust the Diaphragm as you look through the Eyepiece, and you will see that more detail is visible
when you allow in less light.
6. Always make sure the stage and lenses are clean before you put away the microscope.
7. Always use good quality lens tissue to clean before you put away the microscope.
8. Always cover your microscope with a dust jacket/put in box when not in use.