Shalaby2021 article green_synthesis of recyclable iron nanoparticlesHalaYassinElKassas
This research article describes the green synthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles (SP-IONPs) using the microalgae Spirulina platensis for removing cationic and anionic dyes from aqueous solutions. The SP-IONPs were characterized using various techniques. Batch experiments were conducted to evaluate the sorption performance of the SP-IONPs for removing crystal violet and methyl orange dyes under different parameters. The SP-IONPs showed maximum sorption capacities of 256.4 mg/g and 270.2 mg/g for crystal violet and methyl orange, respectively, fitting well with the Langmuir model. The kinetics followed pseudo-second order kinetics and thermodynamics showed the process was endothermic. The
Effects of pH, Dosage, Temperature and Mixing Speed on The Efficiency of Wate...IJAEMSJORNAL
Studies were carried out to determine the effects of operating parameters such as temperature, pH, dosage and mixing speed on the efficiency of watermelon seed in removing the turbidity and colour of Atabong River, which serves the people of Eket and their environs in Akwa-Ibom State. Results obtained showed that at an ideal pH of 7.5, temperature of 25oC, dosage of 0.6g/l and mixing speed of 120rpm the water melon coagulum removed turbidity and colour of the raw river water by 87.9% and 84.3% respectively. At this optimum conditions, water melon coagulum decreased the raw water turbidity from 67.7 to 8.18 NTU and colour, 318 to 50 TCU. The findings have demonstrated the effectiveness of water melon seeds as a possible replacement for chemicals like alum and ferric salts normally used in coagulation-flocculation water treatment.
The topic caters to information needs of waste disposal and landfill. The universal generation of waste has negative consequences on human activities. The study enables understanding of different types of waste and their consequences on human health and environment. . The main purpose of this study is to detail the risk of waste disposal for groundwater quality and entails the information required for assessment of risks. The initial section details about classification of waste and then after, explains storage, treatment and disposal of waste. It has also covered the factors governing contamination of groundwater by disposal of waste for understanding the major concerns of waste composition, leachate production and migration. The final section of study includes assessment of groundwater contamination related to waste sites. The increasing proportion of waste has to control in future and therefore, it is important to study significant aspects of waste disposal and landfill.
USING BIOABSORBENTS TO REDUCE RIVER WATER POLLUTION: A REVIEWijiert bestjournal
In present scenario,the river water has become wastewater due to disposal of city waste through which it flows. Most of the existing wastewater treatment plants are getting overload because of unexpected rapid urbanization and due to change in life style of common man. With such a pitch dark fut ure of fresh water we have to think out of the box for new,better and efficient treatment method. In the recent years biosorption have emerged as an economical and environmental friendly method for the decontamination of polluted water in which impurities sequestering by different parts of the cell can occur via various processes:complexation,chelation,coordination,ion exchange,precipitation,and reduction. Biosorption is a process with some unique characteristics. It can effectively sequester dissolved metal s from very dilute complex solutions with high efficiency. This makes biosorption an ideal candidate for the trea tment of high volume low concentration complex waste-waters.. The paper reviews the work carried out by different researchers about the topic and discusses the remedies in brief. The paper is a part of series of research papers under whic h the objectives stated below are studied and researched.
Some Physiochemical and Microbiological Characteristics of Wastewater and Pos...IIJSRJournal
This study focuses on treating wastewater with natural materials (Charcoal and lime), identifying the physiochemical properties, identifying microorganisms in treated and untreated wastewater, and the possibility of using treated wastewater in agriculture by studying two different types of wastewater collected from two areas in Benghazi (Al-Kish and Sarti sites) in order to find out their suitability for agriculture and some other uses. The Microbiological analysis results were as follows; the growth of bacterial colonies represented in Kleibseilla pnewmonia in wastewater collected from the Sirty sites and Pseudomonas aeuroginosa & Escherichia coli from wastewater collected from the El-Kish sites, where a biological analysis of the wastewater after treating by using two types of economic and available materials in nature Calcium carbonate “lime” and Charcoal after replanting the treated wastewater with the same previous method, we obtained bacterial growth, Pseudomonas aeuroginosa in wastewater treatment by Calcium carbonate "Lime" and Escherichia coli growth in wastewater treatment by Charcoal. Wastewater treatment by Calcium carbonate "Lime" and Charcoal did not show any microbial growth, this study was illustrated there was not growth from any kind of fungi from the studied wastewater treatment and un-treatment.
Wastewater treatment was found that it is possible to benefit from the treated wastewater to irrigate green areas and insensitive crops without soil degradation, and criteria for assessing the suitability of water for irrigation according to the United States Salinity Laboratory (USSL) wastewater treatment samples are located in class C3-S1, it cannot be used to irrigate sensitive crops, especially citrus fruits, and it should only be used in lands that do not have impervious layers that prevent leaching because they need washing.
Surface and ground water pollution in abata ogun agricultural wetlandAlexander Decker
The document summarizes a study assessing the effect of organic and inorganic fertilizer application on surface and ground water quality in Abata Ogun agricultural wetland in Nigeria. Water sampling during rainy and dry seasons found high concentrations of nutrients, bacteria, and other pollutants indicating contamination from agricultural activities. Wells and streams on the farm had lower water quality than the control well, with measurements exceeding standards. The wetland's stream deposited sediments and contamination spread downstream. The study highlights the need for awareness and sustainable farming practices to prevent health risks from consuming contaminated water.
Shalaby2021 article green_synthesis of recyclable iron nanoparticlesHalaYassinElKassas
This research article describes the green synthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles (SP-IONPs) using the microalgae Spirulina platensis for removing cationic and anionic dyes from aqueous solutions. The SP-IONPs were characterized using various techniques. Batch experiments were conducted to evaluate the sorption performance of the SP-IONPs for removing crystal violet and methyl orange dyes under different parameters. The SP-IONPs showed maximum sorption capacities of 256.4 mg/g and 270.2 mg/g for crystal violet and methyl orange, respectively, fitting well with the Langmuir model. The kinetics followed pseudo-second order kinetics and thermodynamics showed the process was endothermic. The
Effects of pH, Dosage, Temperature and Mixing Speed on The Efficiency of Wate...IJAEMSJORNAL
Studies were carried out to determine the effects of operating parameters such as temperature, pH, dosage and mixing speed on the efficiency of watermelon seed in removing the turbidity and colour of Atabong River, which serves the people of Eket and their environs in Akwa-Ibom State. Results obtained showed that at an ideal pH of 7.5, temperature of 25oC, dosage of 0.6g/l and mixing speed of 120rpm the water melon coagulum removed turbidity and colour of the raw river water by 87.9% and 84.3% respectively. At this optimum conditions, water melon coagulum decreased the raw water turbidity from 67.7 to 8.18 NTU and colour, 318 to 50 TCU. The findings have demonstrated the effectiveness of water melon seeds as a possible replacement for chemicals like alum and ferric salts normally used in coagulation-flocculation water treatment.
The topic caters to information needs of waste disposal and landfill. The universal generation of waste has negative consequences on human activities. The study enables understanding of different types of waste and their consequences on human health and environment. . The main purpose of this study is to detail the risk of waste disposal for groundwater quality and entails the information required for assessment of risks. The initial section details about classification of waste and then after, explains storage, treatment and disposal of waste. It has also covered the factors governing contamination of groundwater by disposal of waste for understanding the major concerns of waste composition, leachate production and migration. The final section of study includes assessment of groundwater contamination related to waste sites. The increasing proportion of waste has to control in future and therefore, it is important to study significant aspects of waste disposal and landfill.
USING BIOABSORBENTS TO REDUCE RIVER WATER POLLUTION: A REVIEWijiert bestjournal
In present scenario,the river water has become wastewater due to disposal of city waste through which it flows. Most of the existing wastewater treatment plants are getting overload because of unexpected rapid urbanization and due to change in life style of common man. With such a pitch dark fut ure of fresh water we have to think out of the box for new,better and efficient treatment method. In the recent years biosorption have emerged as an economical and environmental friendly method for the decontamination of polluted water in which impurities sequestering by different parts of the cell can occur via various processes:complexation,chelation,coordination,ion exchange,precipitation,and reduction. Biosorption is a process with some unique characteristics. It can effectively sequester dissolved metal s from very dilute complex solutions with high efficiency. This makes biosorption an ideal candidate for the trea tment of high volume low concentration complex waste-waters.. The paper reviews the work carried out by different researchers about the topic and discusses the remedies in brief. The paper is a part of series of research papers under whic h the objectives stated below are studied and researched.
Some Physiochemical and Microbiological Characteristics of Wastewater and Pos...IIJSRJournal
This study focuses on treating wastewater with natural materials (Charcoal and lime), identifying the physiochemical properties, identifying microorganisms in treated and untreated wastewater, and the possibility of using treated wastewater in agriculture by studying two different types of wastewater collected from two areas in Benghazi (Al-Kish and Sarti sites) in order to find out their suitability for agriculture and some other uses. The Microbiological analysis results were as follows; the growth of bacterial colonies represented in Kleibseilla pnewmonia in wastewater collected from the Sirty sites and Pseudomonas aeuroginosa & Escherichia coli from wastewater collected from the El-Kish sites, where a biological analysis of the wastewater after treating by using two types of economic and available materials in nature Calcium carbonate “lime” and Charcoal after replanting the treated wastewater with the same previous method, we obtained bacterial growth, Pseudomonas aeuroginosa in wastewater treatment by Calcium carbonate "Lime" and Escherichia coli growth in wastewater treatment by Charcoal. Wastewater treatment by Calcium carbonate "Lime" and Charcoal did not show any microbial growth, this study was illustrated there was not growth from any kind of fungi from the studied wastewater treatment and un-treatment.
Wastewater treatment was found that it is possible to benefit from the treated wastewater to irrigate green areas and insensitive crops without soil degradation, and criteria for assessing the suitability of water for irrigation according to the United States Salinity Laboratory (USSL) wastewater treatment samples are located in class C3-S1, it cannot be used to irrigate sensitive crops, especially citrus fruits, and it should only be used in lands that do not have impervious layers that prevent leaching because they need washing.
Surface and ground water pollution in abata ogun agricultural wetlandAlexander Decker
The document summarizes a study assessing the effect of organic and inorganic fertilizer application on surface and ground water quality in Abata Ogun agricultural wetland in Nigeria. Water sampling during rainy and dry seasons found high concentrations of nutrients, bacteria, and other pollutants indicating contamination from agricultural activities. Wells and streams on the farm had lower water quality than the control well, with measurements exceeding standards. The wetland's stream deposited sediments and contamination spread downstream. The study highlights the need for awareness and sustainable farming practices to prevent health risks from consuming contaminated water.
Water quality analysis of bhishma lake at gadag cityeSAT Journals
Abstract The water bodies are facing a severe threat of pollution all over the world. Eutrophication in lakes is widespread world and the severity is increasing especially in the developing countries like India. The main objective is to study t haell eoffveecrt st hoef pwoelrleu ticoonll eocf tweda tefrro qmu aJlaitnyu ianr yB htios hAmpar illa kaen dd ubei -tmo ornatphildy utrebsatsn iwzaetrieo nc aanrrdi etdo ioduetn. tiTfyh eth pe hsyosuicrcoe-cs hoefm pioclalul tciohna rianc ltaekries.t iTchs eo sfa mwaptleers sdaismsopllvees dl iokxey gpeHn,, tBuOrbDid iwtye,r ea lakanlailnyiztye,d tiont aol rdhearr dtnoe sdse,t etromtailn ed itshseo llveevde ls oolfi dcso,n ntaitmraintea,n tpsh porsepsheantte ,i nc hlalokrei dwe,a tpeor taasnsdiu imts, psoosdsiiubmle, smoidtiiguamti,o nni tmraetaes, uprheso.s pWhaatteer, pqoutaalsitsiieusm s,u Dchi ssaos lvpeHd, OTxoytagle nD i(sDsoOlv) eadn sdo lBidios c(hTeDmSic),a lt uOrbxiydgietyn, Dalekmalainnidty ,( BtoOtDal) ,h aCrhdenmesicsa, lc hOloxyrigdeen, sDheomwaendd t h(CatO tDhe) wtoetrael dheatredrnmeisnse, dt ufrobri dwitayt,e rto staaml dpilsesso clvoellde cstoeldid fsr oamnd f iavelk astlaintiiotyn sv ainlu leask ee.x cTeheed iannga ltyhsei sd oesf irlaakbele w laimteirt paanrda mdueete rtos pCrheesmeniccael oOf xoyrggeann icD aenmda nindo r(gCaOnDic) phoallsu tiannctrse aDsiesdso lwvehdic hO xsyhgoewns (DthOe ) phoaosr reqduuaclietdy , oBfi owchaetemr icaanl dO ixsy gneont Dsueimtaabnlde (fBoOr Dh)u manadn consumption these values have been graphically plotted. Keywords: Lake Water Quality analysis, BOD, COD.
Sanitation Mapping of Groundwater Contamination in a Rural Village of IndiaKavya Prabhakar
This study analyzed groundwater samples from 50 wells in a rural village in India to assess microbial contamination. Laboratory tests found high levels of total coliform, E. coli, and other bacteria in the samples, indicating the water was microbiologically unfit for consumption. A geographic analysis using GPS and GIS mapping found that most wells were located very close to latrines (average distance of 6.44 meters), shorter than the EPA guideline of 15.24 meters. Higher bacterial counts were found in wells located closer to latrines. The study concluded that poor siting of wells near latrines was a key reason for the groundwater contamination in the village.
Sevda Özdemiroğlu-Contaminated Sediments Metal Removal and Stabilization by C...Sevda ÖZDEMİROĞLU
This document reviews approaches and techniques for remediating aquatic sediments contaminated with metals, including chemical and biotechnological processes. Conventional management strategies for contaminated sediments like landfill disposal and dumping at sea are unsustainable due to problems with contaminant transport, uncertainties about long-term stability, limited capacity, and environmental impacts. Alternative treatment approaches that allow reuse of sediments are encouraged but still limited. The document provides an overview of treatment strategies for removing or stabilizing metals in contaminated sediments and discusses the need for more sustainable and cost-effective large-scale techniques to enable sediment reuse.
PHYSICOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF MULA MUTHA RIVER PUNEcivej
This document analyzes the water quality of the Mula-Mutha River in Pune, India across four sampling stations from Khadakwasla Dam to Bund Garden. Water samples were collected during pre-monsoon, monsoon, and post-monsoon seasons and tested for pH, turbidity, hardness, dissolved oxygen, biochemical oxygen demand, and chemical oxygen demand. The results showed deteriorating water quality from upstream to downstream with pollution levels within satisfactory limits at Khadakwasla Dam but very poor quality at downstream stations. Major sources of river pollution identified were domestic sewage, industrial effluents, agricultural runoff, and waste discharged from temples. Future measures recommended included public awareness programs, industrial waste
Cyclic Phytoremediation of municipal wastewaterYousaf Riaz
This article examines the effect of phytoremediation using different wetland plants on municipal wastewater. A system of 7 earthen ponds was established, each planted with a different wetland species. Wastewater was passed sequentially through the ponds and its physico-chemical properties were analyzed before and after treatment. Key results found that pH, EC, turbidity, TDS, chloride, bicarbonate, hardness, calcium, magnesium, and nitrate levels all decreased significantly after treatment, by 5.5-93.1%, indicating the system effectively reduced various contaminants. A combined effect of Lemna minor, Typha latifolia, and Scirpus acutus plants was
This document summarizes the significance of water and future research perspectives on water resources. It discusses how water covers over 70% of the Earth's surface and provides habitat for many organisms. Water plays an important role in biological processes, chemical reactions, soil maintenance, and promoting life. The document outlines the importance of studying different aquatic ecosystems to advance fields like environmental biology and medicine. It also discusses emerging areas of focus for future water resource research, including utilizing new technologies like remote sensing, studying water at global scales, characterizing heterogeneity, and analyzing human impacts on water systems.
Investigation of Toxic Substance in Basra WatersIJCMESJOURNAL
There was a need to investigate the presence of toxic elements and compounds in drinking and desalination water for the population of the Basra city, especially after increasing cases of poisoning and diarrhea recently to more than 70,000 cases in the province of Basra according to the Human Rights Commission in the province . Six Samples (A, B, C, D, E, F) of drinking water and human uses of (RO) waters packaged in bottles produced by a private company (sample A), (RO) waters for direct sale (sample B) , waters desalination for the areas of Qibla, Jubaila and Brathaia (samples C,D,E) in addition to the waters of Shatt Al-Arab (sample F) for the purpose of conducting analysis and knowing the percentages of toxic elements and compounds in the compositions of these samples. The results of the analysis of the samples under the study confirmed that the ratio of total soluble solids (TDS) of the samples ( D, E , F ) to the other samples (A, B, C) ). The results of the analysis also confirmed the high percentage of the lead element (Pb) of the two samples (E, F) from the other samples. The results showed an increase in sulphate (SO4) for sample (E) than the other samples. The results showed an increase in the ratio of phosphate (PO4) of sample (F) to the rest of the samples in comparison with the standards of the World Health Organization (WHO). These results indicate that pollution in the Shatt Al-Arab waters increased with toxic elements and compounds. These results correspond to the statistics of the Directorate of Basra Heaith, where it showed the increase in the proportion of casualties among the population of the province of Basra to areas adjacent to the Shatt Al-Arab river, such as the city center , Abu- Khasseb and Al-Tanuma from the rest of the areas causing water pollution and the spread of E. coli causing diarrhea and intestinal colic with 50% of cases which was admitted to Basra hospitals.
Environmental Benefits of Organic Farming - ISALSx3G9
This document discusses the environmental benefits of organic farming compared to conventional agriculture. Organic farming practices minimize environmental pollution by avoiding synthetic pesticides and fertilizers. This reduces impacts on biodiversity, air and water quality, and climate change. Specifically, organic farming supports more species diversity on farms and in surrounding areas. It also decreases greenhouse gas emissions and pollution of water and soil through reduced chemical inputs and tighter nutrient cycles. While organic farming may not always outperform conventional agriculture economically, the document argues that its environmental benefits warrant further consideration and study through methods like life cycle assessment.
This document discusses a study that assessed the effects of tannery effluent on seed germination and growth performance of two varieties of maize (BHQPY545 and Malkesa-2). The tannery effluent was found to be dark bluish green in color with a high biological oxygen demand and concentrations of total suspended solids and total dissolved solids above recommended standards. Laboratory experiments found that tannery effluent reduced seed germination percentage and seedling growth of both maize varieties in a concentration-dependent manner. Greenhouse experiments also observed reductions in vegetative growth and yield parameters with increasing effluent concentrations. The study concluded that the tannery effluent was not suitable for
Study on Assessment of Physico chemical properties of Industrial wastesIJEAB
The physicochemical parameters of wastewater collected from five sampling sites were investigated. These parameters were analyzed by standard methods. The pH of the waste water varied from 4.7 to7.66, while the waste water conductivity ranges from 1205.3 to 7130.17 µScm−1. The maximum total dissolved solid was 8100mg/l.and the maximum biological oxygen demand was 2763.35 mg/l. The chemical oxygen demand of the selected samplesites varied widely (772.56–3105.13 mg/l), the nitrate content was found to be maximum in sample W5 (166.00mg/l), and the sulfate content was found to be high in samples W1 andW5 (500and 4875mg/l). The chloride and sulphied contents were maximum at samples of W3 and W5 their concentrations were8543.45 and 10.7mg/l respectively. The physic chemical parameters studied in this work were varied between the samples and almost all parameters studied were higher compared with the permissible limit prescribed by the United States Environmental Protection Agency and World Health Organization.
Rain Water Harvesting and Impact of Microbial Pollutants on Ground Water Rese...IJERA Editor
Developing countries are under heavy stress due to continuous depletion of ground water reserves. The urban
areas are developing and growing very fast due to population growth, increase in commercial and trade
activities, national and international tourism development as trade. The local migration of rural population due
to better job opportunities. Civic amenities are also the reason for population explosion in urban areas and thus
there is increase in the demand of basic needs like water, shelter and power. Due to the overall consumption of
water in urban and rural areas which has increased many fold in the recent past, causing depletion of water subsurface
reserves due to difference in natural recharge of reservoirs and the corresponding water demand. The
ground water is an integral part of the environment and there has been a lack of adequate attention to water
conservation, water use and reuse, ground water recharge, and ecosystem sustainability. To meet with the
challenge of under ground water shortage, lowering level of water table, efforts are being made to recharge the
aquifer system by the Rain Water Harvesting (R.W.H.). This noble act needs serious thought and follow up to
achieve the aim of recharging ground water free from pollutants like pesticide, bacteria and seepage causing
infection and pollution of the existing pure source of potable water. A study has therefore undertaken to assess
the possible bacterial intrusion through the rain water penetration at the deeper water bearing aquifers.
impacts of biodegradable organics on soil and gwMarwan Haddad
This study investigated the impact of biological oxygen demand (BOD) on soil and groundwater in two areas of the West Bank - Jericho and Talkarem. Soil samples were collected from each area and subjected to simulated rainfall in columns, with some columns receiving water containing BOD and others receiving only water. The concentration of BOD, total dissolved solids (TDS), and dissolved oxygen (DO) were measured in the leachate from the columns over time, simulating the effects of 1, 10, and 25 years of rainfall. The results showed that BOD concentration increased with time and depth in the soil columns, and was generally higher in Talkarem soil than Jericho soil. TDS levels also
MEANING OF AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES
Industry’s Best Practices
Modern Agricultural Equipment’s
Classification of Agriculture
Eight Important Types of world Agriculture
THE EFFECTS OF AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES ON BIODIVERSITY
Agriculture Management
Characteristics Of Sustainable Agriculture
Agricultural Drought
Modeling the influence of floriculture effluent on soil quality and dry matte...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that examined the influence of floriculture effluent on soil quality and crop performance. Greenhouse experiments were conducted using soil sampled from farmers' fields that was split into sterilized and non-sterilized samples. Seven rates of effluent were applied as treatments. The effluent was found to have high pH, EC, nutrients but low micronutrients and heavy metals. Application of effluent reduced crop dry weight and decreased soil organic carbon and total nitrogen over time. Higher effluent volumes increased pH, EC and exchangeable bases in both soils. The non-sterilized soil showed initial benefits from low effluent volumes but effects eventually matched the steril
IRJET- A Review of Feasibility of Use of Duckweed for Treatment of Sludge...IRJET Journal
The document reviews the feasibility of using duckweed (Lemna minor) for sludge water treatment. It summarizes several studies that examined duckweed's nutrient removal efficiency from different wastewaters. One study found duckweed was most effective at removing nutrients from municipal wastewater, removing over 75% of nutrients tested. However, another study found that duckweed did not significantly improve the treatment efficiency of a municipal wastewater system. The document concludes that duckweed systems can effectively treat wastewater and remove nutrients to produce secondary effluent, but land area requirements and lack of winter growth may limit their widespread use. Nitrogen removal requires supplemental aeration in duckweed ponds.
This document summarizes a study on the impacts of climate change and land use change on water resources and food security in the Pangani River Basin in Tanzania. Researchers found that between 1987 and 2010, land used for cultivation increased while forest and grassland decreased. Hydrological modeling showed this decreased average river flows. Climate change is also projected to decrease stream flows by 5.3% by 2060, increasing unmet water demands. Water scarcity threatens livelihoods and food security in the basin. The study recommends integrated water resource management, efficient irrigation, and capacity building to help adapt to these challenges.
Build Biological System through the Use of Microalgae Leading to Sustainable ...ZX7
This document discusses using microalgae to address issues of sustainable development and environmental management. It summarizes current problems with water resource management, eutrophication, and algal blooms negatively impacting lakes and other bodies of water. It then proposes using microalgae cultivation and biomass in wastewater treatment, biofuel production, and other applications to help restore water quality, produce resources, and mitigate climate change in a sustainable manner. The document outlines how microalgae could serve as a key tool for new designs addressing these issues through biological systems.
ABSTRACT- Wastewater treatment is a problem of grave concern in most developing countries. In the last two decades, there has been a lot of research to develop appropriate technologies to alleviate pollution in water resources. Efficient wastewater treatments through conventional methods are expensive and difficult to get optimum results. Currently, phytoremediation is an effective and affordable solution used to remediate toxic pollutants from aquatic ecosystems. The review describes various aquatic plants, which have high potential to remove heavy metals from wastewater. Key-words- Water pollution, Heavy metals, Phytoremediation, Aquatic plants, Wastewater treatment
Water Quality and Sediment Analysis of Selected Rivers at Satara District, Ma...ijtsrd
Water pollution is one of the major global environmental problems. It is an acute problem almost in all major rivers and water reservoirs in India. Water pollution is increasing and becoming severe day by day and posing a great risk to human health and other living organisms. There is growing concern on the deterioration of ground water quality due to geogenic and anthropogenic activities. Present investigation aims at insight about the level of contaminants of surface water, groundwater and sediment analysis of selected rivers of Krishna River located in Mahuli and Urmodi river located in Nagthane, Satara district. An attempt has been made to assess the water quality, sediment analysis of the samples. Dissolved oxygen content of the water samples was observed quite well in limits such as in Krishna river Mahuli DO was 27.68mg L and in Urmodi river Nagthane was13.68mg .In the present study, COD value was observed by 720mg l at surface water of Krishna River Mahuliand 1320 mg l at surface water sample of Urmodi river Nagthane. As expected groundwater samples showed values of hardness within a limit. There is an urgent need for more representative samples to be used to go beyond preliminary assessment as reported in the present study for making appropriate recommendations. Pallavi Dhekale | Pranjal Nikam | Sagar Dadas | Chetana Patil "Water Quality and Sediment Analysis of Selected Rivers at Satara District, Maharashtra" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-6 , October 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd28062.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/medicinal-chemistry/28062/water-quality-and-sediment-analysis-of-selected-rivers-at-satara-district-maharashtra/pallavi-dhekale
Impact of wastewater irrigation on major nutrient status in soil near Bhaluka...AbdullaAlAsif1
The population increase has not only increased the fresh water demand but also increased the volume of wastewater generated. Treated or recycled wastewater (RWW) appears to be the only water resource that is increasing as other sources are dwindling. Increasing need for water has resulted in the emergence of domestic wastewater application for agriculture and its relative use. The present study was conducted at the Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh during 2013 to evaluate the contribution of wastewater to major soil nutrients (N, P, K, S, Ca, Mg, B and Na) and fluctuation in physicochemical properties of soil (soil pH and Ec) from waste carrying canal at 10 selected sites of Bhaluka Upazila. Three (3) soil samples were collected at 0, 30 and 60 m distances from the waste discharging canals. The pH, EC, N, P, K, S, Ca, Mg, B and Na in soil samples decreased gradually with the increase of distance from waste discharging canal. Maximum concentrations of N at 60 and 0m distance varied from 8400 to 9700, P from 1850 to 5000, K from 4600 to 6000, S from 2000 to 4000, Ca from 7500 to 28800, Mg from 7500 to 7800, B from 90 to 2800 and Na from 2300 to 3100 μg g-1 in test soil.The results showed better nutrient status of the soil along waste discharge canals. The findings give applicable advice to commercial farmers and agricultural researchers for proper management and use of treated industrial wastewater for agricultural purpose.
Water quality analysis of bhishma lake at gadag cityeSAT Journals
Abstract The water bodies are facing a severe threat of pollution all over the world. Eutrophication in lakes is widespread world and the severity is increasing especially in the developing countries like India. The main objective is to study t haell eoffveecrt st hoef pwoelrleu ticoonll eocf tweda tefrro qmu aJlaitnyu ianr yB htios hAmpar illa kaen dd ubei -tmo ornatphildy utrebsatsn iwzaetrieo nc aanrrdi etdo ioduetn. tiTfyh eth pe hsyosuicrcoe-cs hoefm pioclalul tciohna rianc ltaekries.t iTchs eo sfa mwaptleers sdaismsopllvees dl iokxey gpeHn,, tBuOrbDid iwtye,r ea lakanlailnyiztye,d tiont aol rdhearr dtnoe sdse,t etromtailn ed itshseo llveevde ls oolfi dcso,n ntaitmraintea,n tpsh porsepsheantte ,i nc hlalokrei dwe,a tpeor taasnsdiu imts, psoosdsiiubmle, smoidtiiguamti,o nni tmraetaes, uprheso.s pWhaatteer, pqoutaalsitsiieusm s,u Dchi ssaos lvpeHd, OTxoytagle nD i(sDsoOlv) eadn sdo lBidios c(hTeDmSic),a lt uOrbxiydgietyn, Dalekmalainnidty ,( BtoOtDal) ,h aCrhdenmesicsa, lc hOloxyrigdeen, sDheomwaendd t h(CatO tDhe) wtoetrael dheatredrnmeisnse, dt ufrobri dwitayt,e rto staaml dpilsesso clvoellde cstoeldid fsr oamnd f iavelk astlaintiiotyn sv ainlu leask ee.x cTeheed iannga ltyhsei sd oesf irlaakbele w laimteirt paanrda mdueete rtos pCrheesmeniccael oOf xoyrggeann icD aenmda nindo r(gCaOnDic) phoallsu tiannctrse aDsiesdso lwvehdic hO xsyhgoewns (DthOe ) phoaosr reqduuaclietdy , oBfi owchaetemr icaanl dO ixsy gneont Dsueimtaabnlde (fBoOr Dh)u manadn consumption these values have been graphically plotted. Keywords: Lake Water Quality analysis, BOD, COD.
Sanitation Mapping of Groundwater Contamination in a Rural Village of IndiaKavya Prabhakar
This study analyzed groundwater samples from 50 wells in a rural village in India to assess microbial contamination. Laboratory tests found high levels of total coliform, E. coli, and other bacteria in the samples, indicating the water was microbiologically unfit for consumption. A geographic analysis using GPS and GIS mapping found that most wells were located very close to latrines (average distance of 6.44 meters), shorter than the EPA guideline of 15.24 meters. Higher bacterial counts were found in wells located closer to latrines. The study concluded that poor siting of wells near latrines was a key reason for the groundwater contamination in the village.
Sevda Özdemiroğlu-Contaminated Sediments Metal Removal and Stabilization by C...Sevda ÖZDEMİROĞLU
This document reviews approaches and techniques for remediating aquatic sediments contaminated with metals, including chemical and biotechnological processes. Conventional management strategies for contaminated sediments like landfill disposal and dumping at sea are unsustainable due to problems with contaminant transport, uncertainties about long-term stability, limited capacity, and environmental impacts. Alternative treatment approaches that allow reuse of sediments are encouraged but still limited. The document provides an overview of treatment strategies for removing or stabilizing metals in contaminated sediments and discusses the need for more sustainable and cost-effective large-scale techniques to enable sediment reuse.
PHYSICOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF MULA MUTHA RIVER PUNEcivej
This document analyzes the water quality of the Mula-Mutha River in Pune, India across four sampling stations from Khadakwasla Dam to Bund Garden. Water samples were collected during pre-monsoon, monsoon, and post-monsoon seasons and tested for pH, turbidity, hardness, dissolved oxygen, biochemical oxygen demand, and chemical oxygen demand. The results showed deteriorating water quality from upstream to downstream with pollution levels within satisfactory limits at Khadakwasla Dam but very poor quality at downstream stations. Major sources of river pollution identified were domestic sewage, industrial effluents, agricultural runoff, and waste discharged from temples. Future measures recommended included public awareness programs, industrial waste
Cyclic Phytoremediation of municipal wastewaterYousaf Riaz
This article examines the effect of phytoremediation using different wetland plants on municipal wastewater. A system of 7 earthen ponds was established, each planted with a different wetland species. Wastewater was passed sequentially through the ponds and its physico-chemical properties were analyzed before and after treatment. Key results found that pH, EC, turbidity, TDS, chloride, bicarbonate, hardness, calcium, magnesium, and nitrate levels all decreased significantly after treatment, by 5.5-93.1%, indicating the system effectively reduced various contaminants. A combined effect of Lemna minor, Typha latifolia, and Scirpus acutus plants was
This document summarizes the significance of water and future research perspectives on water resources. It discusses how water covers over 70% of the Earth's surface and provides habitat for many organisms. Water plays an important role in biological processes, chemical reactions, soil maintenance, and promoting life. The document outlines the importance of studying different aquatic ecosystems to advance fields like environmental biology and medicine. It also discusses emerging areas of focus for future water resource research, including utilizing new technologies like remote sensing, studying water at global scales, characterizing heterogeneity, and analyzing human impacts on water systems.
Investigation of Toxic Substance in Basra WatersIJCMESJOURNAL
There was a need to investigate the presence of toxic elements and compounds in drinking and desalination water for the population of the Basra city, especially after increasing cases of poisoning and diarrhea recently to more than 70,000 cases in the province of Basra according to the Human Rights Commission in the province . Six Samples (A, B, C, D, E, F) of drinking water and human uses of (RO) waters packaged in bottles produced by a private company (sample A), (RO) waters for direct sale (sample B) , waters desalination for the areas of Qibla, Jubaila and Brathaia (samples C,D,E) in addition to the waters of Shatt Al-Arab (sample F) for the purpose of conducting analysis and knowing the percentages of toxic elements and compounds in the compositions of these samples. The results of the analysis of the samples under the study confirmed that the ratio of total soluble solids (TDS) of the samples ( D, E , F ) to the other samples (A, B, C) ). The results of the analysis also confirmed the high percentage of the lead element (Pb) of the two samples (E, F) from the other samples. The results showed an increase in sulphate (SO4) for sample (E) than the other samples. The results showed an increase in the ratio of phosphate (PO4) of sample (F) to the rest of the samples in comparison with the standards of the World Health Organization (WHO). These results indicate that pollution in the Shatt Al-Arab waters increased with toxic elements and compounds. These results correspond to the statistics of the Directorate of Basra Heaith, where it showed the increase in the proportion of casualties among the population of the province of Basra to areas adjacent to the Shatt Al-Arab river, such as the city center , Abu- Khasseb and Al-Tanuma from the rest of the areas causing water pollution and the spread of E. coli causing diarrhea and intestinal colic with 50% of cases which was admitted to Basra hospitals.
Environmental Benefits of Organic Farming - ISALSx3G9
This document discusses the environmental benefits of organic farming compared to conventional agriculture. Organic farming practices minimize environmental pollution by avoiding synthetic pesticides and fertilizers. This reduces impacts on biodiversity, air and water quality, and climate change. Specifically, organic farming supports more species diversity on farms and in surrounding areas. It also decreases greenhouse gas emissions and pollution of water and soil through reduced chemical inputs and tighter nutrient cycles. While organic farming may not always outperform conventional agriculture economically, the document argues that its environmental benefits warrant further consideration and study through methods like life cycle assessment.
This document discusses a study that assessed the effects of tannery effluent on seed germination and growth performance of two varieties of maize (BHQPY545 and Malkesa-2). The tannery effluent was found to be dark bluish green in color with a high biological oxygen demand and concentrations of total suspended solids and total dissolved solids above recommended standards. Laboratory experiments found that tannery effluent reduced seed germination percentage and seedling growth of both maize varieties in a concentration-dependent manner. Greenhouse experiments also observed reductions in vegetative growth and yield parameters with increasing effluent concentrations. The study concluded that the tannery effluent was not suitable for
Study on Assessment of Physico chemical properties of Industrial wastesIJEAB
The physicochemical parameters of wastewater collected from five sampling sites were investigated. These parameters were analyzed by standard methods. The pH of the waste water varied from 4.7 to7.66, while the waste water conductivity ranges from 1205.3 to 7130.17 µScm−1. The maximum total dissolved solid was 8100mg/l.and the maximum biological oxygen demand was 2763.35 mg/l. The chemical oxygen demand of the selected samplesites varied widely (772.56–3105.13 mg/l), the nitrate content was found to be maximum in sample W5 (166.00mg/l), and the sulfate content was found to be high in samples W1 andW5 (500and 4875mg/l). The chloride and sulphied contents were maximum at samples of W3 and W5 their concentrations were8543.45 and 10.7mg/l respectively. The physic chemical parameters studied in this work were varied between the samples and almost all parameters studied were higher compared with the permissible limit prescribed by the United States Environmental Protection Agency and World Health Organization.
Rain Water Harvesting and Impact of Microbial Pollutants on Ground Water Rese...IJERA Editor
Developing countries are under heavy stress due to continuous depletion of ground water reserves. The urban
areas are developing and growing very fast due to population growth, increase in commercial and trade
activities, national and international tourism development as trade. The local migration of rural population due
to better job opportunities. Civic amenities are also the reason for population explosion in urban areas and thus
there is increase in the demand of basic needs like water, shelter and power. Due to the overall consumption of
water in urban and rural areas which has increased many fold in the recent past, causing depletion of water subsurface
reserves due to difference in natural recharge of reservoirs and the corresponding water demand. The
ground water is an integral part of the environment and there has been a lack of adequate attention to water
conservation, water use and reuse, ground water recharge, and ecosystem sustainability. To meet with the
challenge of under ground water shortage, lowering level of water table, efforts are being made to recharge the
aquifer system by the Rain Water Harvesting (R.W.H.). This noble act needs serious thought and follow up to
achieve the aim of recharging ground water free from pollutants like pesticide, bacteria and seepage causing
infection and pollution of the existing pure source of potable water. A study has therefore undertaken to assess
the possible bacterial intrusion through the rain water penetration at the deeper water bearing aquifers.
impacts of biodegradable organics on soil and gwMarwan Haddad
This study investigated the impact of biological oxygen demand (BOD) on soil and groundwater in two areas of the West Bank - Jericho and Talkarem. Soil samples were collected from each area and subjected to simulated rainfall in columns, with some columns receiving water containing BOD and others receiving only water. The concentration of BOD, total dissolved solids (TDS), and dissolved oxygen (DO) were measured in the leachate from the columns over time, simulating the effects of 1, 10, and 25 years of rainfall. The results showed that BOD concentration increased with time and depth in the soil columns, and was generally higher in Talkarem soil than Jericho soil. TDS levels also
MEANING OF AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES
Industry’s Best Practices
Modern Agricultural Equipment’s
Classification of Agriculture
Eight Important Types of world Agriculture
THE EFFECTS OF AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES ON BIODIVERSITY
Agriculture Management
Characteristics Of Sustainable Agriculture
Agricultural Drought
Modeling the influence of floriculture effluent on soil quality and dry matte...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that examined the influence of floriculture effluent on soil quality and crop performance. Greenhouse experiments were conducted using soil sampled from farmers' fields that was split into sterilized and non-sterilized samples. Seven rates of effluent were applied as treatments. The effluent was found to have high pH, EC, nutrients but low micronutrients and heavy metals. Application of effluent reduced crop dry weight and decreased soil organic carbon and total nitrogen over time. Higher effluent volumes increased pH, EC and exchangeable bases in both soils. The non-sterilized soil showed initial benefits from low effluent volumes but effects eventually matched the steril
IRJET- A Review of Feasibility of Use of Duckweed for Treatment of Sludge...IRJET Journal
The document reviews the feasibility of using duckweed (Lemna minor) for sludge water treatment. It summarizes several studies that examined duckweed's nutrient removal efficiency from different wastewaters. One study found duckweed was most effective at removing nutrients from municipal wastewater, removing over 75% of nutrients tested. However, another study found that duckweed did not significantly improve the treatment efficiency of a municipal wastewater system. The document concludes that duckweed systems can effectively treat wastewater and remove nutrients to produce secondary effluent, but land area requirements and lack of winter growth may limit their widespread use. Nitrogen removal requires supplemental aeration in duckweed ponds.
This document summarizes a study on the impacts of climate change and land use change on water resources and food security in the Pangani River Basin in Tanzania. Researchers found that between 1987 and 2010, land used for cultivation increased while forest and grassland decreased. Hydrological modeling showed this decreased average river flows. Climate change is also projected to decrease stream flows by 5.3% by 2060, increasing unmet water demands. Water scarcity threatens livelihoods and food security in the basin. The study recommends integrated water resource management, efficient irrigation, and capacity building to help adapt to these challenges.
Build Biological System through the Use of Microalgae Leading to Sustainable ...ZX7
This document discusses using microalgae to address issues of sustainable development and environmental management. It summarizes current problems with water resource management, eutrophication, and algal blooms negatively impacting lakes and other bodies of water. It then proposes using microalgae cultivation and biomass in wastewater treatment, biofuel production, and other applications to help restore water quality, produce resources, and mitigate climate change in a sustainable manner. The document outlines how microalgae could serve as a key tool for new designs addressing these issues through biological systems.
ABSTRACT- Wastewater treatment is a problem of grave concern in most developing countries. In the last two decades, there has been a lot of research to develop appropriate technologies to alleviate pollution in water resources. Efficient wastewater treatments through conventional methods are expensive and difficult to get optimum results. Currently, phytoremediation is an effective and affordable solution used to remediate toxic pollutants from aquatic ecosystems. The review describes various aquatic plants, which have high potential to remove heavy metals from wastewater. Key-words- Water pollution, Heavy metals, Phytoremediation, Aquatic plants, Wastewater treatment
Water Quality and Sediment Analysis of Selected Rivers at Satara District, Ma...ijtsrd
Water pollution is one of the major global environmental problems. It is an acute problem almost in all major rivers and water reservoirs in India. Water pollution is increasing and becoming severe day by day and posing a great risk to human health and other living organisms. There is growing concern on the deterioration of ground water quality due to geogenic and anthropogenic activities. Present investigation aims at insight about the level of contaminants of surface water, groundwater and sediment analysis of selected rivers of Krishna River located in Mahuli and Urmodi river located in Nagthane, Satara district. An attempt has been made to assess the water quality, sediment analysis of the samples. Dissolved oxygen content of the water samples was observed quite well in limits such as in Krishna river Mahuli DO was 27.68mg L and in Urmodi river Nagthane was13.68mg .In the present study, COD value was observed by 720mg l at surface water of Krishna River Mahuliand 1320 mg l at surface water sample of Urmodi river Nagthane. As expected groundwater samples showed values of hardness within a limit. There is an urgent need for more representative samples to be used to go beyond preliminary assessment as reported in the present study for making appropriate recommendations. Pallavi Dhekale | Pranjal Nikam | Sagar Dadas | Chetana Patil "Water Quality and Sediment Analysis of Selected Rivers at Satara District, Maharashtra" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-6 , October 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd28062.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/medicinal-chemistry/28062/water-quality-and-sediment-analysis-of-selected-rivers-at-satara-district-maharashtra/pallavi-dhekale
Impact of wastewater irrigation on major nutrient status in soil near Bhaluka...AbdullaAlAsif1
The population increase has not only increased the fresh water demand but also increased the volume of wastewater generated. Treated or recycled wastewater (RWW) appears to be the only water resource that is increasing as other sources are dwindling. Increasing need for water has resulted in the emergence of domestic wastewater application for agriculture and its relative use. The present study was conducted at the Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh during 2013 to evaluate the contribution of wastewater to major soil nutrients (N, P, K, S, Ca, Mg, B and Na) and fluctuation in physicochemical properties of soil (soil pH and Ec) from waste carrying canal at 10 selected sites of Bhaluka Upazila. Three (3) soil samples were collected at 0, 30 and 60 m distances from the waste discharging canals. The pH, EC, N, P, K, S, Ca, Mg, B and Na in soil samples decreased gradually with the increase of distance from waste discharging canal. Maximum concentrations of N at 60 and 0m distance varied from 8400 to 9700, P from 1850 to 5000, K from 4600 to 6000, S from 2000 to 4000, Ca from 7500 to 28800, Mg from 7500 to 7800, B from 90 to 2800 and Na from 2300 to 3100 μg g-1 in test soil.The results showed better nutrient status of the soil along waste discharge canals. The findings give applicable advice to commercial farmers and agricultural researchers for proper management and use of treated industrial wastewater for agricultural purpose.
A Review Of Environmental Effects Of Surface Water PollutionJeff Brooks
This document summarizes a literature review on the environmental effects of surface water pollution. It finds that surface waters across the globe are increasingly polluted by human activities like agriculture, domestic waste, and industry. All studies reviewed found pollutant levels exceeding safety limits, with adverse health and environmental impacts. Effects include waterborne diseases in humans and negative impacts on plants, aquatic life, and the surrounding environment. Proper treatment of surface water is needed before human and industrial use to prevent health crises. Ongoing monitoring and enforcement of water quality standards are needed to address the growing pollution problem.
Impacts of agricultural wastes on groundwater pollution in lipakala farms, on...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the impacts of agricultural wastes on groundwater pollution at Lipakala Farms in Nigeria. Water samples from the main water well supplying the farm were tested. Results showed elevated levels of ions like lead and nitrates. Physical characteristics like temperature and turbidity were within acceptable limits, but taste indicated high salt deposits. Microbial analysis found bacterial and coliform contamination, indicating pollution from waste. The well is located downstream from a waste dump and farmland, making it susceptible to runoff. Improved waste disposal and public education are recommended to prevent further groundwater contamination.
The document discusses the challenges of domestic wastewater management in Kabul City, Afghanistan. It finds that over 50% of households do not have improved toilets and there are no proper wastewater treatment plants. Approximately 100% of domestic wastewater is discharged untreated into the environment, causing health and environmental problems. The key challenges include lack of sanitation facilities, wastewater treatment, and drainage systems as well as poor government responsibilities and public participation. Sustainable solutions proposed include decentralized wastewater treatment, legislation, public involvement, and a sustainable management framework.
Bioremediation of wastewater by microorganismsadetunjiEwa
The term bioremediation has been introduced to describe the process of using biological
agents to remove toxic waste from environment. Bioremediation is the most effective management tool to manage the polluted water and recover contaminated waste water. It is an attractive and successful cleaning technique for polluted environment; it has been used at a number of sites worldwide, with varying degrees of success.
Bioremediation of wastewater by microorganismsadetunjiEwa
ABSTRACT
The term bioremediation has been introduced to describe the process of using biological
agents to remove toxic waste from environment. Bioremediation is the most effective management tool to manage the polluted water and recover contaminated waste water. It is an attractive and successful cleaning technique for polluted environment; it has been used at a number of sites worldwide, with varying degrees of success.
MULTIFACETED POTENTIAL OF EICHHORNIA CRASSIPES (WATER HYACINTH) LADENED WITH ...Dr Varruchi Sharma
Water hyacinth is an invasive aquatic plant that has spread widely and poses ecological issues. However, it also has potential value-added and therapeutic uses that could help address the invasion. It can be used for bioremediation to remove pollutants from wastewater. Its biomass can also be converted to biofuels like biodiesel and bioethanol, providing renewable energy. Additionally, extracts from water hyacinth have shown therapeutic effects, though more research is still needed to fully understand its medical applications. Utilizing water hyacinth for these beneficial purposes could help curb its invasion while providing useful products.
This document provides a review of groundwater pollution. It discusses how groundwater is an important source of water for drinking, agriculture, and industry. However, groundwater is vulnerable to pollution from various sources like agriculture, industrial activities, and contaminated land. The review summarizes the types of groundwater pollution including nitrates, heavy metals, microbiological contaminants, and more. It also discusses the health effects of contaminated groundwater. The document examines methods for studying groundwater pollution and contaminant transport, as well as remediation techniques used to treat contaminated groundwater.
Qualitative Study of Landfill Leachate from Different Ages of Landfill Sites ...iosrjce
The present paper describes the qualitative analysis of landfill leachate at different ages of landfill
sites (LFS) around the world and it has been prepared on the basis of extensive survey of literatures. The main
objective of this study was to explore the knowledge on qualitative analysis of municipal solid waste landfill
leachate. This paper provides a reliable and robust database for the prediction of leachate quality when new
landfills are to be developed in Nepal and other parts of the world.
Large amount of biodegradable organic matter is indicated though high ratio of BOD/COD. This in turn leads
to relative high concentration of Fe, Mn, Ni and Zn. The lower concentration of VFAs and high pH represents
“old” leachate from the late methanogenic phase. The humic substances give a dark color to stabilized
leachate. Due to the decreasing solubility of many metal ions with increasing pH, the concentration of metal
ions is low in general. The strength of the leachate decreases with time with precipitation of soluble elements
such as heavy metals as the organic compounds break down biologically. This is the reason why leachate
management is problematic due to complexity in its design, operation, and composition, age of landfill, specific
climate conditions and moisture routing through the landfill. In order to avoid pollution and toxicity level in the
water bodies, it is legal necessity to treat landfill leachate before discharging it
This document discusses the use of wastewater in agriculture and its potential effects on soil meso and macrofauna. It notes that while wastewater use can benefit agriculture through irrigation and fertilization, it also poses risks if not properly treated and applied, such as contaminating water sources and accumulating nutrients that compromise soil characteristics. The document then focuses on the important role soil fauna plays in nutrient cycling, organic matter decomposition, and maintaining soil structure. It aims to discuss how different types of wastewater usage may impact soil biology and emphasizes the need for more research on enhancing the positive effects of wastewater use related to soil processes.
Organic hydroponic systems have the potential to significantly increase food production while reducing environmental impacts. These systems can grow 7-10 times more food in the same space using 80-90% less water than traditional agriculture. Additionally, organic hydroponics reduces the need for pesticides and produces year-round in controlled environments. The document argues that widespread adoption of organic hydroponics, combined with innovations in renewable energy and the use of agricultural byproducts, could help address issues of food security and climate change.
Characterization of Physicochemical Water Quality Parameters of River Gudar (...IOSRJAC
Due to various natural and anthropogenic activities, quality of water was deteriorated in most towns of the country. These changes make or forced the community to depend on unsafe and poor water consumption. River Gudar is one of the rivers found in towns of the country, and exposed to many anthropogenic activities done around the town. Importance of river Gudar is strongly linked to Domestic consumption, Irrigation, Industrial (HAEF) and other public health. Under the investigation physicochemical parameters and selected heavy metals for the quality of river Gudar for drinking purpose were characterized. The laboratory results for both physicochemical parameters and selected heavy metals were: Alkalinity (154 ± 15.556 mg/L), pH (8.44), Electrical Conductivity (316.47 ± 72.802 Scm-1 ), TDS (149.37 ± 20.64 mg/L), Ammonia (41.00 ± 1.19 mg/L), Phosphate (3.50 ± 0.32mg/L), Total Hardness (156.87 ± 8.46 mg/L CaCO3), Sodium (17.44 ± 2.87mg/L), Potassium (8.51 ± 0.33 mg/L) and some selected heavy metals such as Cu (0.29 ± 0.04 mg/L ), Pb (2.5 ± 0.25 mg/L), Zn (0.63 ± 0.24 mg/L), Cd (0.79 ± 0.19 mg/L) and Ag (0.35 ± 0.17 mg/L) for water sample.
Role of Wastewater in Transportation of Heavy Metals: A risk assessment to hu...IRJET Journal
This document discusses the role of wastewater in transporting heavy metals and the risks it poses to human health. It notes that wastewater is often used for irrigation in agriculture and can contain heavy metals from industrial and domestic sources. These heavy metals can accumulate in soils and plants irrigated with wastewater and eventually enter the food chain, posing health risks to humans. The document also examines the mechanisms by which heavy metals are absorbed by plant roots from soil and transported throughout plants, and how long-term exposure to heavy metals through food can cause various chronic health issues for humans.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
UK water quality 10UK water qualityCourse.docxmarilucorr
UK water quality 10
UK water quality
Course:
Professor:
City:
Date:
Why water quality has deteriorated
Introduction
According to Boyd, (2015) water quality is the physical, biological, radiological and chemical components of water. Water quality can also be defined as a measure of the condition of water of one or more biotic species for use by human beings, animals, aquatic organisms or any other purposes. Lastly, water quality can also be defined as how suitable water can be used for different purposes.
Determination of water quality
The quality of water that is on earth is a function of (affected by) either natural influences or human activities. Water quality is determined by determining the weathering of bedrock minerals in the scenario where there is no human interference, (Chapman 2016). It is an atmospheric process of deposition of dust and, salt by the wind, and evapotranspiration, leaching of natural organic materials and the nutrients runoff in soil. Runoff which is caused by hydrological factors and a biological process in the aquatic environment can lead to changes in the physical and chemical constituents of water, (Ahuja 2013).
Water quality is determined by comparing the chemical and physical characteristics of a water sample according to the existing standards (guidelines). Regarding determining the quality of water for drinking, the standards are set so as to ensure that the drinking water is safe and clean for human consumption, (De Zuane, 1997). Attainment of these standards is through checking of the toxic levels so as to learn whether the water is fit for drinking by humans or even animals (which includes aquatic animals.)
Water quality indicators.
According to regional aquatics monitoring program, water quality is defined as the concentration physical and chemical components. Water quality indicators include: metals, conductivity, nutrients, dissolved oxygen, industrial chemicals (dioxins and PCBs), temperature, hydrocarbons and lastly, the conventional variables- (dissolved wastes, suspended sentiments, pH levels)
Has water quality deteriorated or improved?
In the recent years, water levels across the world have been declining, Ahuja (2013). Reasons attributed to the deterioration of water quality levels are: a fast growing human population, increased agricultural activities, expanding industrialization, irrigation, and the ever changing weather and climatic conditions, (Terrell & Perfetti, 1992). These reasons are such a threat to the hydrological cycle leading to increased pollution which in return adds up to the low-quality levels of water.
According to Boyd, (2000), at the moment, the largest water quality problem is eutrophication, which is caused by high levels of nitrogen and phosphorous which damage the water uses. Many nutrient sources consist of indoor pollution, agricultural runoff, industrial waste release, and atmospheric components of fossil fuels and other fires. According to World Health ...
Impact of agricultural practices on environmentTanvirHridoy1
This document summarizes the impacts of various agricultural practices on the environment. It discusses how intensive agricultural practices can place serious burdens on the environment through water and air pollution, greenhouse gas emissions, and soil and water degradation. Specifically, it examines the negative impacts of pesticide and fertilizer usage, irrigation practices, soil tillage, lack of crop rotation, plant hormone usage, stubble burning, and animal wastes. It also acknowledges some positive environmental effects of agriculture. The document reviews several other studies and sources that have also analyzed the link between agriculture and environmental impacts. It concludes that modern intensive agriculture has increased yields but also environmental costs that cannot be ignored if agricultural expansion continues.
Perlite supplies the ideal balance between air and water in addition to the c...MaqsoodKhalid3
Perlite supplies the ideal balance between air and water in addition to the characteristic of keeping water and fertilizer to ensure the plant's needs. It is used by mixing it with soil at different rates according to the kind of soil (sand-mud) as for the upper layer of soil with enough depth to cover the roots of plants as for trees or shrubs as a rate vary from %15-30 of the result of dig.
On Earth water has too many forms and variety which
are necessary specifically for particular geographical as well as
environmental surroundings. Below 1% of the world's fresh
water (0.007% of all water on earth) is reachable for direct
human uses. Water pollutions now become a part of concern and
disquiet in country like India. Large parts of water which are life
supportive get contaminated because of illegal activities of human
beings. Water effluence is a major problem globally. It is the
leading worldwide cause of deaths and diseases, and that it
accounts for the deaths of more than 14,000 people daily. In
addition to the acute problems of different problems in
developing countries, industrialized countries continue to
struggle with water pollution problems as well. There are many
inorganic metals which are contaminating water bodies which
serve life to large part of India, Arsenic (As) is one of the biggest
threats for water bodies. High toxicity of Arsenic poses a serious
risk not only to ecological systems but also for human health.
There is availability of sophisticated techniques for arsenic
removal from contaminated water, development of new
laboratory based techniques along with cost reduction and
enhancement of conventional techniques are essential for the
benefit of common people. This paper is based on the future
aspects, for removal of Arsenic from drinking water or the water
of different rivers like Ganga, Gomti and Yamuna etc which
humans are consuming for domestic purpose. Demograph
estimate that around 52 millions peoples are drinking ground
water with arsenic concentrations above the guidelines of World
Health Organization. WHO proposed a parameter or MIC for
Arsenic i.e. of 10 parts per billion (ppb) or 0.010 Mg/L, it is found
that level of Arsenic has been increased vigorously in many
rivers. Objective is to apply Bioremediation technique with the
help of batch culture that needs Bioremediators to detoxify
contaminated water and helps in maintaining the original quality
of water.
Environmental impact of biosolids land applicationSilvana Torri
Como citar este trabajo
Torri S, Cabrera M. 2017 Environmental impact of biosolids land application. In: Organic Waste: Management Strategies, Environmental Impact and Emerging Regulations, Editor: M Collins, Nova Science Publishers, Inc., Hauppauge, NY 11788, ISBN: 978-1-53610-936-8, 185-208, 226 pp
Similar to Problems associated with use of treated wastewater (20)
An optical pyrometer is a type of radiation thermometer used to measure high temperatures over 6000C by detecting the infrared radiation emitted by the object. It consists of an electrical system and optical system to detect infrared radiation and convert it to a temperature reading. However, optical pyrometers have some drawbacks, including high inherent measurement inaccuracies of around 50C, potential errors of 100C due to the operator, and an inability to integrate into automatic temperature control systems due to reading variations from fumes. There are different types of optical pyrometers.
1) Osamu Tezuka is known as the "Godfather of Anime" for pioneering Japanese animation and manga.
2) In the 1940s and 50s, he produced early successful manga and anime works like "Shin Takarajima", "Kimba the White Lion", and the iconic "Astro Boy".
3) He went on to found animation studios like Mushi Productions and Tezuka Productions, producing many influential early anime TV series and films that helped establish the anime industry.
An Introductory review for use of Eigenvalues in Quantum Mechanics
An operator acting on a function, changes functions into another function. Occasionally
there are instances where, the received function is directly proportional to the function used.
퐴(휓) ∝ 휓
In this type of a situation, a constant, 푎 can be defined, as the Eigenvalue of the function. The
operator, 퐴 is hence known as an Eigen operator.
퐴(휓) = 푎휓
The 푎 eigenvalues represents the possible measured values of the 퐴 operator.
Classically, 푎 would be allowed to vary continuously, but in quantum mechanics, 푎 typically
has only a sub-set of allowed values. Both time-dependent and time-independent Schrödinger
equations are the `best-known instances of an eigenvalue equations in quantum mechanics, with
its eigenvalues corresponding to the allowed energy levels of the quantum system. (“3.3: The
Schrödinger Equation is an Eigenvalue Problem - Chemistry LibreTexts,” n.d.)
Some Eigen operators used in quantum mechanics and what their eigen constants represent are
given below.
(“Operators in Quantum Mechanics,” n.d.)The left side of the above table denotes the physical meaning of Eigen value obtained when
relevant operator on the right side is applied on the wave equation giving the position of the a
quantum particle. A famous example denoting the Energy of a particle when Hamiltonian
operator is applied on the wave function, is given below.
(“The Hamiltonian Operator | My Blog,” n.d.
This document discusses refurbishing and remodeling outlets in western provinces for Tanduri Fast Foods PLC. It notes a decrease in sales at two outlets and proposes conducting research and renovations. The literature review discusses factors important for customer satisfaction like food, ambiance, and service. Risks of renovations like temporary sales losses are addressed. The methodology proposes collecting data through surveys and observations to identify improvement areas like seating, drive-throughs, and kitchens. Renovation costs can range from $100,000 to $1 million. Input from regular customers, staff, and surveys are recommended for renovation plans. The goal is to increase sales 7-20% after renovations and improve the brand through upgraded facilities
The document discusses applications of metal nanoparticles in photocatalysis. It provides examples of how metal nanoparticles like gold and palladium can be used as photocatalysts for various reactions like selective oxidation, reduction, and cross-coupling reactions. The nanoparticles enhance reaction rates and selectivity by acting as light absorbers and reaction sites. This allows reactions to occur at milder conditions like lower temperatures and pressures. The use of metal nanoparticles in photocatalysis provides opportunities for more sustainable chemical synthesis.
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Problems associated with use of treated wastewater
1. EL 2710 2019
University of Moratuwa – Department of Languages
EL 2710
Technical and Scientific Writing
Assignment [02]
Combining Sources (Citing and Referencing)
Student Name Reg. Number
B. V. C. M. Benaragama 170070D
Course Coordinator: Ms S U Gamage
Lecturer(s): Ms Apsara Wimalasiri
Date of Assignment: [26 November 2019]
Date of Submission: [20 December 2019]
Declaration:
I sincerely declare that this assignment is a result of my own work and is not an unethical
reproduction of someone else’s published or unpublished work. I confirm that I took genuine
efforts to complete all parts of this assignments by reflecting on and applying what I learned
and read both inside and outside the class. I further declare that the assignment submitted is
original except where source materials have been cited.
Signature of the Student:
2. EL 2710 2019
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH USE OF TREATED WASTEWATER
Introduction
Clean water has become a scarce resource today. According to Ritchie and Roser (2017), with
the population growth, and expansion of agricultural and industrial fields, per capita,
freshwater demand per annum has exponentially ascended over past eight decades from one
trillion to approximately four trillion cubic metres. The importance of freshwater has become
a crucial topic, and a trend has been developed to encourage the use of wastewater or treated
wastewater for possible applications. However, using wastewater directly could obviously
have negative effects on the environment and ecology. Similarly, even the use of treated
wastewater seems to have some negative effects on the environment. The suitability of
wastewater to be reused in different applications such as irrigation is still in the debate even
today due to unfavourable circumstances it could create in the ecological balance.
Raschid-Sally (2009), states that wastewater can be classified into four main groups,
depending on the source it is produced from, namely,
1. Water containing domestic effluents
2. Water from establishments and institutions (e.g.: Hospitals)
3. Industrial effluents and urban run-off
4. Water containing agricultural, horticultural, and aquacultural effluents
Domestic wastewater is separately treated depending on whether they contain faecal matter
(black water) or not (greywater);(WHO, 2006).
The type of effluents found in water and the treatments to be done depend on the source
wastewater is produced on. Hence, the situations where treated water can be used, also
primarily depend on the source of water. The treated water is released to the environment
via three different modes, namely using water for agriculture, using water aquifer refilling
and directly releasing them into freshwater bodies. Each of the above measures has its
negative and positive consequences. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the
environmental problems related to the above-mentioned measures and study the validity of
them with the support of views from the academic world.
3. EL 2710 2019
Uses of Treated Wastewater
Even though some studies suggest wastewater can be treated through sophisticated
procedures and can be used even for drinking, a reluctance is observed among the public to
use treated wastewater for drinking and personal hygienic activities. However, purified water
obtained from urine through complex reverse osmosis procedures is used for drinking by the
astronauts in outer space. In his report, Pescod (1992) presents a number of case studies done
around the world to check the feasibility of using treated wastewater for different
applications. Pescod also maintains that treated wastewater can be used in applications such
as irrigation and agriculture, aquifer recharge, aquaculture, as construction raw material, and
numerous other applications. For instance, figure 01 shows the types of uses obtained from
wastewater in California in 1992.
Figure 01: (Pescod, 1992)
Environmental Problems Related with the Use of Treated Wastewater for Agriculture and
Irrigation
Since centuries ago, practices have been developed to use wastewater directly on crops, for
it tends to have numerous nutrients required for the plant growth. However, with
industrialization and urbanization, more and more harmful constituents were released into
wastewater, and the attention was paid to treat the wastewater to a certain extent and use
it in agriculture and irrigation. Also as a solution for both the problems of the consequent
4. EL 2710 2019
freshwater stress emerged as a result of increasing human population, and increase in
wastewater volumes produced following the latter, further researches were done on how to
treat wastewater to obtain a product that can be used in agriculture and irrigation with
minimum harmful effects to the ecology. Despite the general tendency to believe that the use
of treated wastewater in agriculture could bring environmental issues, some researchers
state otherwise.
Figure 02: (Lamizana, 2006)
Two main constituents in wastewater have been specifically identified to cause critical
environmental issues when used in agriculture and irrigation, namely toxic heavy metals, and
pathogens. Despite how sophisticated the techniques used in the treatment are, there is a
possibility of the above constituents to be present is treated wastewater in considerable
amounts. Some studies suggest, when cultivated with treated wastewater, most of the plant
species have shown higher heavy metal concentrations in edible parts of the plant. In fact,
the concentration heavy metals found in some plants was high, even when the treated
wastewater used had low concentrations of heavy metals (Gupta et al., 2010). Furthermore,
it is also said in the study by Gupta et al.,(2010), “Heavy metal accumulation due to
wastewater irrigation induces physiological stress in plants and subsequent alterations in
5. EL 2710 2019
their biochemical composition”. The heavy metals accumulated in plants eventually transfer
through food chains, through the process called “bio-accumulation”. The toxicity of heavy
metals could affect the different organs, of different organisms, giving a detrimental blow to
balance in the biosphere (Govind and Madhuri, 2014). The Minamata disease condition that
developed in Japan in 1956 due to mercury poisoning, can be given as a very good example
of such a situation.
The second critical constituent found in treated wastewater, that could create a considerable
environmental impact is biohazardous organisms. The general method of sterilization or
disinfectant method used wastewater treatment is chlorination. However, the chlorine
treatments could be inefficient sometimes when treated wastewater contains nutrients that
could accelerate the growth of microorganism (Al-Lahham, El Assi and Fayyad, 2003). Such
microorganism could be pathogenic to animals or plants in the environment because they
could have higher propagation rates and media.
Although the above factors are addressed as detrimental issues of using treated wastewater
for agriculture and irrigation, some researchers hold completely different ideologies. They
maintain that, given the wastewater treatment is done properly under constant quality
assurance, using treated wastewater for agriculture could be an excellent solution to the
wastewater crisis. Through research, they try to prove that with controlled effluents in
wastewater the toxic heavy metal content in plants can be maintained under standard
accepted levels while increasing the yield exploiting the nutrients found wastewater (Al-
Nakshabandi et al., 1997; Al-Lahham, El Assi and Fayyad, 2003, 2007). However, the same
researchers insist that in the case of pathogenic microorganisms, it is advised not to use
treated wastewater in the cultivation of vegetables that are consumed raw.
In addition to the above two crucial factors, some minor factors such as the quality of the soil
could be affected by the use of treated wastewater for irrigation. Treated wastewater could
have dissolved solids that could change the soil chemistry making it inhabitable to soil-
dwelling macro and microorganisms. This can affect the chemical and biological balance in
the soil which might lead to leaching or infertility. Alobaidy et al., (2010) explains how such
minor factors can affect the soil chemistry and hence the flora population. According to him,
high dissolved ionic contents in water could lead to dehydration of the plant, high sodium
content can reduce soil permeability, and high chloride contents can cause defoliation.
6. EL 2710 2019
Ground Water and Soil Pollution
In countries located in semi-arid to arid climatic zones, the groundwater is a rare resource.
Groundwater is very important when it comes to the balance of the environment because the
flora population mainly depends on groundwater. Recently, various researches and case
studies have been done to check the possibility of groundwater aquifer refilling using treated
wastewater, and the reports predict that it is feasible but with a price of groundwater and soil
pollution.
The treated wastewater discharges into the groundwater aquifers through the soil. In most
cases, the soil layer over the aquifer acts as a filter medium called Vadose Zone. Upon
filtration depending on the capture ability of the vadose zone, the remaining effluent
substances of treated wastewater either remains in the soil or disperse into groundwater.
Either the case is, either soil pollution or groundwater pollution could take place.
Figure 03: (Ward and Dilon, 2009)
Same as in the case of using treated wastewater for agriculture and irrigation, the topic of the
practicality of recharging groundwater aquifers without causing a detrimental effect to the
environment remains in debate. In a case study done in south-central Arizona, USA, it has
been found no matter up to which the treatment has been done to wastewater used for
aquifer recharge, considerable groundwater pollution has occurred (Pescod, 1992). In his
report, Pescod (1992) mentions that most of the faecal coliform present in treated
wastewater was “removed in the top metre of the vadose zone but some penetrated to the
aquifer”. This is a serious issue because the purest water is found in the groundwater aquifers
which are polluted in this case. The industries related to bottled water and beverages depend
7. EL 2710 2019
on groundwater aquifers, which will be affected in this case. I addition to that, the heavy
metals and such chemicals retained in the vadose layer will be get absorbed into plants and
invade food chains causing bioaccumulation in humans and other animals.
However it has been found by Abiye, Sulieman and Ayalew, (2009) that soil from vadose layer
can be artificially used for further purification of treated wastewater, and the clean water
obtained could be used to refill aquifers.
Surface Water Pollution
In a country where there are fertile soil and abundance of groundwater and surface water for
agriculture, treated wastewater is generally released to water bodies such as seas, lakes and
rivers. According to, the studies done by YI et al., (2008) on the Yangtze river in China, the
critical issues could arrive with time in both flowing and non-flowing water bodies. With
respect to the heavy metal accumulation, he states that, “ The concentrations of heavy metals
were 100-10,000 times higher in the river sediment than in the water”, and that, “the
concentration of heavy metals was lower in the river sediments than in the lake sediments,
while the concentration of heavy metals was higher in river water than in lake water.”
Figure 04: (YI et al., 2008)
The environmental effects brought by discharging treated wastewater are only light and
delayed versions of that occur when wastewater is directly released into water bodies. In
addition to the problems faced by flowing water bodies, non-flowing bodies such as lakes and
tanks may face eutrophication due to the nutrient added to water with the treated
8. EL 2710 2019
wastewater. Other than the direct discharges, the nutrients and pollutants from groundwater
and that washed-off from agricultural lands where treated wastewater has been used, can
emerge from surface water bodies causing above mentioned effects. In other words, three
modes through which treated wastewater are discharged into environments are indeed
interrelated, one can affect each other causing more serious environmental impacts.
Conclusion
With the increasing world population, the per capita production of wastewater has increased
detrimentally for past few decades. Even though the wastewater treatment procedures are
executed properly, procedures to utilize treated wastewater usefully have not been
developed significantly into practice due to the environmental problems it could cause.
Despite the fact that the environmental problems it could cause by reusing treated
wastewater are clearly considerable, some of the environmental problems seem exaggerated
unnecessarily. The approach brought by some researchers to prove that treated wastewater
can be used in proper applications showing the positive effects of reusing treated wastewater,
rather than directly disposing untreated wastewater to the environment, seems to have a
stronger rational basis.
9. EL 2710 2019
REFERENCES:
Abiye, T. A., Sulieman, H. and Ayalew, M. (2009) ‘Use of treated wastewater for managed
aquifer recharge in highly populated urban centers: A case study in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia’,
Environmental Geology, 58(1), pp. 55–59. doi: 10.1007/s00254-008-1490-y.
Al-Lahham, O., El Assi, N. M. and Fayyad, M. (2003) ‘Impact of treated wastewater irrigation
on quality attributes and contamination of tomato fruit’, Agricultural Water Management.
Elsevier, 61(1), pp. 51–62. doi: 10.1016/S0378-3774(02)00173-7.
Al-Lahham, O., El Assi, N. M. and Fayyad, M. (2007) ‘Translocation of heavy metals to
tomato (Solanum lycopersicom L.) fruit irrigated with treated wastewater’, Scientia
Horticulturae, 113(3), pp. 250–254. doi: 10.1016/j.scienta.2007.03.017.
Al-Nakshabandi, G. A. et al. (1997) ‘Some environmental problems associated with the use
of treated wastewater for irrigation in Jordan’, Agricultural Water Management, 34(1), pp.
81–94. doi: 10.1016/S0378-3774(96)01287-5.
Alobaidy, A. H. M. J. et al. (2010) ‘Evaluation of Treated Municipal Wastewater Quality for
Irrigation’, Journal of Environmental Protection. Scientific Research Publishing, Inc, 01(03),
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Govind, P. and Madhuri, S. (2014) ‘Heavy metals causing toxicity in animals and fishes’, pp.
17–23. Available at:
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/270169412_Heavy_metals_causing_toxicity_in_
animals_and_fishes (Accessed: 20 December 2019).
Gupta, S. et al. (2010) ‘Effect of wastewater irrigation on vegetables in relation to
bioaccumulation of heavy metals and biochemical changes’, Environmental Monitoring and
Assessment, 165(1–4), pp. 169–177. doi: 10.1007/s10661-009-0936-3.
Lamizana, B. (2006) Environmental Effects of Wastewater use in Agriculture & appropriate
treatment technology for reuse .
Pescod, M. B. (1992) Wastewater treatment and use in agriculture-FAO irrigation and
drainage paper 47 FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS.
Raschid-Sally, L., Jayakody, P. and International Water Management Institute. (2009) Drivers
and characteristics of wastewater agriculture in developing countries : results from a global
assessment. [International Water Management Institute].
Ritchie, H. and Roser, M. (2017) ‘Water Use and Stress’, Our World in Data.
Ward, J. and Dilon, P. (2009) Robust Design of Managed Aquifer Recharge Policy in Australia.
Available at:
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/265271534_Robust_Design_of_Managed_Aquif
er_Recharge_Policy_in_Australia/citation/download (Accessed: 20 December 2019).
WHO, W. H. O. (2006) Health Aspects of Plumbing - World Health Organization, World
Plumbing Council - Google Books. Available at:
https://books.google.lk/books?id=u6YsDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA114&lpg=PA114&dq=%22The+us