Biological control is the suppression of one organism by another. There are two modes of mechanisms namely direct and indirect. Here I focused on the direct mechanisms such as parasitism, predatism, antibiotic-mediated suppression, lytic enzymes and unregulated-waste products. with the help of these various direct mechanisms, the bio-control agents will compete the pathogen's activity.
It is a biofertilizer that contains symbiotic Rhizobium bacteria which is the most important nitrogen-fixing organism. These organisms have the ability to drive atmospheric Nitrogen and provide it to plants. It is recommended for crops such as Groundnut, Soybean, Red-gram, Green-gram, Black-gram, Lentil, Cowpea, Bengal-gram and Fodder legumes, etc.
Biopesticide refers introduction of any living organism such as microorganism including bacteria , fungi , nematodes viruses, protozoa and parasitoids and predators that controls pests by biological non-toxic means e.g. Trichoderma sp., Bacillus thuringiensis, Beauveria etc.
Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt). This bacterium is also a key source of genes for transgenic expression to provide pest resistance in plants and microorganisms as pest control agents in so-called genetically modified organisms (GMOs).
Biological control is the suppression of one organism by another. There are two modes of mechanisms namely direct and indirect. Here I focused on the direct mechanisms such as parasitism, predatism, antibiotic-mediated suppression, lytic enzymes and unregulated-waste products. with the help of these various direct mechanisms, the bio-control agents will compete the pathogen's activity.
It is a biofertilizer that contains symbiotic Rhizobium bacteria which is the most important nitrogen-fixing organism. These organisms have the ability to drive atmospheric Nitrogen and provide it to plants. It is recommended for crops such as Groundnut, Soybean, Red-gram, Green-gram, Black-gram, Lentil, Cowpea, Bengal-gram and Fodder legumes, etc.
Biopesticide refers introduction of any living organism such as microorganism including bacteria , fungi , nematodes viruses, protozoa and parasitoids and predators that controls pests by biological non-toxic means e.g. Trichoderma sp., Bacillus thuringiensis, Beauveria etc.
Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt). This bacterium is also a key source of genes for transgenic expression to provide pest resistance in plants and microorganisms as pest control agents in so-called genetically modified organisms (GMOs).
biological weed control ,what is bio-control of weed ,how biological control of weed works ,advantage of biological weed control ,methods and agents of biological weed control
In this slide different fungi are Mentioned and their role as bio-control agents is also elaborated which is reviewed from different research articles cited in reference portion.
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The term biopesticides refers to compounds that are used to manage agricultural pests by means of specific biological effects. It refers to products containing biocontrol agents like natural substances such as plants, certain minerals, animals, micro organisms including their genes or metabolites.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
2. Contents
Introduction
History
Types of Biocontrol
Strategies of biological pest control
Types of Biocontrol Agents
Advantages
Disadvantages
Conclusion
References
3. What is Biocontrol ?
Biocontrol is the application of one living organism
to control another: also referred to as a biological
pest control.
The aim of biocontrol is not to eradicate the
invasive species, but control it in a way that it
becomes manageable. In other words, the method
uses nature’s own in-built mechanisms to ensure
equilibrium.
It is a self-sustaining and long-term treatment
method, for managing invasive plants and pests.
The living organism applied in this system is used
to suppress a weed infestation. Furthermore to
control pests (including insects, pathogens, and
grazing animals).
4. Biocontrol Agents
Biological control or biocontrol is a method of
controlling pests such as insects, mites, weeds and plant
diseases using other organisms.
It relies on predation, parasitism, herbivory, or other natural
mechanisms, but typically also involves an active human
management role.
They play an important role in controlling the plant
pests like parasitic nematodes, weeds, parasitic
nematodes, and mites.
The biological control agent helps in maintaining and
balancing the plant species along with their natural
enemies.
5. History
The term "biological control" was first used by Harry Scott
Smith in 1919 .
It was brought into more widespread use by the
entomologist Paul H. DeBach who worked on citrus crop
pests.
Riley in 1873, shipped the predatory mites Tyroglyphus
phylloxera to help fight the grapevine phylloxera
(Daktulosphaira vitifoliae) that was destroying grapevines
in France.
6.
7. Types Of Biocontrol
Inundative Biocontrol
i. This approach uses pathogens, applied on a target weed at
a very high rate in an aspect that is almost similar to
herbicide application.
ii. The most common pathogens used in inundative bio-
control include parasitic nematodes and nuts.
iii. This approach does not prevent the invasive plant from
increasing at a later date.
8. Classical Biocontrol
It uses agent populations that would waver in a natural
prey and predator relationship.
This method adopts natural predatory insects of the
invasive plant.
It creates an eternal relationship between a plant and
biological control animals.
9. Strategies of Biological Pest
Control
Classical (importation), where a natural
enemy of a pest is introduced in the hope
of achieving control.
Inductive (augmentation), in which a
large population of natural enemies are
administered for quick pest control.
Inoculative (conservation), in which
measures are taken to maintain natural
enemies through regular reestablishment.
10. Types of Agents
Parasitoids
Predators
Entomopathogens
i. Entomopathogenic Bacteria
ii. Entomopathogenic Baculoviruses
iii. Entomopathogenic Fungi
iv. Protozoans
v. Entomopathogenic Nematodes(EPN)
11.
12. Parasitoides
An organism that during its
development live in or on
the body of the host,
eventually kills the host in
process of parasitism.
Types of Parasitoid:
• Egg Parasitoid: eg- small
worm
• Larval Parasitoid: eg-
Apanteles
• Pupal Parasitoid: eg-
Xanthopimpla spp.
• Adult and Nymphal
Parasitoid: eg- Epricania
melenoleuca
13. Predators
These consume on many prey
over the course of their
development, they are free
living and they are usually are
big as their prey or bigger.
Some predators are only
predaceous only in their
larval stage like syrphid fly.
Other predators are found in
field in the different cropping
system are lad beetle, praying
mantis, etc.
15. Entomopathogenic
Bacteria
Example - Bacillus
thuringiensis (B.T.)
Larvae consume foliage
treated with Bt.(spores and
crystals).
BT-endotoxin attack on
mid gut.
The mid gut wall
breakdown allowing Bt.
into the haemocoel and
killing the larvae into 1-2
days.
16. Entomopathogenic
Virus
Example - Nuclear
Polyhedrosis Virus (NPV)
Infection of baculovirus
generally occur by ingestion
occulded or free virion.
Ingested virion attack mid gut-
occulded bodies dissolve by
protease enzyme
Free virion reach haemocoel,
circulatory system and
respiratory system and attack
there.
17. Entomopathogenic
Fungi
Example - Beauveria spp. &
Metarhizium spp.
Spores (conidia) contact with
integument, germinate and
develop hyphae.
Hyphae enter in haemocoel
and develop mycelium.
Produce toxin- insect die.
18. Protozoa
Pathogen
Protozoa kills the insects either directly or
by reducing the fecundity of the adult
and their effect on the host is chronic.
The prolong the larval life in the field,
thus exposing the insect longer to
predators and parasitoids.
Infected insect may be sluggish and
smaller than normal.
eg: Nosema melolonthae against
chaffer beetles
Nosema locustae against grass
hoppers.
19. Entomopathog-
enic Nematodes
These are soil inhabiting, lethal
insect parasitoids
These live inside the body of
the host, and so they are
designated endoparasites.
The most commonly studied
genera are those that are useful
in the biological control of
insect pests the Steinernema
and Heterohabditis.
20. Advantages
The biological control agents are environmentally
friendly and cause no side effects.
Decrease disease intensity.
Safe for the users and the farming community.
Provide natural long term immunity to crops and soil.
Play a key role in integrated management of diseases.
Reduce undesirable effects from chemical pesticide.
Easily available, easy to use and is effective throughout
the season.
21. Disadvantages
Deleterious effects on non-target microorganisms.
Pathogens may develop resistance to the biocontrol
agent.
Seasonal/weather phenomena can make biocontrol agent
ineffective.
It affects the product quality.
Pest is not completely destroyed by these biological
control agents.
It is effective only for large scale.
22. Conclusion
"Biological control" or "biocontrol" is a process of
controlling pests such as "mites, insects, weeds and plant
diseases" using some other animals.
Biological control agents offer an eco-friendly and
economic alternative to use of toxic chemicals for control of
various parasites.
Biological control can have side-effects
on biodiversity through attacks on non-target species by
any of the same mechanisms, especially when a species is
introduced without thorough understanding of the possible
consequences.
