This document provides an introduction to biopesticides, their types and uses. It discusses that biopesticides are formulations made from naturally occurring substances that control pests through non-toxic mechanisms. The main types discussed are microbial pesticides, plant-incorporated protectants, biochemical pesticides, botanical pesticides, and biotic agents. Specific microbial pesticides described include Bacillus thuringiensis, Pseudomonas fluorescens, and Trichoderma fungi. The document concludes by stating that biopesticides are generally safer and more environmentally friendly than chemical pesticides, though they may be less effective and require suitable conditions.
Mycorrhiza Biofertilizer is also known as VAM (Myco = Fungal + rrhiza = roots) adheres to plants rhizoids leading to development of hyphae. Hyphae boost development and spreading of white root in to soil leading to significant increase in rhizosphere. These hyphae further penetrate and form arbuscules within the root cortical. VAM fungi form a special symbiotic relationship with roots of plant that can enhance growth and survivability of colonized plants. Mycorrhiza Biofertilizer is very useful in organic farming as well as normal commercial farming
Biopesticide refers introduction of any living organism such as microorganism including bacteria , fungi , nematodes viruses, protozoa and parasitoids and predators that controls pests by biological non-toxic means e.g. Trichoderma sp., Bacillus thuringiensis, Beauveria etc.
Introduction :
Mycorrhizae are mutualistic symbiotic associations formed between the roots of higher plants and fungi.
Fungal roots were discovered by the German botanist A B Frank in the last century (1855) in forest trees such as pine.
In nature approximately 90% of plants are infected with mycorrhizae. 83% Dicots,79% Monocots and 100% Gymnosperms.
Convert insoluble form of phosphorous in soil into soluble form.
The presentation gives overview of production of secondary metabolites using callus culture as well as tissue culture techniques. Various batch and continuous culturing process are described on the basis of secondary metabolite to be synthesised.
Mycorrhiza Biofertilizer is also known as VAM (Myco = Fungal + rrhiza = roots) adheres to plants rhizoids leading to development of hyphae. Hyphae boost development and spreading of white root in to soil leading to significant increase in rhizosphere. These hyphae further penetrate and form arbuscules within the root cortical. VAM fungi form a special symbiotic relationship with roots of plant that can enhance growth and survivability of colonized plants. Mycorrhiza Biofertilizer is very useful in organic farming as well as normal commercial farming
Biopesticide refers introduction of any living organism such as microorganism including bacteria , fungi , nematodes viruses, protozoa and parasitoids and predators that controls pests by biological non-toxic means e.g. Trichoderma sp., Bacillus thuringiensis, Beauveria etc.
Introduction :
Mycorrhizae are mutualistic symbiotic associations formed between the roots of higher plants and fungi.
Fungal roots were discovered by the German botanist A B Frank in the last century (1855) in forest trees such as pine.
In nature approximately 90% of plants are infected with mycorrhizae. 83% Dicots,79% Monocots and 100% Gymnosperms.
Convert insoluble form of phosphorous in soil into soluble form.
The presentation gives overview of production of secondary metabolites using callus culture as well as tissue culture techniques. Various batch and continuous culturing process are described on the basis of secondary metabolite to be synthesised.
Mass production of bio pesticides and bio agents. balram2424
Detail Mass production of....
Trichoderma viride
Corcyra cephalonica
cryptolaemus montrouzieri
Trichogramma chilonis
Zygogramma bicolarata
Nuclear polyhydrosis virus of Helicoverpa armigera
Nuclear polyhydrosis virus of Spodoptera litura.
in this ppt you will get all detail mass production procedure of all mentioned above bio pesticides and bio agents.
Plant hormones (also known as plant growth regulators (PGRs) and phytohormones) are chemicals that regulate a plant's growth. Plant hormones on the other hand, are not like animal hormones, they are often not transported to other parts of the plant and production is not limited to specific locations. Plants lack tissues or organs specifically for the production of hormones; unlike animals, plants lack glands that produce and secrete hormones to be moved around the body. Plant hormones shape the plant, effecting seed growth, time of flowering, the sex of flowers, its longevity, senescence of leaves and fruits, they affect which tissues grow up and which grow downward, leaf formation and stem growth, fruit development and ripening, and even plant death. Hormones are vital to plant growth and lacking them plants would be mostly a mass of undifferentiated cells.
Plant growth regulators (also called plant hormones) are numerous chemical substances that profoundly influence the growth and differentiation of plant cells, tissues and organs.
Recent Advances in Biopesticides BY Ghulam Murtazamurtaza8513
Biopestides are being manufactured all across the world but due to limited resources the research in biopesticides is not upto the mark. however advancement has been made in recent decades to protect crops from the attack of different insect pest in order to meet the agricultural productivity.
What are the benefits of using Biopesticides in agricultureShivaniPadole
Biopesticides are pesticides made from natural materials like bacteria, animals, plants, and some minerals. Canola oil and baking soda, for instance, are Biopesticides because they can be used as pesticides. There were approximately 780 registered Biopesticides products and 195 registered active ingredients at the end of 2001.
The term biopesticides refers to compounds that are used to manage agricultural pests by means of specific biological effects. It refers to products containing biocontrol agents like natural substances such as plants, certain minerals, animals, micro organisms including their genes or metabolites.
PLANT PROTECTION:BIOLOGICAL,PHYSICAL AND MECHANICAL,CHEMICAL,BIOPESTICIDE
Biological pest control is the method of pest control using the natural enemies of pests, such as their parasites, pathogens and predators. In this method, the natural enemies are multiplied and released to the field by artificial means to fight the pests. Biological control method involves three main steps, namely inoculation, augmentation and conservation.
Mechanical controlThis is the procedure in which members of the pest species are trapped or killed by mechanical means, or are prevented from gaining access to the host plants by making barriers. Mechanical pest control has only limited application, though it is effective under certain circumstances. It is very effective in the initial stage of infestation of some insect pests, such as aphids, jassids, scale insects, etc. It can give spectacular results, if carried out as an organized campaign over a larger area.
Physical controlThis involves the deliberate modification of some physical factors to slow down the growth of pest population or to minimise or prevent pest infestation
Biopesticides are the organic pesticides obtained or prepared from living organisms. They are harmless to beneficial plants, but control the growth of harmful pests.
Capsicum (Capsicum annuum L.) commonly known as bhede khursani or sweet pepper or Shimla mirch belongs to solanaceae family.
It is native to Mexico with secondary centre of origin at Guatemala and Bulgaria (Safford, 1926).
It is a high value crop and its fruits are highly nutritious.
Hundred gram of edible portion of capsicum provides 24 k cal of energy, 1.3 g of protein 4.3 g of carbohydrate and 0.3 g of fat (Anon. 2001)
A presentation on cultivated cotton species in worldSantosh pathak
Cotton, the king of fibers, usually referred as white gold is soft, fluffy staple fiber that grows in a ball, or protective capsule, around the seed of cotton plants of the genus Gossypium.
The plant is shrub native to tropical and subtropical regions around the world, including the Americas, Africa ,and India.
Oilseeds crop is one of the most important cash crops grown in Nepal. Oilseeds are the crops grown for oil extraction from their seeds.
They are a very important component of semi- tropical and tropical agriculture, providing easily available and highly nutritious human and animal food.
Engineering methods to control soil erosionSantosh pathak
Engineering methods deal with the physical structures that stops or try to prevent the happening of soil erosion.
Bioengineering is different terms than the civil engineering. Bioengineering uses the plants or trees to prevent the soil erosion whereas civil engineering deals about the construction of dams, walls,terrace etc.
Refers to an animal in which there has been a deliberate modification of the genome - the material responsible for inherited characteristics - in contrast to spontaneous mutation.
Foreign DNA is introduced into the animal, using recombinant DNA technology,
Effect of Azotobactor inoculation with Nitrogen levels on Yield and Quality o...Santosh pathak
The important vegetable-cum-spice crops of Nepal botanically referred to as genus Capsicum.
The native to the Tropical South America and Brazil.
Two species such as C. annuum and C. frutescens are commonly cultivated throughout the world.
India-largest producer of chilli in the world (Khan and Raj, 2006)
Good source of vitamins A, C, E, B1and B2, Potassium, phosphorus and calcium
According to Hardy (England,1908) and Weinberg (Germany,1909), gene and genotype frequency of a Mendelian population remain constant generation after generation unless there is selection,mutation,migration or random drift.
Gene interactions occur when two or more different genes influence the outcome of a single trait
Epistasis is a phenomenon in which the expression of one gene depends on the presence of one or more modifier genes.
A gene whose phenotype is expressed is called epistatic.
Presentation on diseases of cotton plants Santosh pathak
Cotton is a soft, fluffy staple fiber that grows in a boll, or protective capsule, around the seeds of cotton plants of the genus Gossypium.
Cotton is the king of fibres, usually referred as white gold .
Current estimates for world production are about 25 million tones annually, accounting for 2.5% of the worldˋs arable land. China is the worldˋs largest producer of cotton, but most of this is used domestically
Mushrooms are well known human diet from ancient which have both beneficial and harmful effects .
Some of the mushrooms are known for their nutritional and therapeutical uses whereas some other are known for their toxicity.
Different substances belonging to mushroom poisons are already identified and are related to different signs and symptoms.
Show carcinogenicity, alterations in respirations and cardiac rates, renal failure, rhabdomyolysis (breaking of muscle cells) and other effects are toxicity symptoms of various species including edible and therapeutic ones
SALT is a diversified farming system which can be considered agroforestry since rows of permanent shrubs like coffee, cacao, citrus and other fruit trees are dispersed throughout the farm plot.
The strips not occupied by permanent crops, however, are planted alternately to cereals (corn, upland rice, sorghum, etc.) or other crops (sweet potato, melon, pineapple, castor bean, etc.) and legumes (soybean, mung bean, peanut, etc.).
Maize occupies second position after rice in Nepal.It is a main staple food crop of more than 55% of the people of Nepal.It can be used as cattle feed and fodder also. Depending upon the altitude it is grown during winter, summer and rainy season.Although the major area is under rainy season crop and the productivity is higher in winter season crop. More than 80% of the maize is grown in hills (70% in mid hill and 10% in high hill) and about 20% in terai and inner terai region of Nepal.
Erosion refers to detachment and transport of soil and soil materials by water, wind, ice or gravity.
No soil phenomenon is more destructive worldwide than the erosion caused by wind and water. Erosion damages the site on which it occurs and also has undesirable effects off-site in the larger environment.
Bio engineering methods and their control for soil erosionSantosh pathak
integrated technology that uses sound engineering practices in conjuction with ecological principles to: design & construct vegetative living system to prevent erosion,
stabilize shallow areas of soil instability, protect and enhance healthy system. uses live plant materials and flexible engineering techniques to eliminate environmental problems.
EVALUATION OF PERFORMANCE OF COWPEA (Vigna unguiculata L) VARIETIES IN AGRON...Santosh pathak
it is the first experiment conducted by our team in agronomic crops. the site was lamjung campus, lamjung Nepal. It was done to know the performance of different varites of cowpea
3. INTRODUCTION
Biopesticide is a formulation made from naturally occurring
substances that controls pests by non toxic mechanisms and in
ecofriendly manner.
Biopesticides may be derived from animals (e.g. nematodes), plants
(Chrysanthemum, Azadirachta) and micro-organisms (e.g. Bacillus
thuringiensis, Trichoderma, nucleopolyhedrosis virus), and include
living organisms (natural enemies) etc.
However, biopesticides are generally less toxic to the user and are
non-target organisms, making them desirable and sustainable tools for
disease management.
4. Advatages of biopesticides
Inherently less harmful and less environmental load,
Designed to affect only one specific pest or, in some cases, a few
target organisms,
Often effective in very small quantities and often decompose quickly,
thereby resulting in lower exposures and largely avoiding the
pollution problems .
When used as a component of Integrated Pest Management (IPM)
programs, biopesticides can contribute greatly.
6. Microbial Pesticides
• Microbial pesticides are composed of microscopic living organisms
(viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoa, or nematodes) or toxin produced by
these organisms
• Applied as conventional insecticidal sprays, dusts, or granules.
• Their greatest strength is their specificity as most are essentially
nontoxic and non pathogenic to animals and humans.
• Microbial pesticides includes insecticides, fungicides, herbicides and
growth regulators of microbial origin.
7. Some of the important microbial pesticides
a. Bacillus thuringiensis
• Discovered in Japan in early 20th century and first become a
commercial product in France in 1938.
• Control lepidopterous pests like
American bollworm in cotton
and stem borers in rice.
Fig: Bacillus thuringiensis
• When ingested by pest larvae, Bt releases toxins which damage the
mid gut of the pest, eventually killing it.
• Main sources for the production of Bt preparations are the strains of
the subspecies kurstaki, galeriae and dendrolimus
8. b. Agrobacterium radiobacter (Agrocin)
•Agrobacterium radiobacter is used to treat roots during transplanting,
that checks crown gall.
•Crown gall is a disease in peaches, grapevine, roses and various plants
caused by soil borne pathogen Agrobacterium tumefaciensm.
•The effective strains of A. radiobacter posses two important features:
They are able to colonize host roots to a higher population density.
They produce an antibiotic, agrocin, that is toxic to A. tumefaciens.
9. c. Pseudomonas fluorescens (Phenazine)
•This bacteria is used to control damping off caused by Pythium sp.,
Rhizoctonia solani, Gaeumannomyces graminis.
•It has ability to grow quickly in the rhizosphere
d. Trichoderma Fig: Pseudomonas
•Trichoderma is a fungicide effective against soil born diseases such as
root rot.
•This is also used against Necteia
galligena, that causes silver leaf
disease of fruit trees by entering
through pruning wounds.
Fig. spores of Trichoderma
10. e. Metarizium anisopliae
•It infects spittlegbugs, rhinoceros beetles.
f. Beauveria bassiana
• Controls Colorado potato beetle.
g. Verticillum lecanii:
•Controls aphids and whiteflies.
h. Nomuraea riley:
• Controls soybean caterpillars.
i.Baculoviruses(Bvs)
• Control lepidopterous and hymenopterous pests.
•Rod shaped, circular double stranded super coiled DNA.
Fig: Metarhizium anisopliae
Fig:Beauveria
11. Plant-incorporated-protectants (PIPs)
• Pesticidal substances that plant produce from the genetic material that
has been added to the plant.
• As the pest feed on such plants they will eventually die.
Botanical pesticides:
• These are naturally occurring plant material that may be crude
preparation of the plant parts ground to produce a dust or powder that
can be used in full strength or dilute form in a carrier such as clay, talc
or diatomaceous earth.
• “Azadirachtin” effects the reproductive and digestive procees of pest.
• Several plant based insecticides as nicotinoids, natural pyrethrins,
rotenoids, neem products etc are used.
13. 4.Biochemical pesticides
• They are naturally occurring substance to control pest by non-toxic
mechanisms.
• Biochemical pesticides include substances as insect sex pheromones,
that interfere with
mating that attract insect pest
to traps.
• The synthetic attractants-
are used in one of four ways:
i. As a lure in traps used to monitor pest populations;
ii. As a lure in traps designed to “trap out” a pest population;
iii. As a broadcast signal intended to disrupt insect mating
iv. As an attractant in a bait containing an insecticide
Fig:weevil pheromone trap
14. Biotic agents/Natural enemies
Predators
• They consume several to many prey over the course of their
development, they are free living and they are usually as big as or
bigger than their prey.
lady beetles, rove beetles, many ground beetles, lacewings, true bugs
such as Podisus and Orius, syrphid fly larvae, mantids, spiders, and
mites such as Phytoseiulus and Amblyseius.
•
• ftf
Fig:lady bird beetle
Fig: Lacewings
15. Parasitoids
• Parasitoids are almost the same size as their hosts, and their
development always kills the host insect.
• An adult parasitoid deposits one or more eggs into or onto the body of
a host insect or somewhere in the host’s habitat.
• The larva that hatches from each egg feeds internally or externally on
the host’s tissues and body fluids, consuming it slowly.
• Later in development, the host dies and the parasitoid pupates inside
or outside of the host’s body.
• Bathyplectes, trichogramma, encarsia, muscidifurax etc.
Fig: Trichogramma
16. Conclusion
• Biopesticides are typically microbial biological pest control that are
applied in a manner similar to chemical pesticides.
• Available in different formulations
• Also used to control soil borne and seed borne fungal pathogens
• Disadvantages of them are, high specificity, slow speed of action and
their requirement of suitable condition for their survival.
• Eventhough, biopesticides are best for controlling the pests of
agriculture then the chemicals
• Therefore there should be more works on production on biopesticides
and encourage people to use biopesticides to control the pests.