INTRODUCTION HISTORY TYPES OF MICROSCOPE Compound Microscope Dissection Microscope Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM CARE PARTS AND FUNCTION FOCUSING CONCLUSION REFERANCE

1. TYPES OF MICRSCOPES
By
KAUSHAL KUMAR SAHU
Assistant Professor (Ad Hoc)
Department of Biotechnology
Govt. Digvijay Autonomous P. G. College
Raj-Nandgaon ( C. G. )

2. SYNOPSIS
 INTRODUCTION
 HISTORY
 TYPES OF MICROSCOPE
 Compound Microscope
 Dissection Microscope
 Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)
 Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM
 CARE
 PARTS AND FUNCTION
 FOCUSING
 CONCLUSION
 REFERANCE

3. INTRODUCTION
 Microscopes are instruments designed to produce magnified
visual or photographic images of small objects.
 A microscope (from the Ancient Greek: mikrós, "small" and
skopeîn, "to look" or "see") is an instrument used to see objects
that are too small for the naked eye. The science of
investigating small objects using such an instrument is called
microscopy.

4. HISTORY
 Circa 1000AD – The first vision aid was invented (inventor unknown) called a
reading stone. It was a glass sphere that magnified when laid on top of reading
materials.
 Circa 1284 – Italian, Salvino D'Armate is credited with inventing the first
wearable eye glasses.
 .

5.  1665 – English physicist, Robert Hooke looked at a sliver of cork
through a microscope lens and noticed some "pores" or "cells" in it.
 1674 – Anton van Leeuwenhoek built a simple microscope with only
one lens to examine blood, yeast, insects and many other tiny objects.
Leeuwenhoek was the first person to describe bacteria, and he invented
new methods for grinding and polishing microscope lenses that allowed
for curvatures providing magnifications of up to 270 diameters, the best
available lenses at that time.

6. Early Light Microscopes:

7. CONT….
 18th century – Technical innovations improved microscopes,
leading to microscopy becoming popular among scientists.
Lenses combining two types of glass reduced the "chromatic
effect" the disturbing resulting from differences in refraction
of light
 1830 – Joseph Jackson Lister reduces spherical aberration or
the "chromatic effect" by showing that several weak lenses
used together at certain distances gave good magnification
without blurring the image. This was the prototype for the
compound microscope.

8. Cont……
 1903 – Richard Zsigmondy developed the
ultra microscope that could study objects
below the wavelength of light. He won the
Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1925.
 1932 – Frits Zernike invented the phase-
contrast microscope that allowed for the
study of colorless and transparent biological
materials for which he won the Nobel Prize
in Physics in 1953.
 1931 – Ernst Ruska co-invented the electron
microscope for which he won the Nobel
Prize in Physics in 1986

9.  1981 – Gerd Binnig and Heinrich
Rohrer invented the scanning
tunneling microscope that gives three-
dimensional images of objects down
to the atomic level. Binnig and Rohrer
won the Nobel Prize in Physics in
1986. The powerful scanning
tunneling microscope is the strongest
microscope to date

10. Types of microscope
• Compound Microscope
• Dissection Microscope
• Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)
• Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM

11. A Lenses
 Enlarges an image and bends the light
toward our eye.

12. Eyepiece Lense
Usually has a power
of 10 x
Eyepiece Lense
X
Objective Lense
=
Total Magnification

13. OBJECTIVE LENSE
Low Power = 4 x
Medium Power = 10 x
High Power = 40 x

14. SIMPLE MICROSCOPE
 Light passes through only 1 lens.
 Example: magnifying glass

15. Compound Microscope
 It makes use two different optical part for the magnifying of
object .
 light pass through an object and then through two or more
lenses.
 Most commonly used in laboratories many laboratiries.
 Magnify object as much as
2000 times the original
image.

16. Stereoscopic Microscope
 Gives a three dimensional view of an object.
(Examples: insects and leaves)
 Used for dissections
 Provide a 3D viewing of object for
the for complete diagnosis.

17.  Electron microscopes –
 use a beam of electrons instead of a beam of light .
magnify the image

18. ELECTRON MICROSCOPE
 can achieve 3D images using electrons

19. The Scanning Electron Microscope
 produces a 3-dimensional image of specimen’s surface
features
spider head of a butterfly

20. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM
◦ organisms
◦ -Natural tissue surfaces
◦ -Exposed tissue structure
◦ Types of specimens:

21. Scanning Electron microscope

22. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM).
o
◦ Allows the magnification of objects in the order of
100,000’s
◦ Provides for detailed study of the internal ultrastructure
of cells eg- microorganisms like viruses
◦ A beam of electrons is transmitted through the specimen
for a 2D view

23. Transmission electron microscope
Chloroplast from a tobacco leaf H1N1 virus

24. Confocal Laser Scanning Microscope (CLSM)
 laser beam used to
illuminate spots on
specimen
 computer compiles images
created from each point to
generate a 3-dimensional
image
 used on specimens that
are too thick for a light
microscope

25. A, B, C pollen grains: Scanning electron microscope
D pollen grains: Confocal Laser Scanning Microscope
E pollen grains: Transmission electron microscope
F pollen grains: Light microscope
G Mixed pollen grains (bright field light microscope, stained) H pollen grains
confocal laser scanning microscope

26. MICROSCOPE CARE
 Always carry with 2 hands
 Never touch the lenses with your fingers.
 Only use lens paper for cleaning
 Do not force knobs
 Keep objects clear of desk and cords

27. MICROSCOPE PARTS
Ocular lens
Body Tube
Revolving Nosepiece
Arm
Objective Lens
Stage
Stage
Clips Coarse adjustment knob
Fine adjustment knob
Base
Diaphragm
Light

28. OCULAR LENS & ARM
Ocular lens
arm
LENS-magnifies; where we look
through to see the image of our
specimen
They are usually 10X or 15X
power. Our microscopes have an
ocular lens power of 10x.
ARM-supports the tube and connects it to
the base

29. STAGE & COARSE ADJUSTEMENT
stage
coarse adjustment knob
STAGE-The flat platform where we place
our slides
COARSE ADJUSTEMENT- Moves stage (or body
tube) up and down

30. FINE KNOBE & BASE
fine adjustment knob
base
FINE KNOBE - small, round knob on the side
of the microscope used to fine-tune the focus of
our specimen after using the coarse adjustment
at knob.
BASE- The bottom of the microscope, used
for support.

31. BODY TUBE & REVOLVING NOSEPIECE
body tube
revolving nosepiece
BODY TUBE- connects the eyepiece to the
objective lenses
REVOLVING NOSEPIECE-The part that holds
two or more objective lenses and can be rotated
to easily change power

32. STAGE CLIPE & DIAPHRAGM & LIGHT
stage clips
STAGE CLIPE - The other moves it up and
down Stage clips hold the slides in place.
One moves it left and right
diaphragm
DIAPHRAGM -controls the amount of
light going through the specimen
light
LIGHT - makes the specimen
easier to see

33. USING MICROSCPE
 Once the image is sharp with the low
power lens,we should be able to simply
click in the next power lens and do minor
adjustments with the focus knob. If our
microscope has a fine focus adjustment,
turning it a bit should be all that's
necessary.
 Continue with subsequent objective lenses
and fine focus each time.

34. USING HIGH POWER
 Rotate to 40x objective, locate desired
portion of specimen in the center of the
field. Refocus very carefully so that the
specimen is focused as sharply as
possible.

35. USING HIGH POWER
 Partially rotate so that 40x and 100x
objectives straddle the specimen.

36. USING HEIGH POWER
 Place a small drop of oil on the slide in
the center of the lighted area. (Take care
not to dribble on the stage.)
 Put the small drop of oil directly over
the area of the specimen to be
examined.

37. USING HIGH POWER
 Rotate so that the 100x oil immersion
objective touches the oil and clicks into
place

38. USING HIGH POWER
 Focus only with fine focus. The specimen
will come into focus easily. Do not change
focus dramatically

39. CONCLUSION
 Microscopes can be classified based on the physical
principle that is used to generate an image.
 Different microscopes visualize different physical
characteristics of the sample (eg. elasticity can be
visualized with acoustic microscopes).
 Image contrast, resolution (which determines
magnification) and destructiveness of the sample are
other relevant parameters.

40. REFERANCE

Biophysical chemistry- Upadhyay & Nath
Instrumental analysis- Skoog and Holler
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