The document discusses different types of microscopes. It explains that microscopes are used to magnify small objects and can range from simple magnifying glasses to complex research instruments. Simple microscopes use a single lens for magnification, while compound microscopes use multiple lenses to achieve higher magnification. Specific microscope techniques discussed include light microscopy, fluorescence microscopy, confocal microscopy, phase contrast microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy.

1. By:Krishan
7060/16
B.Sc Life Science (3rd Yr 6th Sem)

2.  Microscopes are devices that are used to magnify small
objects. They come in a wide range of shapes and sizes,
and use many types of illumination sources (light,
electrons, ions, x-rays and ) and signals to produce an
image. A microscope can be as simple as a hand-held
magnifying glass or as complex as a multi-million-dollar
research instrument.
 Microscopy is the technical field of using microscopes to
view samples and objects that cannot be seen with the
unaided eye (objects that are not within the resolution
range of the normal eye). .


3.  A simple microscope is one which uses a single lens for
magnifying , such as a magnifying glass while a
compound microscope uses several to enhance the
magnification of an object
 The use of single lens of group of lenses is found in
simple magnification devices such as the magnification
devices such as the magnifying glass eyepieces for
telescope and microscopes
 A simple microscope is actually a convex lens of small
focal length ,which is a used for seeing the magnifined
images of small object

6. VISUALIZATION

7.  A compound microscope is an instrument that is used
to view magnified images of small objects on a glass
slide
 It can achieve higher levels of magnification than
stereo or other low power microscopes and reduce
chromatic aberration.
 It achieves this through the use of two or more lenses
in the objective and the eyepiece
 The objective lens or objectives located on the
nosepiece have a short focal length and are close to
the target object where it collects light and focuses
the image of the object into the microscope

8. COMPOUND MICROSCOPE

9. T.S. OF DICOT ROOT

10. RAY DIAGRAM OF COMPOUND MICRSCOPY

11.  LIGHT MICROSCOPY
 Fluorescence Microscopy
 Confocal microscopy
 Phase Contrast
ELECTRON MICROSCOPY
 Scanning electron microscopy
 Transmission electron microscopy

12.  14th century: spectacles first made in Italy
 1590: Two Dutch spectacle-makers and father-and-son
team, Hans and Zacharias Janssen, create the first
microscope.
 1667: Robert Hooke's famous "Micrographia" is published,
which outlines Hooke's various studies using the microscope.

1675: Enter Anton van Leeuwenhoek, who used a
microscope with one lens to observe insects and other
specimen. Leeuwenhoek was the first to observe bacteria. 18th
century: As technology improved, microscopy became more
popular among scientists. Part of this was due to the discovery
that combining two types of glass reduced the chromatic
effect.


14.  Microscopes are of great importance in the study of
microorganism and Biomolecules.
 Light microscope are simple of all microscope
 Light microscope use lens of bend and focus light
rays to produce enlargement images of small objects

15.  When certain compounds are illuminated with high
energy light , they then emit light of a different , lower
frequency
 This effect is also known as fluorescence
 Often specimens show their own characteristics auto
fluorescence image , based on their chemical makeup
 Specimens usually stain with fluorochromes.

17.  In all the type of microscopy, cell constituents
are not distinguishable although staining dose,
but not totally
 In fluorescent microscopy , various fluorescent
dyes are used which gives property of
fluorescence to only specific part of the cell
and hence it can be focused

18.  When certain compound are illuminated with
high energy light , they then emit light of
different , lower frequency. This effect is
known as fluorescence
 Often specimens show their own
characteristics auto fluorescence image , based
on their chemical makeup

19.  Fluorescence microscopy is a critical tool for
academic and pharmaceutical research ,
pathology ,clinical and medicine purposes.

21.  A confocal microscope creates sharp images of a
specimen that would otherwise appears blurred when
viewed with a conventional microscope
 This is achieved by excluding most of the light from
the specimen that is not from the microscope focal
plane
 The image has less haze and bertter contrast than that
of a conventional microscope and represents a thin
cross-section of the specimen

22.  In confocal microscopy two pinholes are typically formed used;
 A pinhole is placed in front of the illumination source to allow
transmission only through a small area
 The illumination pinhole is formed onto the focal plane of the
specimen , i.e only a point of the specimen is illuminated at one
time
 Fluorescence excited in the manner at the focal plane is imaged onto
a confocal pinhole placed right in front of the detector
 Only fluorescence excited within focal plane o0f the specimen will
go through the detector pinhole
 Scanning of small section is done and jointed them together for
better view.

23.  Confocal microscopy allows analysis of
fluorescent labeled thick specimens without
physical sectioning
 3-D reconstruction of specimen
 More color possibilities
 Improved resolution

24. Confocal microscopy

25. VISUALIZATION UNDER CONFOCAL MICROSCOPY