Downy mildew of grapes refers to any of several types of oomycete microbes that are obligate parasites of plants. Downy mildews exclusively belong to Peronosporaceae. In commercial agriculture, they are a particular problem for growers of crucifers, grapes and vegetables that grow on vines. slide contains vivid descrition of the plant pathogen.
Downy mildew of grapes refers to any of several types of oomycete microbes that are obligate parasites of plants. Downy mildews exclusively belong to Peronosporaceae. In commercial agriculture, they are a particular problem for growers of crucifers, grapes and vegetables that grow on vines. slide contains vivid descrition of the plant pathogen.
Learn about how you are the first line in defense against the onslaught of invasive species on Maui. This presentation was originally presented by NBII Pacific Basin Information Node and the Maui Invasive Species Committee to employees of the USDA-APHIS on December 12, 2009.
The early detection "eyes and ears" team can help keep Hawaii free from high risk pests by monitoring their backyard and home areas. Whether you are driving to work, or to the other side of the island to hunt, going to the beach, or just holoholo you can help by keeping an eye out for unusual plants and animals that don't belong. Download your own copy of the Maui "Eyes and Ears" early detection manual (2 MB PDF) to get started.
Image Analysis for Ethiopian Coffee Plant Diseases IdentificationCSCJournals
Diseases in coffee plants cause major production and economic losses as well as reduction in both quality and quantity of agricultural products. Now a day’s coffee plant diseases detection has received increasing attention in monitoring large field of crops. Farmers experience great difficulties in switching from one disease control policy to another. The naked eye observation of experts is the traditional approach adopted in practice for detection and identification of coffee plant diseases. This paper presents an automatic identification of Ethiopian coffee plant diseases which occurs on the leaf part and also provides suitable segmentation technique regarding the identifications of the three types of Ethiopian coffee diseases. In this paper different classifiers are used to classify such as artificial neural network (ANN), k-Nearest Neighbors (KNN), Naïve and a hybrid of self organizing map (SOM) and Radial basis function (RBF) .We also used five different types of segmentation techniques i.e. Otsu, FCM, K-means, Gaussian distribution and the combinations of K-means and Gaussian distribution. We conduct an experiment for each segmentation technique to find the suitable one. In general, the overall result showed that the combined segmentation technique is better than Otsu, FCM, K-means and Gaussian distribution and the performance of the combined classifiers of RBF (Radial basis function) and SOM (Self organizing map) together with a combination of k-means and Gaussian distribution is 92.10%.
Identify of major tomato diseases and its treatement.Bhanu Dangi
Identify of major tomato diseases and its treatement.
condition of disease development
symptoms of early blight,late blight and leaf spots on :
1 leaf
2 stem
3 fruit
And method of treatment.
IDM MODEL OF RED ROT OF SUGERCANE By Md. Kamaruzzaman ShakilMd. Kamaruzzaman
Red rot of sugarcane is one of the severe problem for fruitful profitable production of sugarcane. In this why IDM technology are very much helpful to control diseases, pest etc.
BANANA – MAJOR PRODUCTION CONSTRAINTS –
PHYSIOLOGICAL DISORDERS, PESTS AND DISEASES
AND INTEGRATED MANAGEMENT PRACTICES
Sharad Bisen
courtesy: open Source Study Material
The Integrated Disease Management (IDM) involves the need based use of pesticide only when the disease incidence reach economic threshold levels and this will promote the build up of many bio-control agent in the crop ecosystems.
Thus IDM, a greener alternative to the conventional use of chemicals, is an attempt to promote natural, economic and sociological farming methods through the most effective combination of farming techniques and judicious and limited use of fungicide.
In other words, IDM programme implies all the available disease management approaches including cultural, biological and chemical control with the main objective to keep the disease incidence below economic threshold level.
Diabetes is a rapidly and serious health problem in Pakistan. This chronic condition is associated with serious long-term complications, including higher risk of heart disease and stroke. Aggressive treatment of hypertension and hyperlipideamia can result in a substantial reduction in cardiovascular events in patients with diabetes 1. Consequently pharmacist-led diabetes cardiovascular risk (DCVR) clinics have been established in both primary and secondary care sites in NHS Lothian during the past five years. An audit of the pharmaceutical care delivery at the clinics was conducted in order to evaluate practice and to standardize the pharmacists’ documentation of outcomes. Pharmaceutical care issues (PCI) and patient details were collected both prospectively and retrospectively from three DCVR clinics. The PCI`s were categorized according to a triangularised system consisting of multiple categories. These were ‘checks’, ‘changes’ (‘change in drug therapy process’ and ‘change in drug therapy’), ‘drug therapy problems’ and ‘quality assurance descriptors’ (‘timer perspective’ and ‘degree of change’). A verified medication assessment tool (MAT) for patients with chronic cardiovascular disease was applied to the patients from one of the clinics. The tool was used to quantify PCI`s and pharmacist actions that were centered on implementing or enforcing clinical guideline standards. A database was developed to be used as an assessment tool and to standardize the documentation of achievement of outcomes. Feedback on the audit of the pharmaceutical care delivery and the database was received from the DCVR clinic pharmacist at a focus group meeting.
Characterization and the Kinetics of drying at the drying oven and with micro...Open Access Research Paper
The objective of this work is to contribute to valorization de Nephelium lappaceum by the characterization of kinetics of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum. The seeds were dehydrated until a constant mass respectively in a drying oven and a microwawe oven. The temperatures and the powers of drying are respectively: 50, 60 and 70°C and 140, 280 and 420 W. The results show that the curves of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum do not present a phase of constant kinetics. The coefficients of diffusion vary between 2.09.10-8 to 2.98. 10-8m-2/s in the interval of 50°C at 70°C and between 4.83×10-07 at 9.04×10-07 m-8/s for the powers going of 140 W with 420 W the relation between Arrhenius and a value of energy of activation of 16.49 kJ. mol-1 expressed the effect of the temperature on effective diffusivity.
"Understanding the Carbon Cycle: Processes, Human Impacts, and Strategies for...MMariSelvam4
The carbon cycle is a critical component of Earth's environmental system, governing the movement and transformation of carbon through various reservoirs, including the atmosphere, oceans, soil, and living organisms. This complex cycle involves several key processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, and carbon sequestration, each contributing to the regulation of carbon levels on the planet.
Human activities, particularly fossil fuel combustion and deforestation, have significantly altered the natural carbon cycle, leading to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and driving climate change. Understanding the intricacies of the carbon cycle is essential for assessing the impacts of these changes and developing effective mitigation strategies.
By studying the carbon cycle, scientists can identify carbon sources and sinks, measure carbon fluxes, and predict future trends. This knowledge is crucial for crafting policies aimed at reducing carbon emissions, enhancing carbon storage, and promoting sustainable practices. The carbon cycle's interplay with climate systems, ecosystems, and human activities underscores its importance in maintaining a stable and healthy planet.
In-depth exploration of the carbon cycle reveals the delicate balance required to sustain life and the urgent need to address anthropogenic influences. Through research, education, and policy, we can work towards restoring equilibrium in the carbon cycle and ensuring a sustainable future for generations to come.
UNDERSTANDING WHAT GREEN WASHING IS!.pdfJulietMogola
Many companies today use green washing to lure the public into thinking they are conserving the environment but in real sense they are doing more harm. There have been such several cases from very big companies here in Kenya and also globally. This ranges from various sectors from manufacturing and goes to consumer products. Educating people on greenwashing will enable people to make better choices based on their analysis and not on what they see on marketing sites.
Micro RNA genes and their likely influence in rice (Oryza sativa L.) dynamic ...Open Access Research Paper
Micro RNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs molecules having approximately 18-25 nucleotides, they are present in both plants and animals genomes. MiRNAs have diverse spatial expression patterns and regulate various developmental metabolisms, stress responses and other physiological processes. The dynamic gene expression playing major roles in phenotypic differences in organisms are believed to be controlled by miRNAs. Mutations in regions of regulatory factors, such as miRNA genes or transcription factors (TF) necessitated by dynamic environmental factors or pathogen infections, have tremendous effects on structure and expression of genes. The resultant novel gene products presents potential explanations for constant evolving desirable traits that have long been bred using conventional means, biotechnology or genetic engineering. Rice grain quality, yield, disease tolerance, climate-resilience and palatability properties are not exceptional to miRN Asmutations effects. There are new insights courtesy of high-throughput sequencing and improved proteomic techniques that organisms’ complexity and adaptations are highly contributed by miRNAs containing regulatory networks. This article aims to expound on how rice miRNAs could be driving evolution of traits and highlight the latest miRNA research progress. Moreover, the review accentuates miRNAs grey areas to be addressed and gives recommendations for further studies.
Willie Nelson Net Worth: A Journey Through Music, Movies, and Business Venturesgreendigital
Willie Nelson is a name that resonates within the world of music and entertainment. Known for his unique voice, and masterful guitar skills. and an extraordinary career spanning several decades. Nelson has become a legend in the country music scene. But, his influence extends far beyond the realm of music. with ventures in acting, writing, activism, and business. This comprehensive article delves into Willie Nelson net worth. exploring the various facets of his career that have contributed to his large fortune.
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Introduction
Willie Nelson net worth is a testament to his enduring influence and success in many fields. Born on April 29, 1933, in Abbott, Texas. Nelson's journey from a humble beginning to becoming one of the most iconic figures in American music is nothing short of inspirational. His net worth, which estimated to be around $25 million as of 2024. reflects a career that is as diverse as it is prolific.
Early Life and Musical Beginnings
Humble Origins
Willie Hugh Nelson was born during the Great Depression. a time of significant economic hardship in the United States. Raised by his grandparents. Nelson found solace and inspiration in music from an early age. His grandmother taught him to play the guitar. setting the stage for what would become an illustrious career.
First Steps in Music
Nelson's initial foray into the music industry was fraught with challenges. He moved to Nashville, Tennessee, to pursue his dreams, but success did not come . Working as a songwriter, Nelson penned hits for other artists. which helped him gain a foothold in the competitive music scene. His songwriting skills contributed to his early earnings. laying the foundation for his net worth.
Rise to Stardom
Breakthrough Albums
The 1970s marked a turning point in Willie Nelson's career. His albums "Shotgun Willie" (1973), "Red Headed Stranger" (1975). and "Stardust" (1978) received critical acclaim and commercial success. These albums not only solidified his position in the country music genre. but also introduced his music to a broader audience. The success of these albums played a crucial role in boosting Willie Nelson net worth.
Iconic Songs
Willie Nelson net worth is also attributed to his extensive catalog of hit songs. Tracks like "Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain," "On the Road Again," and "Always on My Mind" have become timeless classics. These songs have not only earned Nelson large royalties but have also ensured his continued relevance in the music industry.
Acting and Film Career
Hollywood Ventures
In addition to his music career, Willie Nelson has also made a mark in Hollywood. His distinctive personality and on-screen presence have landed him roles in several films and television shows. Notable appearances include roles in "The Electric Horseman" (1979), "Honeysuckle Rose" (1980), and "Barbarosa" (1982). These acting gigs have added a significant amount to Willie Nelson net worth.
Television Appearances
Nelson's char
2. Banana bunchy top virus (BBTV) is one of the most serious
diseases of banana. Once established, it is extremely difficult
to eradicate or manage.
Family: Circoviridae
(from being circular,
round)
Genus: Nanovirus (from
being small, nanos =
dwarf)
3. Symptoms
Initially BBTV consist of dark
green streaks in the veins of
lower portions of the leaf
midrib and the leaf stem
(petiole). The streaks also
occur, but are less
prominent, in the veins of the
leaf blade (lamina). This
symptom is some- times
referred to as “Morse code
streaking” because the
streaks are irregular and
resemble a series of “dots”
and “dashes.”
4. :
The hook-like extensions
of the leaf lamina veins
can be seen in the
narrow, light-green zone
between the midrib and
the lamina, hooks point
down along the midrib
toward the petiole. They
can best be seen by
back-lighting the leaf
against the sky.
5. Symptoms
They appear to be “bunched” at
the top of the plant, the
symptom for which this disease
is named.
The new leaves emerge with
difficulty, are narrower than
normal, are wavy rather than
flat, and have yellow (chlorotic)
leaf margins.leaves are stiff and
erect, are shorter and narrower
than normal leaves.
6. Disease spread and development
Propagative materials such as
rhizomes, suckers, or tissue-
cultured meristems and over
short distances by the banana
aphid Pentalonia nigronervosa.
Banana aphid acquires the
virus after at least four (but
usually about 18) hours of
feeding on an infected plant.
Remains for a period of 15–20
days, i.e. through its adult life.
7. Nature of Damage:
Disease symptoms usually appear about a month after
infection.
The aphids are most likely to be hiding or feeding. This
includes the leaf petioles and the “pockets” where the petioles
separate from the pseudostem.
The inflorescence and fruit bunch either fail to form or fail to
emerge from the banana pseudostem.
Severely infected banana plants usually will not fruit, but if fruit
is produced, the banana hands and fingers are likely to be
distorted and twisted
8. Control Measures:
Minimise virus infection: Quarantine measures, the use of
virus-free propagating material, locating new plantations
away from older infected ones, and destroying all
volunteer banana plants.
Reduction in spread: Roguing of infected and
nearby plants seems to reduce the rate of virus spread.
Spraying with Insecticidal soaps.
Attempts to control the aphid vector with insecticides
have little effect on the spread of this virus.