Micro Oraganisms used in Bio pesticide
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This document discusses different types of microbial biopesticides, including bacterial, viral, fungal and protozoan biopesticides. It provides details on some commonly used bacterial biopesticides like Bacillus thuringiensis and Bacillus sphaericus, describing their mechanisms and applications. Viral biopesticides like baculoviruses are discussed, along with the fungal biopesticide Beauveria bassiana. The document concludes by noting some advantages and disadvantages of biopesticides compared to conventional pesticides.
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Biopesticide
Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) is a soil bacteria that produces crystalline proteins called Bt toxins that are toxic to certain pest insects but safe for humans and the environment. When ingested by a susceptible insect, the Bt toxin is activated in the alkaline gut environment and inserts into the gut cells, forming ion channels that disrupt cellular metabolism and kill the insect within 24-48 hours. Bt has been used as an effective and targeted biopesticide to control major crop-damaging insects like caterpillars, beetles, and aphids, helping reduce an estimated 15% of global crop losses each year. The Bt genes that produce these crystalline toxins have been identified and classified into
Citrus canker
Citrus canker is a serious bacterial disease that affects important citrus crops. It is caused by the bacteria Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri, which causes necrotic lesions on fruit, leaves, and twigs. These lesions reduce fruit quality and quantity and can cause premature fruit drop. The disease spreads through rain splashing or wind carrying the bacteria from infected lesions to young plant tissues through stomata or wounds. Strict quarantine measures, selection of healthy nursery plants, eradication of infected trees, pruning of affected parts and spraying with bactericides can help manage the disease.
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FUNGI AS BIOCONTROL AGENT.pptx
- Fungi can be effective biocontrol agents for controlling plant pathogens and insect pests. They compete for nutrients and space with pathogens, produce toxins, and act as parasites.
- Beauveria bassiana is a commonly used fungal biocontrol agent that naturally infects many arthropod species. It is commercially developed as an insecticide under the name Panther BB.
- While biocontrol reduces pesticide use and is environmentally friendly, it also has disadvantages like high production costs, requirement for additional control methods, and difficulty mass producing some agents. Overall, biocontrol provides a sustainable alternative to chemicals for integrated pest management.
Phytotoxin
Phytotoxin
phtotoxin produce by bacteria and fungi
Bacterial toxin are two types endotoxin and exotoxins
Fungi produce toxin Mycotoxins
Mycotoxins - Aflatoxins B1, B2, G1, G2,
Products contaminated by aflatoxins such as cereal, tree nuts, dry fruits, spices, dairy products, eggs, and medicinal plants.
There are various methods use for the detections of aflatoxins like HPLC, HPTLC, ELISA,TLC, and LC-MS.
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Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) is a soil bacteria that produces crystalline proteins called Bt toxins that are toxic to certain pest insects but safe for humans and the environment. When ingested by a susceptible insect, the Bt toxin is activated in the alkaline gut environment and inserts into the gut cells, forming ion channels that disrupt cellular metabolism and kill the insect within 24-48 hours. Bt has been used as an effective and targeted biopesticide to control major crop-damaging insects like caterpillars, beetles, and aphids, helping reduce an estimated 15% of global crop losses each year. The Bt genes that produce these crystalline toxins have been identified and classified into
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Citrus canker is a serious bacterial disease that affects important citrus crops. It is caused by the bacteria Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri, which causes necrotic lesions on fruit, leaves, and twigs. These lesions reduce fruit quality and quantity and can cause premature fruit drop. The disease spreads through rain splashing or wind carrying the bacteria from infected lesions to young plant tissues through stomata or wounds. Strict quarantine measures, selection of healthy nursery plants, eradication of infected trees, pruning of affected parts and spraying with bactericides can help manage the disease.
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This document discusses biopesticides and their role in integrated pest management. It defines biopesticides as living organisms or naturally occurring substances that control pests. The first biopesticide was discovered in 1835. Biopesticides include bacteria, fungi, viruses and protozoa that act as pathogens or parasites against target pests. They may also compete with or induce resistance in plant hosts. While biopesticides currently make up a small portion of the pesticide market, their use is growing as alternatives to synthetic pesticides. The document reviews various types of microbial biopesticides and their modes of action in controlling insects and plant diseases.
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The document discusses biofungicides, which are biologically active substances derived from organisms that prevent and treat plant diseases. There are three main types of biofungicides: agricultural antibiotics produced through microbial fermentation, bacteria-based fungicides like Bacillus subtilis that inhibit fungi and promote growth, and fungal fungicides including Trichoderma species that control various plant pathogens. Biofungicides have advantages over chemical fungicides in that their active ingredients are naturally occurring microorganisms that are less toxic and help improve soil health.
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This document discusses biopesticides, which are pesticides derived from natural materials like animals, plants, bacteria and viruses. There are five main categories of biopesticides: microbial pesticides, plant-incorporated protectants, biochemical pesticides, botanical pesticides, and biotic agents. Microbial pesticides use microorganisms like Bacillus thuringiensis, Pseudomonas fluorescens, and Trichoderma fungi to control pests. Botanical pesticides derive from plants like neem and use compounds like azadirachtin. Biopesticides are less toxic, biodegradable and safer for the environment than chemical pesticides.
FUNGI AS BIOCONTROL AGENT.pptx
- Fungi can be effective biocontrol agents for controlling plant pathogens and insect pests. They compete for nutrients and space with pathogens, produce toxins, and act as parasites.
- Beauveria bassiana is a commonly used fungal biocontrol agent that naturally infects many arthropod species. It is commercially developed as an insecticide under the name Panther BB.
- While biocontrol reduces pesticide use and is environmentally friendly, it also has disadvantages like high production costs, requirement for additional control methods, and difficulty mass producing some agents. Overall, biocontrol provides a sustainable alternative to chemicals for integrated pest management.
Phytotoxin
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phtotoxin produce by bacteria and fungi
Bacterial toxin are two types endotoxin and exotoxins
Fungi produce toxin Mycotoxins
Mycotoxins - Aflatoxins B1, B2, G1, G2,
Products contaminated by aflatoxins such as cereal, tree nuts, dry fruits, spices, dairy products, eggs, and medicinal plants.
There are various methods use for the detections of aflatoxins like HPLC, HPTLC, ELISA,TLC, and LC-MS.
Aflatoxins cause chronic and acute toxicity.
Chronic- slow growth, immunity problems, cirrhosis, and liver cancer.
Acute- Hemorrhage, edema and acute liver toxicity.
Biopesticides
This document discusses biopesticides as an alternative to chemical pesticides. It defines biopesticides as compounds that manage agricultural pests through specific biological effects. Biopesticides are derived from animals, plants, and microorganisms and are less harmful than chemicals. They are more target specific and decompose quickly, leaving few residues. The document describes several important biopesticides used in India including Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt), which kills pest larvae; Trichoderma, effective against soil-borne diseases; Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae, fungi that infect and kill insects; and Trichogramma wasps that parasitize eggs of lepidopter
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This document discusses biopesticides, which are pesticides derived from natural materials like plants, bacteria, and minerals. It describes different types of biopesticides including microbial biopesticides which use microorganisms like bacteria and fungi to control pests. The document outlines advantages like lower toxicity compared to chemical pesticides as well as disadvantages like limited effectiveness against multiple pest types. It also discusses recent advances in biopesticide development through recombinant DNA technology.
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Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) is a naturally occurring soil bacterium that produces crystal proteins during sporulation that are toxic to certain insect orders. Various Bt subspecies produce different toxins targeting Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, or Diptera. The toxins work by forming ion channels in the gut of susceptible insects, which leads to cell damage and death. Bt has been used widely as a biological insecticide by spraying spores to control pests like cabbage worms, gypsy moths, and spruce budworm. It is effective when eaten and breaks down quickly in the environment to avoid insect resistance.
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The document discusses biopesticides as a natural alternative to chemical pesticides. It defines biopesticides as products made from minerals, bacteria, plants or animals that can control pests. Biopesticides are classified into microbial, plant, and biochemical pesticides. Microbial pesticides include bacteria like Bacillus thuringiensis, viruses, and fungi. Plant pesticides involve introducing pesticide genes into plants. Biochemical pesticides use pheromones or plant extracts. Biopesticides have advantages like specificity, low amounts needed, and low risk of pest resistance, but their effects can be slower than chemical pesticides.
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- The disease affects tomatoes and peppers. Symptoms include small, dark lesions on leaves that enlarge and become angular in shape. Lesions also form on fruits. The bacteria overwinter in crop debris and seeds and is spread by splashing water or contaminated transplants.
- Management includes crop rotation, producing disease-free transplants, seed treatment, eliminating volunteers, and applying copper bactericides or plant inducers like Actigard. Bacteriophages
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Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) is a gram-positive bacteria that produces crystal proteins during sporulation. These crystal proteins, also known as delta endotoxins, have insecticidal properties. There are over 80 subspecies of Bt identified based on flagellum antigens and other characteristics. Bt was first isolated in 1901 in Japan as the cause of silkworm disease. It was later used commercially as a pesticide starting in the 1920s. The crystal proteins are encoded by cry genes, which are located on plasmids in most Bt strains. These cry genes have been classified into different groups based on amino acid sequences and insect target ranges. The crystal proteins are activated in the insect midg
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Banana bunchy top virus (BBTV) is one of the most serious diseases of banana. It is difficult to eradicate once established. BBTV symptoms initially appear as dark green streaks in the veins of banana leaves. Later, leaves emerge narrower than normal with yellow margins and are stiff, erect, and bunched at the top of the plant. The virus spreads through propagation materials and by the banana aphid acquiring the virus after feeding on infected plants. Severely infected plants often do not fruit, and fruit that does form is distorted and twisted. Control measures include using virus-free materials, removing infected plants, and insecticidal soaps, though insecticides have little effect on virus spread.
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This document discusses biopesticides, which include biological materials and organisms that can be formulated as pesticides. It focuses on microbial pesticides including bacteria like Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt), fungi such as Beauveria bassiana, viruses, and entomopathogenic nematodes. Bt forms crystal proteins that are toxic to pest caterpillars when ingested. Fungal pesticides act through enzymes and antibiotics. The document also covers the production, advantages, and disadvantages of various microbial pesticides.
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Advantages and disadvantages of microbial biopesticides
Biopesticide
This document discusses biopesticides and their advantages over conventional chemical pesticides. It defines biopesticides as pesticides derived from natural materials like animals, plants, bacteria and certain minerals. The document then covers various types of biopesticides including biochemical pesticides that use semiochemicals, hormones and plant regulators; microbial pesticides that use bacteria, fungi, viruses and protozoa; and plant-incorporated protectants that use genetic engineering to induce pest resistance. Examples are provided for different biopesticides and their modes of action are explained, highlighting their effectiveness and eco-friendly nature compared to chemical pesticides.
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This document discusses biopesticides, which are pesticides derived from natural materials like plants, bacteria, and minerals. It describes different types of biopesticides including microbial biopesticides which use microorganisms like bacteria and fungi to control pests. The document outlines advantages like lower toxicity compared to chemical pesticides as well as disadvantages like limited effectiveness against multiple pest types. It also discusses recent advances in biopesticide development through recombinant DNA technology.
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Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) is a naturally occurring soil bacterium that produces crystal proteins during sporulation that are toxic to certain insect orders. Various Bt subspecies produce different toxins targeting Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, or Diptera. The toxins work by forming ion channels in the gut of susceptible insects, which leads to cell damage and death. Bt has been used widely as a biological insecticide by spraying spores to control pests like cabbage worms, gypsy moths, and spruce budworm. It is effective when eaten and breaks down quickly in the environment to avoid insect resistance.
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The document discusses biopesticides as a natural alternative to chemical pesticides. It defines biopesticides as products made from minerals, bacteria, plants or animals that can control pests. Biopesticides are classified into microbial, plant, and biochemical pesticides. Microbial pesticides include bacteria like Bacillus thuringiensis, viruses, and fungi. Plant pesticides involve introducing pesticide genes into plants. Biochemical pesticides use pheromones or plant extracts. Biopesticides have advantages like specificity, low amounts needed, and low risk of pest resistance, but their effects can be slower than chemical pesticides.
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6.4.1 viral diseases tobacco mosaic virus (tmv)
Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) infects tobacco, tomatoes, and other solanaceous plants, causing mosaic patterns, mottling, stunting, and other symptoms. TMV is easily transmitted through contaminated tools, plant debris, and human contact. The virus enters plant cells and uses host machinery to replicate its RNA and move through plasmodesmata to infect adjacent cells. Management strategies include using resistant varieties, controlling inoculum sources like contaminated soil and debris, treating seeds, and removing infected plants.
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- Bacterial spot of tomato is caused by several species of gram-negative bacteria in the genus Xanthomonas. In culture, these bacteria produce yellow, mucoid colonies. A mass of bacteria can be observed oozing from a lesion under the microscope.
- The disease affects tomatoes and peppers. Symptoms include small, dark lesions on leaves that enlarge and become angular in shape. Lesions also form on fruits. The bacteria overwinter in crop debris and seeds and is spread by splashing water or contaminated transplants.
- Management includes crop rotation, producing disease-free transplants, seed treatment, eliminating volunteers, and applying copper bactericides or plant inducers like Actigard. Bacteriophages
Bacillus thurigenesis
Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt). This bacterium is also a key source of genes for transgenic expression to provide pest resistance in plants and microorganisms as pest control agents in so-called genetically modified organisms (GMOs).
BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS 2013.ppt
Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) is a gram-positive bacteria that produces crystal proteins during sporulation. These crystal proteins, also known as delta endotoxins, have insecticidal properties. There are over 80 subspecies of Bt identified based on flagellum antigens and other characteristics. Bt was first isolated in 1901 in Japan as the cause of silkworm disease. It was later used commercially as a pesticide starting in the 1920s. The crystal proteins are encoded by cry genes, which are located on plasmids in most Bt strains. These cry genes have been classified into different groups based on amino acid sequences and insect target ranges. The crystal proteins are activated in the insect midg
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The term biopesticides refers to compounds that are used to manage agricultural pests by means of specific biological effects. It refers to products containing biocontrol agents like natural substances such as plants, certain minerals, animals, micro organisms including their genes or metabolites.
Banana Bunchy Top Disease
Banana bunchy top virus (BBTV) is one of the most serious diseases of banana. It is difficult to eradicate once established. BBTV symptoms initially appear as dark green streaks in the veins of banana leaves. Later, leaves emerge narrower than normal with yellow margins and are stiff, erect, and bunched at the top of the plant. The virus spreads through propagation materials and by the banana aphid acquiring the virus after feeding on infected plants. Severely infected plants often do not fruit, and fruit that does form is distorted and twisted. Control measures include using virus-free materials, removing infected plants, and insecticidal soaps, though insecticides have little effect on virus spread.
Banana Bunchy top disease
Banana bunchy top is a serious viral disease of bananas caused by the Banana bunchy top virus (BBTV). It is transmitted by the banana aphid (Pentalonia nigronervosa). Symptoms include dark green streaks on leaves and petioles, chlorotic and upright leaves clustered at the top forming a "bunchy top". The disease reduces fruit production and quality. Management involves using virus-free planting materials, rogueing infected plants, controlling the vector with insecticides, and maintaining weed-free fields. BBTV has had major economic impacts on banana industries worldwide.
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The document discusses various types of biopesticides, which are formulations containing microorganisms like bacteria, fungi, viruses or protozoa that are pathogenic to pest populations. It describes different tactics of biological control using hyperparasites and suppressive soils to eradicate pathogens. The main types of microbial biopesticides covered are viral, bacterial, fungal, nematode, herbicide, and protozoan biopesticides. Advantages include lack of harmful residues and potential for lower costs and greater effectiveness than chemical pesticides. Disadvantages involve issues with specificity, speed of action, and variability in efficacy.
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This document discusses biopesticides, which include biological materials and organisms that can be formulated as pesticides. It focuses on microbial pesticides including bacteria like Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt), fungi such as Beauveria bassiana, viruses, and entomopathogenic nematodes. Bt forms crystal proteins that are toxic to pest caterpillars when ingested. Fungal pesticides act through enzymes and antibiotics. The document also covers the production, advantages, and disadvantages of various microbial pesticides.
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microbialcontrol-group02-190505151538.pdf
This document provides an overview of microbial control. It defines microbial control as using pathogenic microbes to control pests like insects, animals and weeds. It discusses various microbial agents used for control including bacteria like Bacillus thuringiensis, viruses, fungi, and protozoa. The importance and mechanisms of these different agents are described. The document also discusses using microbes to control animal pests, weeds, cyanobacterial blooms, and the potential for genetic engineering to improve biological control approaches.
Biopesticides
This document provides an introduction to biopesticides, their types and uses. It discusses that biopesticides are formulations made from naturally occurring substances that control pests through non-toxic mechanisms. The main types discussed are microbial pesticides, plant-incorporated protectants, biochemical pesticides, botanical pesticides, and biotic agents. Specific microbial pesticides described include Bacillus thuringiensis, Pseudomonas fluorescens, and Trichoderma fungi. The document concludes by stating that biopesticides are generally safer and more environmentally friendly than chemical pesticides, though they may be less effective and require suitable conditions.
biopesticides-150723082006-lva1-app6891.pdf
This document provides an introduction to biopesticides, their types and uses. It discusses that biopesticides are formulations made from naturally occurring substances that control pests through non-toxic mechanisms. The main types discussed are microbial pesticides, plant-incorporated protectants, biochemical pesticides, botanical pesticides, and biotic agents. Specific microbial pesticides described include Bacillus thuringiensis, Pseudomonas fluorescens, and Trichoderma fungi. The document concludes by stating that biopesticides are generally safer for the environment than chemical pesticides and more research should be done to promote their use in agriculture.
Microbial control of insect pests
This document summarizes information about microbial control of insect pests, focusing on Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt). It discusses how Bt works, including the roles of Cry proteins and alkaline environments. Safety studies on Bt toxins show they are not toxic or allergenic to mammals. While Bt is effective against many pests, some insects have developed resistance. The document also briefly outlines the uses of other microorganisms like pseudomonas, nematodes, fungi, and their impacts on insect hosts.
Biocontrol Agents
This document discusses biocontrol agents used for biological pest control. It defines biocontrol as using living organisms to control pests like insects, mites, weeds, and plant diseases. The document outlines the history of biocontrol and describes common types of biocontrol agents like parasitoids, predators, and entomopathogens such as bacteria, viruses, fungi and nematodes. It discusses strategies for biocontrol and provides advantages like being environmentally friendly and reducing chemical pesticide use, as well as disadvantages like pathogens developing resistance.
Biopesticides
Biopesticides are naturally occurring substances from certain plants, animals, bacteria, and minerals that control pests through non-toxic mechanisms. They include microbial pesticides from organisms like Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) and fungal pesticides like Beauveria bassiana. Biochemical pesticides also interfere with insect mating through sex pheromones. While biopesticides are less toxic than chemical pesticides, they also have drawbacks like being less persistent and requiring specialized application knowledge. When used as part of integrated pest management, biopesticides can greatly reduce reliance on conventional pesticides while maintaining crop yields.
Niranjay,,,microial pest
This document discusses microbial insecticides. It defines microbial insecticides as naturally occurring or genetically modified pathogens that reduce insect pest populations, including bacteria, viruses, fungi and protozoa. There are four main types: bacterial, fungal, protozoan and viral insecticides. Bacillus thuringiensis is a commonly used bacterial insecticide produced through fermentation. Microbial insecticides are advantageous because they are non-toxic, target-specific, and eco-friendly compared to chemical insecticides which can harm non-target species and pollute the environment.
Industrial microbiology,
Industrial microbiology uses microorganisms grown on a large scale to produce products or carry out chemical transformations. It originated with alcoholic fermentation and later included processes like pharmaceutical, food additive, enzyme, and chemical production. Useful industrial microbes rapidly grow on inexpensive media, produce the desired product quickly without being pathogenic, and are amenable to genetic manipulation. Natural fermentation utilizes soil microbes to improve agriculture through biofertilizers and biopesticides that assist plant growth while controlling weeds, pests, and diseases. Viruses and fungi found in soil are also developed into bioinsecticides to naturally control insect pests as alternatives to synthetic insecticides.
Bio control agent
The document discusses biocontrol agents and their uses. It begins with an introduction to biocontrol and then describes the different types of biocontrol agents including parasitoids, predators, and entomopathogens. Specific examples are provided for each type. The document also discusses the history of biocontrol, techniques such as introduction, augmentation and conservation. It notes the merits of biocontrol including being environmentally friendly and cost effective, and potential demerits such as not completely destroying pests. In conclusion, it emphasizes creating awareness, fully utilizing existing biocontrol laboratories, and obtaining information to ensure success of biocontrol programs.
bio-controlagent-180917095331 (2).pdf
The document discusses biocontrol agents and their uses. It begins with an introduction to the topic and a definition of biocontrol. It then describes the different types of biocontrol agents including parasitoids, predators, and entomopathogens. Specific examples are provided for each type. The document also discusses the history of biocontrol, techniques used, and concludes with details on how certain biocontrol agents can be applied for pest control in agriculture.
Types of biopesticides
The document discusses three main types of biopesticides: microbial biopesticides which use microorganisms or their byproducts to control pests; plant pesticides which are pesticidal substances produced naturally by plants; and biochemical pesticides which use non-toxic mechanisms like pheromones or attractants. It provides examples of commonly used microbial biopesticides like Bacillus thuringiensis, Pseudomonas fluorescens, and Trichoderma fungi. The document also briefly discusses plant incorporated protectants and botanical pesticides derived from plants.
Microbial pest control ppt
This document discusses microbial pest control using microorganisms like bacteria, viruses, fungi and nematodes. It provides examples of different microbial pesticides - Bacillus thuringiensis is used as a bacterial pesticide against lepidopteran pests. Viral pesticides include baculoviruses that infect Lepidoptera, Hymenoptera and Diptera. Fungal pesticides such as Beauveria and Metarrhizium grow on insect bodies and produce toxins. Entomopathogenic nematodes parasitize and kill insect hosts. The document also outlines the characteristics, mechanisms of action and advantages of various microbial pesticides.
Bio-insecticides
This document discusses bio-insecticides, which are organic formulations used to control insects that damage crops. Bio-insecticides use microorganisms or their toxins, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, and nematodes. These organisms act as natural insecticides by producing toxins or by infecting and killing insects. The document categorizes different types of bio-insecticides and provides examples and modes of action for each type. It also outlines advantages like specificity and safety compared to chemical pesticides, as well as disadvantages like slower action and susceptibility to environmental factors.
Masud
This document discusses biochemical pesticides, which are naturally occurring pesticides that control pests through nontoxic mechanisms. It provides examples of biochemical pesticides such as insect sex pheromones and plant extracts that attract insect pests to traps. The document also discusses biological control of pests using predation, parasitism, or ammensalism and gives examples such as Bacillus thuringiensis bacteria that infect insect digestive tracts and fungi like Beauveria bassiana that work against pests like whiteflies. Finally, it covers the advantages of biochemical pesticides like not leaving residues and reduced impact on non-target species, and disadvantages like high specificity and variable efficacy.
Microbial insecticides
This document discusses microbial insecticides as an alternative to chemical insecticides. It describes how single-celled microorganisms like bacteria, fungi, viruses, and protozoa can be produced and formulated similar to insecticides. Key types discussed are the bacteria Bacillus thuringiensis, which produces crystal proteins that kill insect larvae, and fungi like Beauveria and Metarrhizium, which infect insects through the cuticle. Viruses like baculoviruses can also be insect-specific and infect via ingestion. Microbial insecticides offer advantages over chemicals like host specificity and no toxic residues.
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Microbes in biological control,Fermentation and enzyme technology
Microbes in biological control,Fermentation and enzyme technology
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Optical pyrometer
An optical pyrometer is a type of radiation thermometer used to measure high temperatures over 6000C by detecting the infrared radiation emitted by the object. It consists of an electrical system and optical system to detect infrared radiation and convert it to a temperature reading. However, optical pyrometers have some drawbacks, including high inherent measurement inaccuracies of around 50C, potential errors of 100C due to the operator, and an inability to integrate into automatic temperature control systems due to reading variations from fumes. There are different types of optical pyrometers.
Anime
1) Osamu Tezuka is known as the "Godfather of Anime" for pioneering Japanese animation and manga.
2) In the 1940s and 50s, he produced early successful manga and anime works like "Shin Takarajima", "Kimba the White Lion", and the iconic "Astro Boy".
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Eigen functions applications
An Introductory review for use of Eigenvalues in Quantum Mechanics
An operator acting on a function, changes functions into another function. Occasionally
there are instances where, the received function is directly proportional to the function used.
퐴(휓) ∝ 휓
In this type of a situation, a constant, 푎 can be defined, as the Eigenvalue of the function. The
operator, 퐴 is hence known as an Eigen operator.
퐴(휓) = 푎휓
The 푎 eigenvalues represents the possible measured values of the 퐴 operator.
Classically, 푎 would be allowed to vary continuously, but in quantum mechanics, 푎 typically
has only a sub-set of allowed values. Both time-dependent and time-independent Schrödinger
equations are the `best-known instances of an eigenvalue equations in quantum mechanics, with
its eigenvalues corresponding to the allowed energy levels of the quantum system. (“3.3: The
Schrödinger Equation is an Eigenvalue Problem - Chemistry LibreTexts,” n.d.)
Some Eigen operators used in quantum mechanics and what their eigen constants represent are
given below.
(“Operators in Quantum Mechanics,” n.d.)The left side of the above table denotes the physical meaning of Eigen value obtained when
relevant operator on the right side is applied on the wave equation giving the position of the a
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Technical Paper written on Problems associated with the use of treated wastewater evaluating the literature
Applications of metal nanoparticles in photocatalysis
The document discusses applications of metal nanoparticles in photocatalysis. It provides examples of how metal nanoparticles like gold and palladium can be used as photocatalysts for various reactions like selective oxidation, reduction, and cross-coupling reactions. The nanoparticles enhance reaction rates and selectivity by acting as light absorbers and reaction sites. This allows reactions to occur at milder conditions like lower temperatures and pressures. The use of metal nanoparticles in photocatalysis provides opportunities for more sustainable chemical synthesis.
Freezing Food as a preservative technique
Freezing is a preservation technique that prevents significant nutrient loss and slows down chemical and metabolic reactions by lowering the temperature of fruits, typically to -20°C. While it retains quality better than canning or dehydration, freezing does not sterilize and ice crystal formation can damage cell structure. Factors like freezing method/rate, storage temperature and conditions impact quality retention. Advantages include maintaining nutrients, allowing convenience meals, and using less energy than canning. Disadvantages include texture changes from ice crystals and decomposition if temperatures fluctuate during storage. Common fruits that can be frozen include apples, strawberries, and watermelon, typically using syrup or sugar packing methods.
Microorganisms used in biofertilizers
This document discusses various types of microorganisms used in biofertilizers, including their functions, mechanisms, and applications. It describes rhizobium bacteria that fix atmospheric nitrogen through a symbiotic relationship with legumes. Azotobacter are free-living nitrogen fixers that also produce plant hormones. Azospirillum fix nitrogen in low-oxygen environments and enhance mineral uptake in plants. Phosphate solubilizing bacteria convert insoluble phosphate into a soluble form through organic acid production. Blue-green algae, or cyanobacteria, can fix carbon and nitrogen through photosynthesis. These microorganisms improve soil properties and provide nutrients to plants, though biofertilizers have a shorter shelf life than chemical fertil
Remodeling fastfood chain outlets
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Viscosity measurement and instruments used
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Production Caustic soda (NaOH)
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NaOH production
This document provides information for a feasibility study on sodium hydroxide production. It discusses the following key points in 3 sentences or less:
Demand and supply - Sodium hydroxide has high global demand due to its many applications. Though Sri Lanka currently imports most of its sodium hydroxide, domestic production could meet demand by utilizing the country's sea water resources.
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Feasibility Report for a Solar Electricity Production
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8.Isolation of pure cultures and preservation of cultures.pdf
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bordetella pertussis.................................ppt
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With increasing population, people need to rely on packaged food stuffs. Packaging of food materials requires the preservation of food. There are various methods for the treatment of food to preserve them and irradiation treatment of food is one of them. It is the most common and the most harmless method for the food preservation as it does not alter the necessary micronutrients of food materials. Although irradiated food doesn’t cause any harm to the human health but still the quality assessment of food is required to provide consumers with necessary information about the food. ESR spectroscopy is the most sophisticated way to investigate the quality of the food and the free radicals induced during the processing of the food. ESR spin trapping technique is useful for the detection of highly unstable radicals in the food. The antioxidant capability of liquid food and beverages in mainly performed by spin trapping technique.
Deep Software Variability and Frictionless Reproducibility
Deep Software Variability and Frictionless ReproducibilityUniversity of Rennes, INSA Rennes, Inria/IRISA, CNRS
The ability to recreate computational results with minimal effort and actionable metrics provides a solid foundation for scientific research and software development. When people can replicate an analysis at the touch of a button using open-source software, open data, and methods to assess and compare proposals, it significantly eases verification of results, engagement with a diverse range of contributors, and progress. However, we have yet to fully achieve this; there are still many sociotechnical frictions.
Inspired by David Donoho's vision, this talk aims to revisit the three crucial pillars of frictionless reproducibility (data sharing, code sharing, and competitive challenges) with the perspective of deep software variability.
Our observation is that multiple layers — hardware, operating systems, third-party libraries, software versions, input data, compile-time options, and parameters — are subject to variability that exacerbates frictions but is also essential for achieving robust, generalizable results and fostering innovation. I will first review the literature, providing evidence of how the complex variability interactions across these layers affect qualitative and quantitative software properties, thereby complicating the reproduction and replication of scientific studies in various fields.
I will then present some software engineering and AI techniques that can support the strategic exploration of variability spaces. These include the use of abstractions and models (e.g., feature models), sampling strategies (e.g., uniform, random), cost-effective measurements (e.g., incremental build of software configurations), and dimensionality reduction methods (e.g., transfer learning, feature selection, software debloating).
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Exposé invité Journées Nationales du GDR GPL 2024
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The Milky Way’s (MW) inner stellar halo contains an [Fe/H]-rich component with highly eccentric orbits, often referred to as the
‘last major merger.’ Hypotheses for the origin of this component include Gaia-Sausage/Enceladus (GSE), where the progenitor
collided with the MW proto-disc 8–11 Gyr ago, and the Virgo Radial Merger (VRM), where the progenitor collided with the
MW disc within the last 3 Gyr. These two scenarios make different predictions about observable structure in local phase space,
because the morphology of debris depends on how long it has had to phase mix. The recently identified phase-space folds in Gaia
DR3 have positive caustic velocities, making them fundamentally different than the phase-mixed chevrons found in simulations
at late times. Roughly 20 per cent of the stars in the prograde local stellar halo are associated with the observed caustics. Based
on a simple phase-mixing model, the observed number of caustics are consistent with a merger that occurred 1–2 Gyr ago.
We also compare the observed phase-space distribution to FIRE-2 Latte simulations of GSE-like mergers, using a quantitative
measurement of phase mixing (2D causticality). The observed local phase-space distribution best matches the simulated data
1–2 Gyr after collision, and certainly not later than 3 Gyr. This is further evidence that the progenitor of the ‘last major merger’
did not collide with the MW proto-disc at early times, as is thought for the GSE, but instead collided with the MW disc within
the last few Gyr, consistent with the body of work surrounding the VRM.
waterlessdyeingtechnolgyusing carbon dioxide chemicalspdf
The technology uses reclaimed CO₂ as the dyeing medium in a closed loop process. When pressurized, CO₂ becomes supercritical (SC-CO₂). In this state CO₂ has a very high solvent power, allowing the dye to dissolve easily.
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hematic appreciation test is a psychological assessment tool used to measure an individual's appreciation and understanding of specific themes or topics. This test helps to evaluate an individual's ability to connect different ideas and concepts within a given theme, as well as their overall comprehension and interpretation skills. The results of the test can provide valuable insights into an individual's cognitive abilities, creativity, and critical thinking skillsSAR of Medicinal Chemistry 1st by dk.pdf
In this presentation include the prototype drug SAR on thus or with their examples .
Syllabus of Second Year B. Pharmacy
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Micronuclei test.M.sc.zoology.fisheries.
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EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...
Context. With a mass exceeding several 104 M⊙ and a rich and dense population of massive stars, supermassive young star clusters
represent the most massive star-forming environment that is dominated by the feedback from massive stars and gravitational interactions
among stars.
Aims. In this paper we present the Extended Westerlund 1 and 2 Open Clusters Survey (EWOCS) project, which aims to investigate
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The primary targets of this project are Westerlund 1 and 2, the closest supermassive star clusters to the Sun.
Methods. The project is based primarily on recent observations conducted with the Chandra and JWST observatories. Specifically,
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photon flux threshold of approximately 2 × 10−8 photons cm−2
s
−1
. The X-ray sources exhibit a highly concentrated spatial distribution,
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massive stars of the cluster, and we have collected over 71 000 photons from the magnetar CXO J164710.20-455217.
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https://ashpc.eu/
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Sharlene Leurig - Enabling Onsite Water Use with Net Zero Water
Sharlene Leurig - Enabling Onsite Water Use with Net Zero WaterTexas Alliance of Groundwater Districts
Presented at June 6-7 Texas Alliance of Groundwater Districts Business MeetingAuthoring a personal GPT for your research and practice: How we created the Q...
Thematic analysis in qualitative research is a time-consuming and systematic task, typically done using teams. Team members must ground their activities on common understandings of the major concepts underlying the thematic analysis, and define criteria for its development. However, conceptual misunderstandings, equivocations, and lack of adherence to criteria are challenges to the quality and speed of this process. Given the distributed and uncertain nature of this process, we wondered if the tasks in thematic analysis could be supported by readily available artificial intelligence chatbots. Our early efforts point to potential benefits: not just saving time in the coding process but better adherence to criteria and grounding, by increasing triangulation between humans and artificial intelligence. This tutorial will provide a description and demonstration of the process we followed, as two academic researchers, to develop a custom ChatGPT to assist with qualitative coding in the thematic data analysis process of immersive learning accounts in a survey of the academic literature: QUAL-E Immersive Learning Thematic Analysis Helper. In the hands-on time, participants will try out QUAL-E and develop their ideas for their own qualitative coding ChatGPT. Participants that have the paid ChatGPT Plus subscription can create a draft of their assistants. The organizers will provide course materials and slide deck that participants will be able to utilize to continue development of their custom GPT. The paid subscription to ChatGPT Plus is not required to participate in this workshop, just for trying out personal GPTs during it.
Compexometric titration/Chelatorphy titration/chelating titration
Classification
Metal ion ion indicators
Masking and demasking reagents
Estimation of Magnisium sulphate
Calcium gluconate
Complexometric Titration/ chelatometry titration/chelating titration, introduction, Types-
1.Direct Titration
2.Back Titration
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Masking agent, Demasking agents
formation of complex
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Micro Oraganisms used in Bio pesticide
- 1. Microorganisms Bio Pesticide Production B V C M Benaragama
- 2. What are Biopesticides? Pesticides manufactured via biological methods, including naturally occuring substances, microbes or plant material.
- 3. “Biopesticides include, 1. Naturally occurring substances that control pests, 2. Microorganisms that control pests, 3. Pesticidal substances produced by plants containing added genetic material (PIPs).” -United States Environmental Protection Agency-
- 4. Types of microbial Biopesticides 1. Bacterial Biopesticides 2. Viral Biopesticides 3. Fungal Biopesticides 4. Protozoan Biopesticides
- 6. 1. Bacillus thuringiensis ● Most commonly used type of bacterial pesticide. ● Naturally occurring soil-borne bacteria ● Different subspecies are used for different insect pests.
- 7. Mechanism ● The bacteria consists of a spore, in which a toxic protein crystal is present. ● When consumed the protein crystal released to highly alkaline gut of the insect, blocks the system that protect insects gut from its own gastric juices. ● The stomach will collapse and the insect will die ● Do not affect vertebrates, because they have acidic stomach
- 8. Applications
- 9. 2. Bacillus sphaericus ● Naturally occurring soil-borne bacteria. ● Commonly used against mosquito larvae. ● Not effective against dengue vector, Aedes aegypti, mosquitoes
- 10. Mechanism ● The bacteria consists toxic protein crystals. ● When consumed the protein crystal released to larvae midgut. ● The proteins will bind to wall od the midget and start destroying it ● Eventually the larvae dies.
- 12. Baculoviridae ● Baculoviruses are pathogens that attack insects and other arthropods ● Usually extremely small ● Composed primarily of double-stranded DNA that codes for genes needed for virus establishment and reproduction
- 13. Mechanism ● Involves two types of virions ● One is occluded and is adapted for stability outside the host insect and for infection of midgut cells. ● Budded virions are not occluded and spread the infection from cell to cell within the insect ● To initiate an infection, the occluded virions must infect midgut cells.
- 14. APPLICATIONS ● The cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera, is a major pest of cotton ● a granulovirus of the codling moth Cydia pomonella (CpGV) has been used for the control of the insect on pear and apple crops ● a virus that infects the velvet bean caterpillar (Anticarsia gemmatalis), a pest of soybeans
- 16. Beauveria bassiana ● Beauveria bassiana is a fungus which causes a disease known as the white muscadine disease in insects ● Many soil insects, however, may have a natural tolerance to this pathogen
- 17. Mechanism ● When spores of this fungus come in contact with the cuticle of insects, they germinate and grow directly through the cuticle to the inner body of their host ● the fungus proliferates throughout the insect's body, producing toxins and draining the insect of nutrients, eventually killing it. ● infect the insect with contact and do not need to be consumed by their host to cause infection
- 18. APPLICATIONS ● Used against, ○ Aphids ○ Grasshoppers ○ Stink bugs ○ Termites ○ Fire ants ○ Flies ○ Beetles
- 20. Advantages 1. Specific to the target pest 2. Less toxic than the conventional one 3. Effective in small quantities 4. Decompose quickly 5. Less resistance Disadvantages 1. Slow Kills 2. Less effectiveness 3. Shorter residual activity
- 21. Questions?