Plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB) include rhizosphere and phyllosphere bacteria that can benefit plants. PGPB are classified as either rhizoplane bacteria that colonize roots, or intracellular bacteria that exist inside root cells. PGPB promote plant growth through various mechanisms including nitrogen fixation, siderophore production, phytohormone production, phosphate solubilization, induced systemic resistance, and antagonism against pathogens. While PGPB show potential for controlling plant diseases, their commercial use faces challenges in selection and characterization, field application, and commercialization due to natural variation, formulation and delivery issues, and high costs.
PHOSPHATE SOLUBILIZERS
INTRODUCTION
Phosphate SOLUBILIZERS are a group of beneficial micro-organisms capable of breaking down of organic and inorganic insoluble phosphorous compounds to soluble P form that can easily be assimilated by plants.
Phosphorous (P) is a major growth-limiting nutrient, Plants acquire phosphorus from soil solution as phosphate anion.
TYPES
MECHANISM
ISOLATION
INOCULANT PRODUCTION
INOCULANT APPLICATION
ROLE OF PHOSPHATE SOLUBILIZERS
PHOSPHATE SOLUBILIZERS
INTRODUCTION
Phosphate SOLUBILIZERS are a group of beneficial micro-organisms capable of breaking down of organic and inorganic insoluble phosphorous compounds to soluble P form that can easily be assimilated by plants.
Phosphorous (P) is a major growth-limiting nutrient, Plants acquire phosphorus from soil solution as phosphate anion.
TYPES
MECHANISM
ISOLATION
INOCULANT PRODUCTION
INOCULANT APPLICATION
ROLE OF PHOSPHATE SOLUBILIZERS
a detailed description of structural and biochemical mechanisms and importance of phytoalexins in plants and different types of phytoalexins produced the plants and its functions and importance in plant defense mechanism
Mycorrhiza Biofertilizer is also known as VAM (Myco = Fungal + rrhiza = roots) adheres to plants rhizoids leading to development of hyphae. Hyphae boost development and spreading of white root in to soil leading to significant increase in rhizosphere. These hyphae further penetrate and form arbuscules within the root cortical. VAM fungi form a special symbiotic relationship with roots of plant that can enhance growth and survivability of colonized plants. Mycorrhiza Biofertilizer is very useful in organic farming as well as normal commercial farming
Potassium
Potassium is the most abundant macronutrient in soils.
It is also the seventh most common element in the lithosphere which contains on average 2.6% potassium.
The total potassium content of Indian soils varies from 0.5 to 3.0%.
Biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) can be defined as the conversion of atmospheric dinitrogen (N2) to ammonia (NH3) under the combined action of biological and chemical activities
Biofertilizers is one such component of organic farming that keep the soil environment rich in all kinds of micro- and macro-nutrients via nitrogen fixation, phosphate and potassium solubilisation or mineralization, release of plant growth regulating substances, production of antibiotics and biodegradation of organic matter in the soil. When biofertilizers are applied as seed or soil inoculants, they multiply and participate in nutrient cycling and benefit crop productivity. In general, 60% to 90% of the total applied fertilizer is lost and the remaining 10% to 40% is taken up by plants. Biofertilizers improve soil fertility by fixing the atmospheric nitrogen and solubilising insoluble phosphates and produce plant growth-promoting substances in the soil.
a detailed description of structural and biochemical mechanisms and importance of phytoalexins in plants and different types of phytoalexins produced the plants and its functions and importance in plant defense mechanism
Mycorrhiza Biofertilizer is also known as VAM (Myco = Fungal + rrhiza = roots) adheres to plants rhizoids leading to development of hyphae. Hyphae boost development and spreading of white root in to soil leading to significant increase in rhizosphere. These hyphae further penetrate and form arbuscules within the root cortical. VAM fungi form a special symbiotic relationship with roots of plant that can enhance growth and survivability of colonized plants. Mycorrhiza Biofertilizer is very useful in organic farming as well as normal commercial farming
Potassium
Potassium is the most abundant macronutrient in soils.
It is also the seventh most common element in the lithosphere which contains on average 2.6% potassium.
The total potassium content of Indian soils varies from 0.5 to 3.0%.
Biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) can be defined as the conversion of atmospheric dinitrogen (N2) to ammonia (NH3) under the combined action of biological and chemical activities
Biofertilizers is one such component of organic farming that keep the soil environment rich in all kinds of micro- and macro-nutrients via nitrogen fixation, phosphate and potassium solubilisation or mineralization, release of plant growth regulating substances, production of antibiotics and biodegradation of organic matter in the soil. When biofertilizers are applied as seed or soil inoculants, they multiply and participate in nutrient cycling and benefit crop productivity. In general, 60% to 90% of the total applied fertilizer is lost and the remaining 10% to 40% is taken up by plants. Biofertilizers improve soil fertility by fixing the atmospheric nitrogen and solubilising insoluble phosphates and produce plant growth-promoting substances in the soil.
Contents:
Introduction
Definition of Green Revolution
History of Green Revolution
Methods used in Green Revolution
Basic Elements in Method of Green Revolution
Causes of Green Revolution
Effects of Green Revolution
Result/ Evaluation of Green Revolution
Advantages of Green Revolution
Limitations of Green Revolution
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Biocontrol of pathogens using siderophores, antibiotics, enzymes FOR STUDENTS...thirupathiSathya
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Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
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June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
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3. INTRODUCTION
• PGPB includes Rhizoplane and Phylloplane bacteria.
Rhizoplane Bacteria:
• “Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria”(PGPR).
• Term PGPR was first used by Joseph W. Kloepper
and Schroth in the late 1970s.
• PGPR are root colonizing (rhizosphere) bacteria
benificial to plants.
• Rhizosphere is the region around roots having high
microbial activity.
4. • Term Rhizosphere was
coined by German
agronomist Hiltner in
1904.
• Rhizoplane
The external surface of
roots together with closely
adhering soil particles and
debris.
5. DIVERSITY AMONG PGPRS
Diazotrophic PGPR
Nitrogen Fixation is one of the most beneficial
processes performed by rhizobacteria.
Rhizobacteria converts gaseous nitrogen (N2) to
ammonia (NH3) making it available to the host plant.
Nitrogenase enzyme is involved in nitrogen fixation
and requires anaerobic conditions.
Ex- Azospirillum, Bradyrhizobium, Rhizobium,
Serratia, Enterobacter , Burkholderia spp.
6. Bacillus
95% of Gram +ve soil bacilli belong to the genus
Bacillus.
The remaining 5% are confirmed to be Arthrobacter
and Frankia.
Members form endospores to survive under
adverse conditions.
Pseudomonas
Pseudomonas is the most abundant gram –ve genus
in rhizosphere.
The ecological diversity of this genus is enormous.
7. • Pseudomonas strains show high
versatility in their metabolic activity.
• Antibiotics, siderophores, HCN are
the metabolites released by these
strains.
8. Taxonomy of PGPB
Earlier bacterial taxonomy relied on phenotypic
traits like cell and colony morphologies.
Taxonomy revolutionized with the discovery of PCR
technique in 1983.
The gene sequences of 16S subunit of rRNA are
used to compare similarities among strains.
Nowadays characteristics of strains are studied
using FAME technique, Protein estimation by SDSPAGE technique and MLEE.
9. Classification of PGPR
On the basis of
1. Plant part they occupy
Intracellular (i-PGPR,
symbiotics)
Exist inside root cells.
Forms root nodules.
Ex- Rhizobium
Extracellular (e-PGPR,
free living
Exist in rhizosphere,on
rhizoplane, in intercellular
spaces of root cortex.
10.
11.
12. Siderophore Production
• Siderophores are high-affinity iron chelating
compounds secreted by microorganisms.
• Siderophores chelate ferric ion with high affinity,
allowing its solubilization and extraction from most
mineral or organic complexes.
• Bacterial siderophores classified into four main
classes carboxylate, hydroxamates, phenol
catecholates and pyoverdines.
14. Microbial Antagonism
Achieved through bacteriocins, antibiotics
hydrolytic enzymes,HCN production, SAR, ISR.
Antibiotics
PGPR produces
antibiotics and act as
antagonistic.
Biocontrol based on
Pathogen
antibiosis secretion of
molecules that kill
target pathogen
Antibiosis
ISR
Competition
15. Sr. Antibiotic
No
Source
Action against
1.
Pyrrolnitrin
P. Fluorescens
BL915 strain
Prevent the damage
of Rhizoctonia solani during
damping-off of cotton plants
2.
DAPG
Pseudomonas
spp.
Membrane damage
to Pythium spp.
3.
Phenazine
Pseudomonas
spp.
F. oxysporum,
Gaeumannomyces graminis
4.
Polymyxin,
circulin and
colistin
Bacillus spp.
Pathogenic fungi
5.
Zwittermicin A B. cereus UW85 Bio-control of alfalfa damping
strain
off
16. Production of Phytohormones
• Phytohormone production by PGPR was first
reported in 1940.
• Auxin and Ethylene are more commonly produced
hormone, Cytokinin is less common.
• Auxin promotes lateral root formation, cell division,
apical dominance etc.
• Among PGPR species, Azospirillum is one of the best
studied IAA producers (Dobbelaere et al., 1999)
17. ROOTS WITHOUT PGPR
ROOTS WITH PGPR
• Production of Gibberellins by PGPR is rare,
• However two strains have been reported, Bacillus
pumilis and Bacillus licheniformis.
19. • Strawberry fruits were harvested and transported
to the laboratory.
• Dipped in a suspension of B. cinerea conidia and
allowed to dry for 1 h.
• Then inoculated with bacterial suspensions.
• Control fruits dipped in conidia, dried and dipped in
nutrient broth diluted with sterile distilled water,
• Fruits were incubated for 4 days at 25°C, and then
observation was recorded.
Donmez et al., 2011
21. Result:
• No significant differences between CD-8, MFD-4,
MFD-18, MFDÜ-1 and control
• Highest percentage of gray mold infection (79.2%)
was observed in the control and
• Lowest (20.8%) was in MFD-45, followed by MFD81 (25.0%) and T26 (37.5%).
Conclusion:
PGPB were effective in biocontrol of Botrytis
cinerea on strawberry fruit.
22. Fixation of Atmospheric N2
• There are two types of biological fixation:
symbiotic and non-symbiotic.
• The first is the most important mechanism by which
most atmospheric N is fixed.
• It is limited to legume plant species and various trees
and shrubs that form actinorrhizal roots
with Frankia.
• Non-symbiotic N-fixing rhizospheric bacteria belongs
to genera including Azoarcus, Azospirillum,
and Pseudomonas
23. Most studied symbiotic bacteria are Rhizobium,
Bradyrhizobium, Sinorhizobium and Mesorhizobium
24. Induced Systemic Resistance
• PGPR interact with plant in a restricted area but
response is extended to whole plant.
• Salicylic acid, which plays a protective role in
acquired systemic resistance .
• While acquired systemic resistance is induced upon
pathogen infection, induced systemic resistance can
be stimulated by other agents, such as PGPB
inoculants.
• Plants inoculated with the biocontrol PGPB, P.
putida and Serratia marcescens were protected
against the cucumber pathogen P. syringae pv.
lachrymans.
Bashan &Bashan., (2005)
26. Role of siderophore in induction of SAR
• E. chrysanthemi produces two
siderophores
Achromobactin ( iron limiting
condition)
Chrysobactin (severe iron
deficiency)
The role of CB in induction of
SAR has been studied in
Arabidopsis- Erwinia
chrysanthemi system.
27. Cont.
Fig: PR1 gene expression and SA production in Arabidopsis leaves
following CB treatment (Dellagi et al., 2009).
28. Production of Enzymes
• Hydrolytic enzymes produced by some biocontrol PGPB
lyse specifically fungal cell walls, and thereby prevent
phytopathogens from proliferating .
• Ex. Pseudomonas stutzeri produces chitinase that lyse
cell wall of Fusarium solani.
• Another strategy is the hydrolysis of fungal products
harmful to the plant.
• Ex.Cladosporium werneckii and B. cepacia can hydrolyze
fusaric acid that causes severe damage to plants.
(Hillel, 2005)
32. Competition and Displacement of
Pathogens
• Competition for nutrients and suitable niches
among pathogens and is another mechanism of
biocontrol of some plant diseases.
• Ex- high inoculum level of Pseudomonas syringae
protected pears against Botrytis cinerea and
Penicillium expansum .
• Bacteria capable of multiplying on the leaf surface
to form a large population can compete successfully
with pathogens for these sites and often reduce
disease.
33. List of PGPRs
PGPR
Disease promoting
traits
References
Pseudomonas
fluorescens
IAA, HCN
Jeon et al. (2003)
Pseudomonas
fluorescens
IAA, Siderophore,
Antifungal activity
Dey et al. (2004)
Bacillus subtilis
Antifungal activity
Cazorla et al. (2007)
Bradyrhizobium spp.
IAA,Siderophore, HCN
Wani et al. (2007a)
Pseudomonas, Bacillus
, IAA and Siderophores
Wani et al. (2007e)
Azospirillum
amazonense
IAA, Nitrogenase activity
Elisete et al. (2008)
Rhizobium
leguminosarum
IAA, Siderophores, HCN,
Exopolysaccharides
Ahemad and Khan
(2009a)
34. PHYLLOPLANE BACTERIA
• Defined as populations that can
survive and multiply on the surface of
plants.
• Also called as epiphytic bacteria.
• survive in trichomes base,
substomatal chambers, hydathodes,
and especially, in between the
depressions along the junctions of
adjacent epithelial cells.
• They utilize similar mechanism for
controlling of pathogens like
antibiosis, siderophore production etc.
35. Location of the epiphytotic PGPB in tomato
P. macerans
P. macerans
B. pumilus
B. pumilus
control
control
36. Bacterial spot and early blight biocontrol by
epiphytotic bacteria in tomato plants
Filho et al., 2010
38. Conclusion
(I) Paenibacillus macerans and Bacillus pumilus
epiphytic bacteria and benzalkonium chloride reduce
Xanthomonas vesicatoria and Alternaria solani disease
severity in tomato plants.
(II) Epiphytic bacteria are able to inhibit the growth of
tested phytopathogens, and efficiently
colonize the phylloplane of tomato plants.
40. Challenges in Selection and
Characterization of PGPB
• Lack of proper selection and screening procedure
thus most promising organisms aren’t identified.
• Effective strategies for initial selection and
screening of PGPB isolates are required.
• Selection of PGPB with the potential to control soilborne pathogens
• Selection based on traits known to be associated
with PGPB such as root colonization, ACC
deaminase activity, antibiotic and siderophore
production.
41. Con…
Natural variation
Prediction how an organism will respond
when placed in the field (compared to the
controlled environment of a laboratory.
lack of consistency and many variation in
results that are obtained in field trials
PGPB bacteria will not live forever in a
soil/leaves, there is need to re-inoculate
seeds to bring back populations.
42. Challenges in Field Application
of PGPB
CHALLENGE
• Lack
of
consistent
performance in the field
due to heterogeneity of
abiotic and biotic factors.
KNOWLEDGE
MANAGEMENT
REMEDY
• Knowledge of factors
optimal
concentration,
timing and placement of
inoculant, and of soil and
crop
management
strategies
• concept of managing the
rhizosphere/phyllosphere
by manipulation of the
host plant, substrates for
PGPB,
or
through
agronomic practices.
44. •
•
•
•
Challenges in Commercialization of PGPB
Maintaining quality, stability, and efficacy of
the product.
Factors like shelf life, compatibility
considered while formulation development.
Non-target effects on other organisms
including toxigenicity, allergenicity,
pathogenicity.
Capitalization costs and potential markets
must be considered in the decision to
commercialize.
45. CONCLUSION
• PGPB has dual role as plant growth
promotion and as bioagent.
• They control the plant pathogen in
direct as well as indirect way.
• PGPB is available in nature but their
screening is not easy.
• It is included in IDM strategy for
controlling several plant pathogens.