The document discusses biocontrol agents and their uses. It begins with an introduction to the topic and a definition of biocontrol. It then describes the different types of biocontrol agents including parasitoids, predators, and entomopathogens. Specific examples are provided for each type. The document also discusses the history of biocontrol, techniques used, and concludes with details on how certain biocontrol agents can be applied for pest control in agriculture.
Biological control (from the ecological viewpoint) is, “the action of parasites, predators, or pathogens in maintaining another organism's population density at a lower average than would occur in their absence.”
Release of large numbers of insectary reared natural enemies with the goal of “augmenting” natural enemy populations or “inundating” pest populations with natural enemies.
Biological control (from the ecological viewpoint) is, “the action of parasites, predators, or pathogens in maintaining another organism's population density at a lower average than would occur in their absence.”
Release of large numbers of insectary reared natural enemies with the goal of “augmenting” natural enemy populations or “inundating” pest populations with natural enemies.
The term biopesticides refers to compounds that are used to manage agricultural pests by means of specific biological effects. It refers to products containing biocontrol agents like natural substances such as plants, certain minerals, animals, micro organisms including their genes or metabolites.
the topic which contains the basic aspects regarding biological control of pest and also mass production aspects of some biological entomopathogenic agents.and different types of biological agents in management of pest
Commonly used European and western country used that predatory mite.
In especially green house crops to manage phytophagous mite along with thrips.
Predatory mites deserve special mention in an agricultural country like India, where agriculture is always under threat of constant pest attack.
Predatory mites of the family phytoseiidae constitute a highly significant beneficial group on account of their vital role in the maintenance of pest population below EIL.
Predatory mites are now valued with growers worldwide as natural enemies that provide effective pest control in green house and on agricultural crops
Phytoseiid mites have received global attention since the 1950’s.
The species of Phytoseiidae are potentially important as a biotic factor in the control of phytophagous mites particularly Tetranychid and Eriophid mites.
Mass multiplication
insect pest controlled via microbes, microbial control, bacteria used for control, fungi used for control, virus used for control, some other microbes used for control, name of microbes economically used
This ppt is a part of the online lecture for the undergraduate botany students of Government First Grade College Yelahanka , Bangalore by Dr P B Mallikharjuna
Biological Control to Maintain Natural Densities of Insects and Mites by Fiel...Premier Publishers
In the present study, the biological control of insects and mites to maintain their natural densities by field releases of lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) is analyzed. Female lady beetles may lay from 20 to more than 1000 eggs over a one to three month period, near prey such as aphids in protected sites on leaves and stems. Lady beetles have hefty appetites and one tiny alligator like larva can eat over two dozen aphids a day, and single adult can eat over twice of that much. In other words, one larva will eat about 400 medium-size aphids during its development to pupal stage and an adult lady beetle may eat over 5,000 aphids during its lifetime (about a year). Usually, reddish-orange lady beetles eat aphids, and darker ones more often eat spider mites, whiteflies and scale insects. The best time to release lady beetles into garden is late in afternoon or at sundown, which can encourage them to stay for night and find suitable food and protection. Dampen the ground or plants before releasing of lady beetles, can encourage them to stay and drink water. About 1000 lady beetles can rid an acre of ground from most of soft-bodied pests and release beetles at base of plants at 20 feet apart or more so that they can hunt for food. Ability of collected lady beetles to reproduce is suspended (reproductive diapause), so eggs are not produced for several weeks after release. Pre-fed lady beetles prior to release can allow some eggs maturation, but few researchers or companies also provide such pre-conditioned lady beetles. The trends of prey devouring demonstrate profound effects that lady beetle may have on target and non-target pests, and highlight their importance for initiating of biological control programs.
IPM is an ecosystem-based strategy that focuses on long-term prevention of pests or their damage through a combination of techniques such as biological control, habitat manipulation, modification of cultural practices, and use of resistant varieties. Pesticides are used only after monitoring indicates they are needed according to established guidelines, and treatments are made with the goal of removing only the target organism. Pest control materials are selected and applied in a manner that minimizes risks to human health, beneficial and nontarget organisms, and the environment.
Characteristics of pet/virus , plant disease , pest life cycle, regarding and repeating plant disease , selecting treatment methods, Control plant pest / virus .
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
The term biopesticides refers to compounds that are used to manage agricultural pests by means of specific biological effects. It refers to products containing biocontrol agents like natural substances such as plants, certain minerals, animals, micro organisms including their genes or metabolites.
the topic which contains the basic aspects regarding biological control of pest and also mass production aspects of some biological entomopathogenic agents.and different types of biological agents in management of pest
Commonly used European and western country used that predatory mite.
In especially green house crops to manage phytophagous mite along with thrips.
Predatory mites deserve special mention in an agricultural country like India, where agriculture is always under threat of constant pest attack.
Predatory mites of the family phytoseiidae constitute a highly significant beneficial group on account of their vital role in the maintenance of pest population below EIL.
Predatory mites are now valued with growers worldwide as natural enemies that provide effective pest control in green house and on agricultural crops
Phytoseiid mites have received global attention since the 1950’s.
The species of Phytoseiidae are potentially important as a biotic factor in the control of phytophagous mites particularly Tetranychid and Eriophid mites.
Mass multiplication
insect pest controlled via microbes, microbial control, bacteria used for control, fungi used for control, virus used for control, some other microbes used for control, name of microbes economically used
This ppt is a part of the online lecture for the undergraduate botany students of Government First Grade College Yelahanka , Bangalore by Dr P B Mallikharjuna
Biological Control to Maintain Natural Densities of Insects and Mites by Fiel...Premier Publishers
In the present study, the biological control of insects and mites to maintain their natural densities by field releases of lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) is analyzed. Female lady beetles may lay from 20 to more than 1000 eggs over a one to three month period, near prey such as aphids in protected sites on leaves and stems. Lady beetles have hefty appetites and one tiny alligator like larva can eat over two dozen aphids a day, and single adult can eat over twice of that much. In other words, one larva will eat about 400 medium-size aphids during its development to pupal stage and an adult lady beetle may eat over 5,000 aphids during its lifetime (about a year). Usually, reddish-orange lady beetles eat aphids, and darker ones more often eat spider mites, whiteflies and scale insects. The best time to release lady beetles into garden is late in afternoon or at sundown, which can encourage them to stay for night and find suitable food and protection. Dampen the ground or plants before releasing of lady beetles, can encourage them to stay and drink water. About 1000 lady beetles can rid an acre of ground from most of soft-bodied pests and release beetles at base of plants at 20 feet apart or more so that they can hunt for food. Ability of collected lady beetles to reproduce is suspended (reproductive diapause), so eggs are not produced for several weeks after release. Pre-fed lady beetles prior to release can allow some eggs maturation, but few researchers or companies also provide such pre-conditioned lady beetles. The trends of prey devouring demonstrate profound effects that lady beetle may have on target and non-target pests, and highlight their importance for initiating of biological control programs.
IPM is an ecosystem-based strategy that focuses on long-term prevention of pests or their damage through a combination of techniques such as biological control, habitat manipulation, modification of cultural practices, and use of resistant varieties. Pesticides are used only after monitoring indicates they are needed according to established guidelines, and treatments are made with the goal of removing only the target organism. Pest control materials are selected and applied in a manner that minimizes risks to human health, beneficial and nontarget organisms, and the environment.
Characteristics of pet/virus , plant disease , pest life cycle, regarding and repeating plant disease , selecting treatment methods, Control plant pest / virus .
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Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
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optics at visible wavelengths.
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Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
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Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
2. Course Seminar
On
Bio-control agents and their uses
Mr. R. N. NISHAD
Ph. D. Scholar
Department of Entomology
Narendra Deva University of Agriculture & Technology,
Faizabad – 224229 (U.P.)
4. What is bio-control?
Bio-control can be simply defined as the
application of one living organism to control
another.
Bio-control is a method of controlling pests
such as insects, mites, weeds and plant diseases
by using other organisms. This process is also
referred to a biological control.
5. The production of food grain should increase to 250 million
tones by the year 2020 in order to meet the needs of the growing
population. The environmental pollution caused by excessive use and
misuse of agrochemicals, has led to considerable changes in people’s
attitudes towards the use of pesticides in agriculture. So in present
scenario biological control have significant role in reduce the effects of
pests and diseases along with environmental effects. Biocontrol have
important role in IPM today with following aspects.
(1) Biological control is less costly and cheaper than any other
methods.
(2) Biocontrol agents give protection to the crop throughout the crop
period.
(3) They do not cause toxicity to the plants.
(4) Application of biocontrol agents is safer to the environment and to
the person who applies them.
(5) They multiply easily in the soil and leave no residual problem.
(6) It increases the crop yield .
(7) Biocontrol agents are very easy to handle and apply to the target.
(8) Biocontrol agent can be combined with bio-fertilizers.
(9) They are easy to manufacture.
Continued..
6. Biological control practices involve 3 major techniques ,i.e.
Introduction
Augmentation
Conservation.
1. Introduction or classical biological control: It is
deliberate introduction and establishment of natural
enemies to a new locality where they did not occur or
originate naturally.
2. Augmentation: It is the mass rearing and releasing of
natural enemies to supplement the numbers of naturally
occurring natural enemies .
3. Conservation: It is the action taken to preserve and
increase natural enemies by environmental manipulation.
The microbial biocontrol agents are applied in field
generally by 3 ways; i. Seed treatment ii. Soil application
iii. Foliar application.
Continued..
Sources: www.wikipedia.com
7. HISTORY OF BIO-CONTROL
900 A.D. – First time use of insect predators, red ants
( Oecophylla smaragdina) by Chinese growers to control leaf
chewing insects.
1762- Introduction of Indian mynah bird, Gracula religiosa
from India to control red locust, Nomadacris septemfaciata.
1888- First successful control of insect cottony cushion
scale ( Icerya purchasi) a pest of citrus in California by using
a predator, Vedalia beetle( Rodalia cardinalis )on large scale.
1898- Predator, Cryptolaemus montrouzieri introduced
from Austr.alia into South India for control for citrus mealy
bug.
1929- Rodalia cardinalis introduced into India (TN) for
control of insect cottony cushion scale ( Icerya purchasi).
Sources: Reddy, D.S. (2014) Applied entomology
8. Continued..
1937- Aphelinus mali introduced in to Coonor (TN, India)
from North America to control apple wooly aphid, Eriosoma
lanigerum.
1960- Spogosia bezziana (Tachinid parasitoids) introduced
from Srilanka into India for control of black headed caterpillar,
Opisina arenosella
1979- Eswarmoorthy and David first reportd granulosis visus
infection of Chilo infuscatellus.
1981- India first private insectary, Biocontrol Research
laboratory was established at Banglore.
Bio-control Organization in India
Nation Bureau of Agriculturally important insects
[Formely Project Directorate of Biological Control
(PDBC) ] was established in 1993 at Bangalore,
Karnataka, India.
9. Types of bio-control agents:
1. Parasitoids
2. Predators
3. Entomopathogens
i. Entomopathogenic bacteria
ii. Baculoviruses
iii. Entomo-fungi
iv. Protozoans
v. Entomopathogenic Nematodes(EPN)
11. Egg Parasitoids
Trichogramma spp. (Small
Wasp)
•Length – 0.4-0.7mm
•Egg period – 16-24 hrs
•Larval period – 2-3 days
•Pre pupal period – 2 days
•Pupal period – 2-3 days
•Total life cycle – 8-10 days (summer)
9-12 days (winter)
•Host: Lepidopteran pests
12. Species Quantity &
Application
Insect Crop
T. chilonis 50000-100000
pupa/ha , 4-6
time at 8-10
days interval
Stem borer,
DBM, shoot &
fruit borer
Okra, Brinjal,
sugarcane,
maize, Cole
crops .
T. japonicum 50000-75000
pupa/ha, 4-6
time at 8-10
days interval
Stem borer,
leaf roller ,
shoot & fruit
borer.
Sugarcane ,
paddy, Brin.jal
T. brasiliensis 50000-75000
pupa/ha, 4-6
time at 8-10
days interval
Fruit borer and
Boll worms
Cotton, tomato
T. pretiosum 50000-75000
pupa/ha4-6
time at 8-10
days interval,
Fruit borer,
DBM
Cotton ,
tomato,
cauliflower
T. bactrae 50000-75000
pupa/ha, 4-6
time at 8-10
days interval
DBM Cole crops .
Application of Tricogramma spp.
13. Found all over India
where pyrilla is present.
Parasitization:60%
eggs of pyrilla.
More effective in July
to October & November
Telenomus spp. & Tetrastichus spp
Egg Parasitoid
Tetrastichus spp. & Telenomus spp.
14. Larval Parasitoids
Habitat-
Sugarcane,chickpea
,pigeonpea and
paddy.
Adult female lay
eggs on larvae and
parasitized it.
Female has 16
mm long ovipositor
Sugarcane borers
are more attacked
Apanteles (Cotasia spp.)
Campolestis chloridae against Helicoverpa
armigera
Platygaster oryzae against rice gall midge
16. Epiricania melenoleuca
Adult and Nymphal
parasitoid
Against Pyrilla perpusilla
Parasitization- 70-90percent.
Fecundity- more than 1000 eggs.
Rainfall – favorable for breeding.
Life cycle - 10-13days(summer),
14-20 days (winter).
Use– 8,000-10,000 cocoons/ ha.
Or 80,000-1,00,000 eggs/ha.
When pests density reached 5-7
pyrilla/leaf.
17. Predators
They consume several to many prey
over the course of their development, they
are free living, and they are usually as big
or bigger than their prey. Some predators,
including certain syrphid fly and the
common green lacewing, are predaceous
only as larvae. Other predators are found
in the field in different cropping system
are lady beetle, rove beetle, damsel fly,
dragon fly, mirid bug, ground beetle, and
praying mantis, Conobartha aphidivora,
Spiders etc.
18. Chrysoperla carnea
Predaceous stage – larva
•Egg period – 3-4 days.
•Larval period – 11-13 days.
•Pupal period – 5-7 days.
•Total life cycle – 35 days.
• Fecundity 300 - 400 eggs.
•Control- 80-90 per cent.
•Predaceuos for – Egg, Aphid,
Whitefly, Thrips, Small size larvae
and Hoppers.etc.
• Use @ 50,000-1,00,000 eggs/ ha or
500-1000 Adults/ha, 2 times at15
days interval.
19. Syrphid Fly
Adult like honey
bees (Pollinator).
Larvae white green
and light brown
(Predator).
Aphids are main
pray.
20. Lady Beetles
Many species
Eat soft-bodied insects,
especially aphids
Larvae unrecognized
It reduce the population
of aphids Up to 75%
Life cycle: 30 days.
24. presented by Dr. Gaje Singh in
Training on Mass Production of Bio-
agents
Bacillus thuringiensis (B.t.)
Mode of action: Bt. Endo-toxin
Attack on mid gut (high pH- 9.0
alkaline)
•Larvae consume foliage treated
with Bt.(spores and crystals)
•Within minute toxin bind with
specific receptor in mid gut wall.
• Within hours mid gut wall
broken down, allowing spores to
enter the body cavity (hemocoel)
• In 1-2 days larvae die from
septicemia.
1.Bacteria
25. •Symptoms :
•Affected larvae become inactive – stop feeding –
regurgitate or watery excrement
• Head capsule large than body size and larvae
become flaccid & die.
•Body content turn towards black as they
decompose
B.t. infected Helicoverpa Larvae
26. Crop Insect Dosage (Kg. per
ha.)
Cauliflower, Cabbage DBM,Cabbage
butterfly
1.0-1.50
Brinjal Stemborer,Fruit borer 0.5-1.50
Tomato, Cotton, Okra, Chick
pea, Sun flower
Fruit borer 1.0-1.50
Cauliflower, Cabbage, Cotton Tobacco cater pillar 1.00
Crop wise application and dose against different insect
Use of Bt species:
• Lepidoptera (Bt. Kurstaki & aizawai)
•Coleoptera (Bt. tenebrionis)
•Diptera (Bt. israeliensis)
Application
27. Nuclear Polyhedrosis Virus(NPV)
• Infection of baculovirus generally
occur by ingestion of occluded or free
virion.
•Ingested virion infect mid gut –
occluded bodies dissolve by protease
enzyme and free virion reach hemocoel,
circulatory system and respiratory
system and attack there.
2.Virus
28. presented by Dr. Gaje Singh in
Training on Mass Production of Bio-
agents
Symptoms: occur after 5-7 days of infection
•Gradual change in colour (infected larvae change
light to dark brown )
•heamolymph turns cloudy and milky
•Larvae become less active and losses appetite
•Shortly before dying larvae move away from food
and climb on elevated location to hang.
• Prior to death integument fragile and easily torn
when handled and it is typical system of NPV.
29. Dose: 250 larval Equivalent
(L.E.)/ha.
Solution Preparation: NPV
may be mixed with water along
with jaggry and soap powder.
Spray Time: Evening Hours
Larvae Stage: 1st and 2nd
Instar
Killing Time: 4-6 days
Application
30. Beauveria sp. infected Helicoverpa
Beauveria spp & Metarhizium spp.
Metarrhizium sp. infected
white grub
•Spores (conidia) contact with integument, germinate and develop hyphae.
•Hyphae enter in hemocoel and develop mycelium.
•Produce toxin – insect die.
•Dead insects have spores in and out side of their body and spread in
environment.
3.Fungi
31. Fungus Dosage/Application Crop Insect
Beauveria
bassiana
(White
muscardine
fungus )
Soil- 2-.2.5 kg/ha. with 25-50 kg
FYM/acre
Foliar- 5-7 g/lit water along with jaggary
Drenching- 2 kg in 400 lit of water/acre
along with jaggary
Chick pea,
Pigeon pea,
Cotton,
Tomato, Rice,
Cabbage
Fruit borer,
Tobacco cater pillar,
Semilooper,
Termite, BPH,
Grass hopper, Leaf
folder, DBM, Aphid
Metarrhizium
anisopliae
(Green
muscardine
fungus)
Soil- 2-.2.5 kg/ha. with 25-50 kg
FYM/acre
Foliar- 5-7 g/lit water along with jaggary
Drenching- 2 kg in 400 lit of water/acre
along with jaggary .
Sugarcane,
Cotton,
Pigeon pea.
Tomato
Pyrilla, Fruit borer,
Grasshopper, Pod
borer, Rice bug
Application
32. Protozoa pathogen
Protozoa kill the insects either directly or by reducing the
fecundity of the adult and their effect on host is chronic.
They prolong the larval life in the field, thus exposing the
insect longer to predators and parasitoids.
Infected insect may be sluggish and smaller than normal
eg. Nosema melolonthae against chaffer beetles.
Nosema locustae against grass hoppers
Farinosystis triboli against red flour beetle
33. EPNs are soil inhabiting,
lethal insect parasitoids, live
inside the body of the host,
and so they are designeted
endoparasitic. The most
commonly studied genera
are those that are useful in
the biological control of insect
pests the Steinernema and
Heterorhabditis
34.
35. Merits and Demerits of Bio-control agents
Merits
•The biological control agents are environmentally friendly
and cause no side effects.
•Less cost compared to other Agrochemicals – pesticides
and insecticides.
•Easily available, easy to use and is effective throughout the
season.
•Helps in reducing the use of chemicals and other
pesticides.
Demerits
•It affects the product quality.
•Pest is not completely destroyed by these biological control
agents.
•It is effective only for large scale.
(Sources: https://byjus.com/biology/bio-control-agents/)
36. Conclusion:
The government/federation/commodities/boards should make all
efforts to create awareness regarding the conservation and
utillisation of biocontrol agents.
The full utilization of existing bio-control laboratories of
central/state government should be ensured by providing staff
and funds so that efficiency, productivity and quality may
be improved to the required level.
The best advice for pest managers in respect to starting
biocontrol program is to get as much information as possible to
assure a reasonable success.
The policy of the Central government, State governments, Non-
Government Organizations (NGOs) and Krishi Vigyan Kendra
(KVKs) should be to train officials and farmers with a view to
create critical human resource in biological control.
Low cost technology for mass production of bio-
agents/biopesticides should be developed .
Encouraging the setting up of biocontrol production units at
village level which could be managed unemployed, on a youth a
seasoned basis.