Biopesticides - Main things included with practical knowledge

1. BY : KHUSHI PATEL (BBT-2-19019)
RADHIKA PALIWAL (BBT-2-19022)
SANYUKTA KATOCH (BBT-2-19023)
AAYESHA SHAIKH (BBT-2-19024)

2. bIOPESTICIDES
• BIO means involving life or living
organism.
• PESTICIDE mixture of substances
intended for preventing, destroying
or controlling any pest.
• Bio-pesticides are ecofriendly
pesticides which are obtained from
naturally occurring
substances(biochemicals), microbes
and plants

3. CHEMICAL PESTICIDES
ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
• Inherently less harmful and less
environment load
• Designed to affect only one specific pest.
• Lower exposure and largely avoiding the
pollution problems.
• IPM (Integrated pest management)
• genetic variations in plant populations
• reduction of beneficial species
• damage to the environment or water
bodies
• poisoning of food and health problems
such as cancer
• Contamination in air
• Side effects on non target insects
• Increased resistant to chemical
pesticides

4. Need of Biopesticides
• Proper pest management is important factor for
healthy and high yielding crop to fulfil the food
demand for increasing population.
• They have been the main cause of insect
resistance as well as adverse impacts on natural
enemies and humans.

6. Biochemical Pest Control
• They are naturally occurring substance to
control pest by non toxic mechanism.
• The chemical must exhibit a mode of action
other than direct toxicity in the target pest
• The chemical must naturally occurring or if
synthesized then structurally it should same
(analog)

7. Types
1) SEMIOCHEMICALS – these are the chemicals which change the behavior of
receptor organism.
• Pheromones- are substances emitted by members of one species which modify the
behavior of another within the same species. eg. Sex hormones by the moths and
butterflies
• Allelomones- these are chemicals emitted by one species, which modify the
behavior of different species to the benefit of the emitting species. Eg. Oil of
citronella grass as a insect repellent

8. 2) HORMONES - hormones are biological agents that are
synthesized in one part of an organism and translocated to
another part, where they have controlling, regulating or
behavioral effects.
• Molting Hormone or Ecdysteriods- water soluble steroid in insect, they
are still in research because of there high production cost.
• Juvenile hormones- insect produce it in there immature development.
Natural hormones called juvenile and synthesized active analog called
as a juvenoids. Both are affect on insect development.
.

9. 3) Natural plant regulators (phytohormones/plant hormones)- inhibitory,
stimulatory or other modifying effect on same or other species of plant.
• Auxin - auxin precursor,
synthesized product - IAA, NAA, IBA.
Elongation of cells, enhance rooting of
cuttings, increasing of flowering
• Gibberelins - gibberelic acid (cell division and
elongation)
Uses - delay yellowing, breaking the
dormancy, increase in stalk
length and fruit set and yield.
• Cytokinines - natural (zeatin) and synthetically
(kinetin and adenine )
Uses - cell division and regulation of
differentiation in plant parts.

10. • Inhibitors - Physiological process in plant regulation growth, germination of
seed, or the action of hormones.
Eg. Benzoic acid, Gallic acid, cinnamic acid, abscisic acid.
4) Enzymes - protein molecules.
•Helpful in expression of gene action and it catalyze chemical reaction.

11. Microbial pest control
• Composed of microscopic living
organism or toxin (produced by
them)
• The pathogens and parasites are
isolated and mass produced for the
use as commercial biological
pesticides.
• It consists of a microorganism as an
active ingredient (target pest)
• Insecticides, herbicides, fungicides
and growth regulators.

12. Types with Examples
• Bacterial biopesticide - B. thuringiensis, B. popilliae, B. Sphaericus, B.
muritai
• Fungal biopesticide - Aspergillus, Coelomomyces fusarium, Hirsutella.
• Viral biopesticide - Baculoviruses, iridoviruses, entomopoxiviruses.
• Protozoan biopesticide - Nosema pyrausta, Nosema locustae.

13. Bacillus thuringiensis
(gram positive, spore-forming soil bacterium)
• First discovered in 1901.
• Insecticidal property resides in cry
family (parasporal property) with cry
genes.
• Cry toxins – feeding cessation and death
• Subspecies - kurstaki and aizawa.
• Occurs naturally in gut of caterpillars,
leaf surfaces, etc
• Uses: production of biological
insecticides and insect-resistant
genetically modified crops.

14. Bacterial biopesticides - application
Bacillus thuringiensis
• Bt - plant foliage, genetic material of crops
• Toxic to the caterpillars (larvae) of moths and
butterflies (Bt kurstaki).
• Used in controlling mosquitoes and black flies.
• Highly active on Diamond back moth
Preparation
i. (field crops and orchards)
ii. Powder is mixed with small quantity of water to
prepare an uniform suspension.
iii. Waxy coating – use of sticker or surfactant
BT toxin

16. Mode of action - fungi
Conidia Hypha Mycelia
germinates penetrates
• The fungi attack the host via integument or gut
epithelium and establish their conidia in the joints
and integument.

17. Fungal biopesticide
• Prepared from entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana that infects
insect pests.
• Most effective against caterpillar pests of vegetables and fruit plants and sucking
pests like mites and spiders of vegetables and flowers, borer, etc
• Highly effective against rice hispa.
• Preparation (foliar spray)
i. 400-500 g in ½ ha
ii. Mix 5 g in 1 l water and spray on the plant parts.
iii. For soil drench: 250-500 g/3 ha

18. Viral Biopesticides
• Baculoviruses are known to infect insects. Immature (larval) forms of
lepidopteran species (moths and butterflies) are the most common hosts
Nuclear polyhedrosis virus Granulosis
• NPV (rod shaped, double stranded DNA)
• A. NPV (Helicoverpa): It is highly active on Helicoverpa armigera pest of cotton,
gram, pea, pigeon pea, tomato, cabbage, groundnut, millets, oil seeds and
roses.
• B. NPV (Spodoptera): The biopesticides prepared from this bioagent is highly
effective against S .litura caterpillar, pest of cotton, gram, pigeon pea, cabbage,
tomato, chillies and oil seed crops.

19. • Treatments: Dose: 250 – 500 ml/ha.
• Method:
i) Shake the bottle properly and prepare a
solution @ 1 ml/litre of water.
ii) Spray the solution 2-3 times at 10-15 days
interval.
iii)Spray preferably in the evening and on
young larval stages or on sighting of egg
laying.
NPV

20. • Granulosis (budded/occulded, single stranded DNA)
• Attacks C.pomonella, a problematic pest for fruit trees
• They enter through ingestion, similar to NPV
• Biocontrol agents:
Include Cydia pomonella GV (codling moth)
Phthorimaca operculella GV (potato tuber moth)
•
Electron Microscope 3D Model
CpGV

21. Protozoan Biopesticide
• Although they infect pests, induce chronic and debilitates effect on taget
pests but use of protozoa as biopesticide is not very successful.
Noseuma pyrausta Nosema locustae
Infects European corn
borer,
Ostrinia nubilalis
Infects grasshoppers
Spores eaten by corn borer
larvae germinates in the
midgut and injects
sporoplasm in the midgut
cell
Most effective when
injested by nymphal stages
of grasshoppers and kills
them within 3-6 weeks post
infection
The embryo and hatched
larvae are infected
Not all infected grasshopper
are killed by this protozoan
infection

22. Developmental stages and spores
of Nosema locustae
Impact of Nosema pyrausta
on sugarcane borer

23. Plant-incorporated protectants
• Plant incorporated protectants PIP’S- are plants that have genes inserted
such that they produce pesticides within their own tissue.
• Plant-incorporated protectants are pesticidal substances produced by
plants and the genetic material necessary for the plant to produce the
substance.
• It is a form of genetic engineering i.e. direct manipulation of an
organism’s gene using rDNA technology.
• Genetically engineered plants are called GM crops.
• PIPs is a easy, quick, efficient and safe way to ward off harmful pests.

25. Plant-incorporated protectants
Cry toxin
Cry gene found in the plasmid of Bacillus thuringiensis codes for delta endotoxins which act
against Arthropods
Mechanism of insecticidal action
When insects ingest toxin crystals, their alkaline digestive tracts denature the insoluble
crystals, making them soluble and thus amenable to being cut with proteases found in the
insect gut, which liberate the toxin from the crystal. The Cry toxin is then inserted into the
insect gut cell membrane, paralyzing the digestive tract and forming a pore.The insect stops
eating and starves to death. The midgut bacteria of susceptible larvae may be required for B.
thuringiensis insecticidal activity

27. Plant-incorporated protectants
Bt Maize
variant of maize that has been genetically
altered to express one or more proteins
from the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis
including Delta endotoxins.
Wards off the European corn borer causes
about a billion dollars in damage to corn
crops each year
Bt Cotton
Genetically modified version of cotton,
resistant to bollworm.
ineffective against plant bugs, stink bugs,
and aphids
In 2011, India grew the largest GM cotton
crop at 10.6 million hectares.
GMO crops
Plant genomes can be engineered by physical methods or by use of Agrobacterium for
the delivery of sequences hosted in T-DNA binary vectors. In most cases, the aim is to
introduce a new trait to the plant which does not occur naturally in the species
Mechanism of
Cotton boll (a) non Bt cotton
destroyed by bollworms (b) Bt
(a
)
(b
)

28. Plant-incorporated protectants
• Advantages
- Decreased dependence on pesticides
- Increase in total yield
- Cost effective
- Protects neighboring non GMO crops as well
• Disadvantages
- Resistant pests
- Health and safety concerns
- Environmental impacts Risk Assessment of genetically modified
plants

29. Conventional pesticides v/s
biopesticides
• Conventional biopesticide also known as agrochemicals are synthetic lab
made pesticides. They work by directly killing or inactivating pests.
• Biopesticides, on other hand, are naturally occurring bioactive
substances/organisms.
Although biopesticides do not provide a “Quick Kill” – but supress pest so
that they can be managed overtime.
Biopesticides decompose quickly and leave fewer residues on food and in
the environment.

30. Highly-targeted approach-selectivity
• One of the major difference between biopesticides and agrochemicals is
selectivity.
• Agrochemicals are broad-spectrum. Therefore they may have a negative
impact on other non-harmful species in the environment.
• Biopesticides tend to be highly targeted to specific pests.
Example :- Bacillus thuringiensis comes in many strains and sub-species for
different pest.

31. Why haven’t biopesticides replaced
conventional pesticides?
• They are highly specific in mode of action
• Have slow and steady speed of action
• Having often variable efficacy due to the influences of various biotic and
abiotic factors
• Biopesticides are certain types of pesticides derived from such natural
materials as animals, plants, bacteria, and certain minerals which might
have eco-ethical issues too.
• Have very specific application requirements, growers need training to
use biopesticides effectively.
• Biopesticides aren’t available for all kind of pests- in some cases, a
synthetic agrochemical is the only option.
• Compatibility with agrochemicals.

32. MODEL/E-POSTER
Fresh neem leaves are
used in the making of the
the homemade pesticide.
Neem leaves tea is made
in distilled or filtered
water.
AIM- TO MAKE A HOMEMADE BIOPESTICIDES TO USE ON A HOUSEPLANT AND
PROTECT IT FROM BUGS AND PEST.
REQUIREMENTS- -HOUSE PLANT-FRESH NEEM LEAVES-ANY OIL-ANY
DETERGENT-SPRAY BOTTLE
Alternative method
includes neem seeds
powder allowed to sit in
water for few hours.
-Neem oil is also used.
Oil and detergent is
added to the mixture n
allowed to sit for a while.
This is our homemade
biopesticide ready to use.
It is sprayed on leaves as
well as the base of the
plant once every week.
EPIPREMNUM AUREUM WITH PEST [mealy
bugs] ON ITS LEAVES.

33. RESULT/CONCLUTION;
After the continuous use of our homemade
pesticide, we could see the mealy bugs not there
on the plant as well as repelled many bugs and
pest such as aphids, caterpillars etc.